Quinzième lettre - décembre 2006 Newsletter 15 - December 2006

Transcription

1 RESEAU INTERNATIONAL / INTERNATIONAL NETWORK DE DIPLOMES EN SANTE ANIMALE TROPICALE / OF TROPICAL ANIMAL HEALTH GRADUATES DÉPARTEMENT VÉTÉRINAIRE DE L INSTITUT DE MÉDECINE TROPICALE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE Nationalestraat 155, B Antwerpen, België Tel. : 32/3/ Fax. : 32/3/ rddeken@itg.be Quinzième lettre - décembre 2006 Newsletter 15 - December 2006

2 Wally a adopté un jeune merle No racial segregation, Wally adopted a blackbird 2

3 Table des matières PREFACE...5 FOREWORD...6 FOREWORD Cadeaux / presents The Merck Veterinary Manual Surveillance épidémiologique en santé animale Mémento de l agronome Manuel de Zootechnie comparée Nord-Sud Role of Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Production in Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in Africa... 9 Pig production, animal-waste management and Environment protection: a case study in Thai Binh Province, Northern Vietnam Tropical Medicine and International Health Documents to download / documents à télécharger Scaling up innovative small stock management practices developed by IFAD projects Cities Farming for the Future - Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities AFRICAN ANIMAL FEEDS: TWO DECADES OF RESEARCH NOW FREELY AVAILABLE ON THE WEB...11 CONFERENCES...11 Avian Influenza Symposium AITVM 12th International Conference th European Vertebrate Pest Management Conference ENVIRONMIN BOURSES / FELLOWSHIPS...14 Bourses Banque Mondiale Bourses offertes à nos anciens étudiants / PhD fellowships attributed to former students IFS requests suggestions for workshops in RESUMES DE THESES / THESIS ABSTRACTS...16 RESUMES DE THESES / THESIS ABSTRACTS...17 PhD THESES The importance of Trypanosoma congolense strain diversity in the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis Susceptibilty of the tsetsefly (Glossina morstans morstans) to trypanosome infections In vitro quantitation of Theileria parva sporozoites for use in vaccination and sporozoites neutralization assays LIST OF MSc THESES WORKSHOPS...22 Epidemiology and control of bovine trypanosomosis and theileriosis at the game/livestock interface in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa A MESSAGE FROM YOUR FRIEND, VIJAY PANDEY...23 ACTIVITIES OF NATIONAL NETWORKS...25 SYMPOSIUM ON EMERGENT DISEASES IN ANIMALS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN PUBLIC HEALTH

4 THE WEBSITE OF RIPROSAT ECUADOR Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Risk, Bio-Security and Smallholder Adversity...26 Des Nouvelles de la part des membres / News from fellow members...28 CAMPUS ROCHUS

5 PREFACE Mes chers amis, Permettez-moi de vous présenter mes plus sincères vœux de nouvel an. Je sais que mes vœux ne changeront rien à vos peines, vos douleurs ou vos fardeaux, mais ils contribueront à renforcer notre amitié et à renouveler le contact entre nous au cas où vous aurez délaissé le lien avec l IMT. Cette lettre ne sera pas très longue car la fièvre catarrhale du mouton, la rédaction du dossier afin d obtenir l accréditation de nos formations MSSAT MSTAH ainsi que la décentralisation de la comptabilité au niveau de l institut, qui se passe de façon pénible et donne un travail fou à Danielle, notre secrétaire, me laisse malheureusement peu de temps pour m entretenir avec vous. Vos collègues, qui suivent actuellement le cours, sont les premières victimes de cette situation, car 4 mois sont passés et je ne connais même pas le nom de tous les participants. Cependant, nous sommes vraiment chanceux d avoir cette année non seulement une équipe d étudiants très motivée et enthousiaste, mais également suffisamment compréhensive et mature pour comprendre que nos tâches ne se limitent pas à l enseignement. Quelles nouvelles dans cette lettre vous intéresseront le plus? Je parie que beaucoup entre vous seront ravis d apprendre que le RIPROSAT organisera en 2007 le TROISIEME SEMINAIRE INTERNATIONAL DU RIPROSAT. Comme convenu lors de notre précédent séminaire, ce sera le Sénégal qui accueillera cette fois les participants. Le comité organisateur établi à Dakar a déjà identifié un site adéquat pour nous accueillir. Les représentants des réseaux nationaux (ou régionaux) (voir liste publiée dans la lettre précédente) ont déjà été informés qu ils doivent organiser des nouvelles élections afin que la représentation de leur réseau soit assurée. Lors de notre dernière rencontre les représentants des réseaux nationaux, n ayant que peu de membres, ont été conseillé de se joindre à d autres réseaux afin de constituer un réseau régional vraiment représentatif et ayant un effectif minimal pour garantir un réseau viable. Il va de soi que, vu l élargissement aux pays anglophones du public, visé par nos formations, les «petits réseaux» risquent de ne pas être invités aux prochains séminaires internationaux. Une «conditio sine qua non» pour recevoir une invitation est évidemment l ardeur et l enthousiasme que le réseau a montré durant les mois précédents pour maintenir le réseau RIPROSAT jeune et actif. Prenons donc des initiatives afin que notre RIPROSAT reste le réseau le plus actif parmi tous les réseaux soutenus par la DGCD! Les personnes, qui ont l intention de s investir dans ce réseau, doivent également savoir que la tâche de représentant leur apportera surtout de travail et peu de bénéfices sauf le respect et la reconnaissance de la part des membres et de notre institut. Entretemps votre représentant national vous a probablement déjà renseigné que la fonction de représentant de réseau (national ou régional) est vacante et que les réseaux vont devoir se décider si le représentant actuel sera maintenu ou si une autre personne prendra la relève. A l occasion du Nouvel An RIPROSAT a une autre surprise agréable à vous annoncer dans la rubrique DOCUMENTATION. Ne tardez pas à réagir car le nombre d exemplaires offerts gratuitement est limité! Il y a cent ans l Ecole de Médecine Tropicale, située à Bruxelles, organisait ses premiers cours. En 1934 l institut déménageait à Anvers et devenait l Institut de Médecine Tropicale. Au courant du mois de novembre une multitude d événements ont été organisés afin de célébrer ce centenaire. Les festivités liées à ce centenaire nous ont permis d inviter des représentants de 22 instituts avec lesquels l institut collabore dans 17 pays outre-mer. Le 21 et 22 novembre nous avons profité de cette occasion pour discuter des activités passées et préparer les programmes pour la prochaine phase du programme accord cadre financé par la Direction Générale de la Coopération au Développement. L aménagement de l ancien monastère des Chartreux du 17 ième siècle dans la Rue Saint Roche est presque terminé. Le 22 novembre le nouveau «Campus International Rochus» a été ouvert de manière officielle par son excellence la Princesse Astrid, la fille du Roi Albert de Belgique. Cet événement fut accompagné par une session académique où Dr. Peter Piot, un ancien collaborateur de l ITMA et actuellement le directeur d UNAIDS, et Dr. Awa Coll-Seck, le directeur du programme de contrôle du paludisme ont pris la parole. Enfin, le 23 novembre a eu lieu le colloque annuel de l IMT, intitulé «La Médecine Tropicale dans la 21 ième siècle : changer les pôles». Les festivités se terminaient le 26 novembre avec une grande fête réunissant le personnel actuel et les retraités. Vous trouverez des photos sur ces événements au web site de l institut 5

6 La plupart des bâtiments du nouveau campus sont déjà utilisés. Le Service des Etudiants et les cours MDC et CIPS y ont trouvé refuge et le seize novembre 2006 l organisation be-troplive y a pu célébrer son baptême lors d un symposium, intitulé "Consolidation des services d élevage sous les tropiques". Ce symposium s est clôturé avec une réception à laquelle un bas-relief représentant Prof Dr Jos Mortelmans a été inauguré. A la première page de cette lettre vous verrez une photo de cette sculpture. Ce bas-relief de Jos Mortelmans sculpté par l artiste Mme Greet Van Puyenbroeck, trouvera sa place définitive dans le hall du bâtiment du Département de Santé Animale au Rue Kronenburg 25. Salutations amicales Redgi De Deken 6

7 FOREWORD My dear friends, Allow me to offer you my best wishes for the New Year. I know that my wishes won t change a thing about your sorrows, your pains and your burdens, but they will contribute to the reinforcement of our friendship and the renewal of our contact in case the bond with the ITM would have weakened. This letter won t be very long, since the bluetongue epidemic in Belgium, the editing of the file in order to obtain the accreditation of our MSTAH MSSAT trainings, and, at the level of the institute, the decentralization of the accounting department, which is tough going and gives quite a job to our secretary Danielle, unfortunately give me little time to keep up with you. Your colleagues, who currently follow the course, are the first victims of this situation, since 4 months have already passed and I don t even know the names of all participants. However, we are really lucky this year to have not only a very motivated and enthusiastic, but also sufficiently understanding and mature group to see that our tasks are not limited to teaching alone. Which news in this letter will interest you most? I bet that many of you will be delighted to learn that in 2007, RIPROSAT will organize the THIRD INTERNATIONAL RIPROSAT SEMINAR. As was agreed at the time of the last seminar, it will be Senegal which will accommodate the participants this time. The organizing committee established in Dakar has already identified an adequate site to accommodate us. Representatives of national (or regional) networks (see the list published in the preceding letter) have already been informed that they must organize new elections to assure the representation of their networks. At the time of our last meeting the representatives of those networks having only a few members, were advised to join other networks in order to constitute a regional network that is really representative and that has the minimal manpower to guarantee a viable network. It goes without saying, considering the broadening of the public aimed at by our courses with the English-speaking countries, that the <<small networks>> risk not being invited to the next international seminars. A <<conditio sine qua non>> to receive an invitation is obviously the zeal and enthusiasm that the network has shown in the past to keep the RIPROSAT network young and active. Thus let us take the initiative so that our network remains the most active among all networks supported by the DGCD! Those who intend to invest their time in this network must also know that function of representative will bring them a lot of work and few benefits except the respect and the recognition of the members and the institute. Meanwhile your national representative probably already informed you that the function of representative of the (national or regional) network is vacant and that the networks will have to decide whether the current representative retains his seat or another person will take his place. At the occasion of the New Year RIPROSAT has another pleasant surprise to announce to you under the heading DOCUMENTATION. Do not wait too long before reacting as the number of specimens offered for free is limited! One hundred years ago the School for Tropical Medicine started its first course in Brussels, but it was only in 1934 that the School moved to Antwerp and became the Institute of Tropical Medicine. During the month of November a lot of events were organized in order to celebrate this centennial. It started with a symposium "Strengthening livestock services in the tropics" and the launching of a Belgian platform on tropical animal health and production (be-troplive) on 16 November (you will be able to read more about it in the next newsletter), at the end of which the building of the department of animal health was inaugurated and dedicated to Prof. Mortelmans ( ), who was its founding father. A bronze relef panel representing Prof Dr. Jos Mortelmans and carved by the artist Mrs. Greet Van Puyenbroeck, will find its final place in the hall of the building of the Department of Animal Health at the Kronenburgstreet 25. On the first page of this letter you will see a photograph of this sculpture. On 21 and 22 November a joint partner meeting was organized. Representatives of all 22 partner institutes of ITM (from 17 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America) who are involved in the ITM-DGCD Framework Agreement were invited to discuss past and future collaborations. 7

8 On 22nd November H.R.H. Princess Astrid, the eldest daughter of King Albert of Belgium, did officially open our new campus Rochus in the beautifully renovated cloister of the 17 th century in the Rochus-street. This event included also an academic session which had among the invited speakers Dr. Peter Piot, former collaborator of ITM and currently head of UNAIDS, and Dr. Awa Coll-Seck, the director of the Roll Back Malaria programme. On 23 November the annual ITM colloquium took place Tropical Medicine in the 21 st century: switching the poles. The festivities were closed on Sunday 26 November with a large staff party to which all past and present staff were invited. You can find more pictures of all these events at the website of the Institute Kind regards Redgi De Deken Visite chez le vétérinaire 8

9 DOCUMENTATION 1. CADEAUX / PRESENTS RIPROSAT vient d acheter quelques livres professionnels de qualité exceptionnelle afin de les offrir aux anciens comme présent de Nouvel An. Les demandes peuvent être faites auprès de Noor Goemaere (ngoemaere@itg.be). Vu que nos voulons faire plaisir à plus de personnes possible, nous vous prions de modérer vos demandes et de ne demander au plus deux livres parmi les cinq ouvrages suivants : RIPROSAT has just bought some professional books of exceptional quality that will be offered as a Christmas to former students. Make your requests at Noor Goemaere (ngoemaere@itg.be). Considering we try to please as many persons as possible, we beg you to moderate your requests and not to ask more than two books among the five following works: 1. The Merck Veterinary Manual 10 exemplars The 50th Anniversary Edition of the most trusted resource in veterinary medicine has been extensively revised and updated and includes the latest discoveries, facts, and practices in animal health management. 2. Surveillance épidémiologique en santé animale 15 exemplaires Un ouvrage indispensable à tous nos anciens qui sont impliqués dans l épidémiosurveillance. Dufour B et Hendrickx P Edité par CIRAD, AEEMA en 2005 ISBN Mémento de l agronome 15 exemplaires Le livre qui a tant de succès aussi bien auprès des agronomes que les vétérinaires CIRAD; Gret; Ministère des affaires étrangères, pp ISBN Manuel de Zootechnie comparée Nord-Sud Le livre, auquel plusieurs membres de notre département ont collaborés, vient d être décerné le prix Raoul Baron. Raoul Baron ( ), initialement Professeur d hygiène appliquée, créa le concept de zootechnie. Il installa des unités d élevage de bovins, d ovins et de porcins au sein de l Ecole nationale vétérinaire d Alfort, dont il fut Directeur de 1920 à 1923 INRA éditions, pp ISBN Role of Urban and Peri-Urban Livestock Production in Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in Africa E. Thys Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences, Section of Natural and Medical Sciences, Memoirs in-8, New series, Volume 26, fsc. 1., pp.. This work considers different aspects of urban livestock production in Africa and is partially based on a series of surveys in which some alumni were involved (see previous issues of the RIPROSAT Newsletter). The author put 10 books ready for interested alumni. More information can be found on the website of the Academy 9

10 Pig production, animal-waste management and Environment protection: a case study in Thai Binh Province, Northern Vietnam Porphyre V. & Nguyen Que Coi (eds) PRISE publications, Hanoi Vietnam, 2006 Those involved in pig production will be interested by this book published by PRISE Consortium which is a multidisciplinary research platform to meet the challenges of livestock development and its externalities in South East Asia. Twenty-five experts contributed to this book considering not only the technical aspects of pig husbandry but also waste management practices and local fish farming. A CD-Rom accompanies this book and contains detailed supplementary tables, maps, appendixes and background reading recommended by the authors. 25 CD-Rom are available on request for those alumni interested in the subject and/or the area. Tropical Medicine and International Health We received several CD-ROMs containing content published in this international journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health from February 1996 (Volume 1, Issue 1) to May 2005 (Volume 10, Issue 5) in a searchable format. To be able to use this CD you will need at least a Pentium II or higher, Windows 98 or more recent software and 40 MB of free hard disk space. Persons interested in acquiring this CD for free may contact Noor (ngoemaere@itg.be). DOCUMENTS TO DOWNLOAD / DOCUMENTS A TELECHARGER Scaling up innovative small stock management practices developed by IFAD projects IFAD released an interesting report, entitled Scaling up innovative small stock management practices developed by IFAD projects funded under the Innovation Mainstreaming Initiative (IMI). The Report contains case studies from various countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Morocco, Senegal, Sudan and Syria. The Report was published in August 2004 and is worth reading, in case you have not yet done it. The Report can be downloaded from the following website: Cities Farming for the Future - Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities VAN VEENHUIZEN R. (ed): RUAF Foundation, IDRC and IIRR. 459 pages. This book is available online on the website of RUAF and can be downloaded in parts (see Chapter 12 (Livestock keeping in urbanized areas, does history repeat itself?) considers the urban livestock production aspects. 10

11 AFRICAN ANIMAL FEEDS: TWO DECADES OF RESEARCH NOW FREELY AVAILABLE ON THE WEB The most comprehensive and authoritative web-based resource on the nutritional values of livestock feeds in African agriculture has just been launched. This month sees the launch of the Sub-Saharan Africa Feed Information System. This new web-based resource provides free access to a comprehensive database providing the nutritional values of feedstuffs used by small-scale farmers in 14 countries in sub-saharan Africa. SSA Feeds provides data on 14,571 samples of 459 livestock feeds, including herbaceous forages, fodder trees and shrubs, cereals and legumes, roots and tubers, other food crops, concentrate feeds and agro-industrial by-products, mineral supplements and other less common feeds. These feeds were analyzed in the animal nutrition laboratories of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the information made available through an initiative of the Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The site can be visited at the following address: Feedback can be sent by ing: SLPOffice@ILRIETH.EXCH.CGIAR.ORG For further information or media enquiries, please contact: Salvador Fernández-Rivera, PhD Senior Scientist (Ruminant Nutrition) and Coordinator, CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme (SLP) International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia s.fernandez-rivera@cgiar.org Telephone: 251 (11) CONFERENCES AVIAN INFLUENZA SYMPOSIUM On behalf of the WPSA Turkish Branch, you are kindly invited to attend the Avian Influenza Symposium which will be held in Istanbul -Turkey from 15 to 16 February, The Symposium will offer a unique opportunity to exchange timely information on Avian Influenza. The scientific programme will consist of invited speakers. The Symposium CDs will be distributed during registration. Deadline for early registration: January 22, 2006 Invited speakers Prof. Dr. H. M. Hafez, President of the World Veterinary Poultry Association, Head of the Institute for Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, GERMANY Dr. L. Jennings, Clinical Virologist. Microbiology Department, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND Turkish Speakers from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Research Institutes and the Universities For more information please contact: Prof. Dr. Servet YALÇIN Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science İzmir-Turkey Phone: /1449 (ext) Fax:

12 AITVM 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE The Conference Organizing Committee cordially invites participants to present papers, to sponsor events or to be involved in the activities of the 12th International Conference of the Association of Institutions for tropical Veterinary Medicine (AITVM) which will be held in Montpellier (France) from August 20th to 23rd The objectives of the conference are: To share and exchange knowledge and experiences in various aspects of tropical animal health and production. To provide a forum for exchange and dissemination of information in the various fields of veterinary science and related professions and to formulate recommendations. To establish and strengthen relationships in professional development, education and research through networking and collaboration of members and participants. The theme of the conference will be: Does control of animal infectious risks offer a new international perspective? The scientific programme will focus in particular on: Risk analysis New vaccine and consequences of vaccination Adoption of food safety standards Aquaculture in the South Education and continuous professional development Veterinary Services under globalised scenario Free communications on Veterinary Medicine, Animal nutrition, Wildlife diseases and Management are welcome. Abstract and paper prescription, conference registration, hotel arrangements and all the other information are available on: For further information on the Conference, please contact: 12th AITVM Conference Secretariat (Attn : Denise BASTRON) CIRAD-Emvt - TA30/B Montpellier cedex 5 - France Tel: Fax: aitvm@cirad.fr 6 TH EUROPEAN VERTEBRATE PEST MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE The University of Reading, UK September 2007 An international symposium bringing together scientists in the field of vertebrate pest management from Europe and beyond, to exchange information on problems, research and solutions; to provide opportunities for collaboration in research and to ensure that management techniques employed are effective, humane, environmentally safe and conform to current legislation. For more information please contact: Colin Prescott (C.V.Prescott@Reading.ac.uk) 12

13 ENVIRONMIN 2007 Bakgatla, Pilansberg Reserve, South Africa, July, 2007 Environmental and Health Aspects of Mining, Refining and Related Industries This year the aim of the Environmin conference is to facilitate interdisciplinary discussions about all environmental and health issues concerned with the mining and refining of ores. Scientific Committee (abstracts): Registration, enquiries and links to accommodation: 13

14 BOURSES / FELLOWSHIPS BOURSES BANQUE MONDIALE L IMTA a reçu une nouvelle réconfortante de la part de la Banque Mondiale (BM). Dorénavant les bourses financées par le Japon + la BM seront uniquement attribuées à des étudiants sollicitant une bourse pour suivre des formations organisées dans certains instituts figurant sur une liste composée par la BM. La BM nous signale que l ITMA figure sur la liste des instituts où les participants entrent en ligne de compte pour une bourse. Un bon conseil à tous ceux qui veulent participer au cours: Faites également la demande de bourse auprès de la Banque Mondiale. Ceci double vos chances pour l obtention d une bourse et simulanément prouve votre motivation. The World Bank informed the Institute of Tropical Medicine on the following: For nearly twenty years, the Joint Japan World Bank Scholarship Program JJWBSP has provided valuable learning opportunities to students from the developing world, so they can contribute to the development and progress in there own countries. Thanks to the generous contribution of the government of Japan, almost 3600 scholarships have been awarded since 1997, to mid-career professionals for masters degree studies in leading universities around the world. Starting academic year 2007/2006, the JJ/WBGSP Regular Program will have a new structure with eligibility limited to those applicants admitted to Master Degree studies in a pre-determined list of cooperating universities. This list will be annually updated to reflect the number of scholars enrolled at cooperating universities. The new structure will allow the program to better target the academic programs most relevant to JJ/WBGSP objectives and to give better indications to potential candidates. The list of hosting institutions for the JJ/WBGSP scholarship for the academic year includes institutions that homed most of the JJ/WBGSP scholars during the last years as well as institutions having specific partnership agreements with the JJ/WBGSP. The World Bank is pleased to inform the Institute of Tropical Medicine of Antwerp that this Institute is among the list of the JJ/WBGSP Regular Program hosting institutions for the academic year The list will be posted on the World Bank website with links to all hosting institutions websites. So, a good advice to all those who want to take part in the MSTAH course: Apply also for a fellowship at the World Bank. In doing so, your chances to obtain a grant are doubled and simulaneously it proves your motivation. BOURSES OFFERTES À NOS ANCIENS ÉTUDIANTS / PHD FELLOWSHIPS ATTRIBUTED TO FORMER STUDENTS IMTA a commencé en 2003 avec un programme doctoral d'études pour les anciens participants des cours MSc. Dans le cadre de l'accord-cadre avec l'itma la DGCD offre annuellement trois bourses de doctorat. Les bourses couvrent toutes les dépenses pendant une période de 4 ans. Ceci inclut lune allocation mensuelle pendant maximum quatre ans, les voyages vers Anvers et les moyens pour mener à bien les travaux de recherches dans le pays d'origine et à Anvers. 14

15 Cette année de nouveau, deux de vos collègues ont réussi à mettre la main sur deux de ces trois bourses. Boukary Abdou Razac étudiera l'impact des pratiques de l élevage sur la transmission de la tuberculose et de la brucellose dans l'environnement urbain et périurbain de Niamey, alors qu'anisur Rahman étudiera l'épidémiologie et le contrôle de la brucellose au Bangladesh. A part le Département de Santé Animale (DSA) d'autres départements de l'itma sont également impliqués dans ces études (par exemple les unités de santé publique et des mycobactéries). Anani Adéniran Bankolé et Ars Secka ont également réussi à acquérir une bourse de PhD attribuée par le Conseil Flamand Interuniversitaire. Certains membres du DSA seront copromoteurs de ces thèses qui seront effectuées essentiellement au Centre International de Trypanotolérance en Gambie. -ooo- ITMA started in 2003 with a doctoral studies programme for former Master-course participants within which annually three scholarships are offered by DGDC within the scope of the framework agreement with the ITMA. The scholarships cover all expenses during a 4 -year period. This includes monthly living allowance during maximum four years, travelling to Antwerp and means to do carry out research work in the home country and in Antwerp. This year again, some of your colleagues succeeded in getting hold of two of those three grants. Boukary Abdou Razac will study the impact of livestock breeding practices on the transmission of tuberculosis and brucellosis in the urban and peri-urban environment of Niamey, while Anisur Rahman will study the epidemiology and control of brucellosis in Bangladesh. Apart of the Department Animal Health other ITMA departments are also involved in these studies (e.g. the units of Public Health and of Mycobacteria). Anani Adéniran Bankolé and Ars Secka have also succeeded in acquiring a PhD fellowship attributed by the Flemish Inter-University Council. Staff members of our department will co-promote these theses, which will be carried out mainly at the International Trypanotolerance Center in The Gambia. IFS REQUESTS SUGGESTIONS FOR WORKSHOPS IN 2007 The International Foundation for Science (IFS) is pleased to announce its Five Year Plan. An integral part of the programme is to provide grantees in those countries with a weak scientific infrastructure with a Capacity Enhancing Package of activities (CEP) which will complement and add value to the grant in the expectation of "making every grant count". These activities include mentorship, travel grants to international meetings/conferences and for training purposes. Thematic workshops will also be a part of such training activities. If you are aware of visiting scholar or research internship opportunities for IFS grantees we are also interested to learn of these. We wish to provide a catalogue of such opportunities from which the grantee herself may make a selection. We need your help to identify such activities taking place in 2007! Of course, IFS grantee participation in any event or opportunity will be subject to the approval of the IFS Secretariat and the event organiser. In that regard, we would be most grateful if you might apprise us of opportunities taking place in 2007 which might possibly be of value to any of our grantees. Please identify the data for opportunities which you know are open for participation by young scientists in their early career within the research areas covered by IFS. name of event/opportunity time and venue 15

16 name of organizer short description (not more than 100 words) /web contact information We are most grateful for your help and consideration in this endeavour. On behalf of Dr Ingrid Leemans, with best regards, Anders Kinding Administrative Operations Manager International Foundation for Science (IFS) Karlavägen 108, 5th floor SE Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 (0) Fax: +46 (0) Web: 16

17 RESUMES DE THESES / THESIS ABSTRACTS PHD THESES The importance of Trypanosoma congolense strain diversity in the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis JUSTIN MASUMU MULUMBU (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Promotors: P. Van den Bossche and M. Vercruysse Date: 11/12/2006 Place: University of Ghent Summary: Previous studies on bovine trypanosomosis conducted throughout the tsetse-infested areas of Africa have shown that the disease can present itself in various epidemiological situations with differing impact on livestock production. The development of appropriate integrated control strategies requires a good understanding of the factors contributing to those epidemiological situations. Up to now, most epidemiological studies have concentrated on the role played by the vector, the host as well as the parasite in the epidemiology of livestock trypanosomiasis sensu lato but have paid little attention to how interactions between host, parasite and vector may change with changing epidemiological circumstances. More specifically, little attention has been paid to the potential role plaid by trypanosome diversity and the factors that may contribute to this diversity. The objective of this thesis was to study genetic diversity of trypanosome strains isolated from cattle from a trypanosomiasis endemic are of eastern Zambia and study the phenotypic characteristics that are important in disease epidemiology and disease impact i.e. strain virulence, transmissibility and cross protection. In the first chapter of this thesis, current knowledge and understanding of the implication of trypanosome strain diversity as a factor influencing the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis and thus its impact on livestock production are summarized. Special attention is paid to current knowledge of the genetic diversity of the trypanosome population, the methods to determine this diversity and the phenotypic characteristics associated to this diversity that may affect the epidemiology of the disease in livestock. Through this detailed literature study gaps in the knowledge that require further investigation were identified. In the second chapter, the development of a new technique for the characterization of Trypanosoma congolense isolates is described. This molecular tool is a modified amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-technique using one enzyme (Bgl II) and a single selective primer. This tool has a high resolution for T. congolense isolates belonging to the Savannah subgroup. The reduced number of bands generated allows the use of agarose or Elchrom gel for electrophoresis and no fluorochrome detection is required compared to the traditional AFLP, which makes the test easier to use. In the third chapter, the genetic diversity of T. congolense isolates collected from cattle in a trypanosomosis endemic area is determined using this tool. In total, 37 isolates were collected from cattle sampled at 11 sampling sites situated on the plateau of eastern Zambia. The results of this study reveal a high genetic diversity in the isolates. With the exception of the isolates collected at one sampling site, all the isolates produced different genetic profile. Surprisingly, this high genetic diversity of trypanosome strains circulating in livestock suggests a high degree of heterologous rather than homologous challenge in this trypanosomiasis endemic. In the fourth chapter, the virulence of isolates expressing different genetic profiles was characterised in mice. The results from this study revealed substantial differences in the virulence of T. congolense strains belonging the same subgroup (i.e. Savannah) and circulating in a single host species (cattle) grazed in one geographic area. About 20% of the strains exhibited an extremely virulent profile while the remaining had a 17

18 moderate or low virulence profile explaining the low impact of the disease on livestock production in the study area. Furthermore an uneven distribution of virulent strains was observed in this area confirming the hypothesis that the impact of the disease in different trypanosomiasis areas is likely related to the virulence profiles of strains circulating in livestock. In the fifth chapter, trypanosome strains expressing different level of virulence were assessed for their transmissibility by the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. A total of 17 strains were compared with three strains showing an extreme virulence while the remaining belonged to the moderate (6 strains) or low (8 strains) virulence categories. The results of this study reveal substantial differences in the transmissibility of T. congolense strains belonging to the same subgroup and collected from the same geographical location. Highly virulent strains are much easier transmitted by tsetse flies compared to strains that have low virulence. In the sixth chapter, possible cross-reactions between trypanosome strains expressing different virulence profiles were analyzed in mice. The results of this study show that batches of mice previously infected with a low virulent strain and challenged with a virulent one developed an infection that was comparable to batches only infected with the strain with low virulence. Since the highly virulent strain did develop in the mice infected with the low virulent strain, the results suggest interference between strains of low and high virulence. The presence of this interference may be an additional factor explaining the low impact of the disease on livestock production in this trypanosomosis endemic area. In the last chapter, our findings are discussed first with regard to the current knowledge related to genetic and phenotypic variability in T. congolense. Then each trypanosome strain-related parameter is analyzed for its possible implication on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis, with focus on the specific epidemiological situation found in the study area. The possible implications of the findings presented in the thesis for the identification of priority areas for trypanosomiasis control are discussed. Susceptibilty of the tsetsefly (Glossina morstans morstans) to trypanosome infections CHRISTOPHER KALUBA KUBI (Zambia) Promotors: P. Dorny and P. Van den Bossche Date: 14/12/2006 Place: University of Ghent Summary: Tsetse-transmitted trypansomiasis is one of the most important diseases hindering sustainable livestock development in sub-saharan Africa. The complex epidemiology of the disease is determined largely by the proportion of trypanosome infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) transmitting the parasite in the tsetse population which in turn depends on a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The work described in this thesis focused on obtaining a better understanding of how some of the tsetse-related factors affect the susceptibility of tsetse to trypanosome infections and discusses the implications for the epidemiology of animal and human trypanosomiasis. In Chapter 1, important aspects of the relationship between tsetse flies, trypanosomes and its host are presented and the epidemiology trypanosomiasis and its control are reviewed. Chapter 2 reviews tsetse-trypanosome interactions with emphasis on the factors affecting susceptibility of tsetse to trypanosome infections and the epidemiological implications. Chapter 3 states the objectives of the thesis. The general objectives were to study different aspects affecting the susceptibility of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, to an infection with Trypanosoma congolense or T. brucei and evaluate their importance in the epidemiology of animal and human Trypanosomiasis. 18

19 In Chapter 4 the results of a study on the age/prevalence relationship of female G. m. morsitans in eastern province of Zambia are presented. Congolense-type infections were identified in 4.8 % of the flies, while vivax-type and immature type were identified in 1.8 % and 6.8 % of the flies respectively. The prevalence of all three types of infections increased with age. The per capita rate at which field flies acquire new trypanosome infections was found to be significantly higher for immature compared to mature infections. These observations strongly suggest that tsetse acquire new midgut infections at any age and that maturation of the infection is not limited to those obtained during the first blood meal. In Chapter 5 experimental investigations confirmed earlier findings presented in chapter 4 that teneral flies are more likely to acquire and develop a mature infection but that mature tsetse flies still remain susceptible though at a significantly lower rate. However, the nutritional status of the fly at the time of the infective feed affects the fly s ability to acquire a T. congolense or T. brucei infection. Extreme periods of starvation in adult flies (up to seven days) produced infections comparable to teneral flies. Moreover, the maturation rate of T. brucei infections established in the midgut was significantly increased. We propose that under natural conditions nutritional stress in adult tsetse flies contributes significantly to the epidemiology of tsetsetransmitted trypanosomiasis. Chapter 6 presents results from investigations on the effect of starvation on the developmental process of trypanosomes in tsetse fly midguts by examining changes in density, localisation and surface coat of the trypanosomes. The expression of EP and GPEET procyclins seems to be independent of fly-related factors. Furthermore, a preliminary study on changes in the tsetse s immune response after starvation is presented. Results of the studies showed that starvation reduced the rate of trypanosome elimination during the early phase of infection but seems to have no effect on colonisation of the midgut by trypanosomes and the expression of procyclins on the trypanosomes surface. Results of the study on immune response indicate that in tsetse flies expression of certain immunopeptides is pathogen specific and seems to be down-regulated in nutritionally stressed flies. However, further studies are required to confirm those results. In Chapter 7, results from experiments to determine the ability of adult-trypanosome infected tsetse flies to acquire a secondary trypanosome infection showed that adult flies with an existing T. brucei or T. congolense infection remained at least as susceptible to a secondary infection when compared to noninfected flies of the same age. We conclude that a secondary infection with another trypanosome species has no effect on an already established mature infection and that previous exposure to an infective blood meal or presence of an immature infection has no effect on the development or maturation rate of the subsequent infection. Our data helps to explain the aggregation of infections in the susceptible population of a tsetse population and the large proportion of mixed infection observed in the field. Chapter 8 present the findings of investigations on the effect of a single treatment of tsetse with isometamidium chloride during the first blood meal on the tsetse s subsequent susceptibility to infection with T. congolense or T. b. brucei. Results show that a single treatment of flies with the trypanocide sufficed to reduce its susceptibility to a trypanosome infection. This was also the case for infections with T. congolense strains that were resistant to isometamidium chloride. We propose that the administration of isometamidium chloride to tsetse flies in the first blood meal is an effective means to reduce the vector competence of tsetse flies released during control campaigns using the sterile insect technique. In the general discussion (Chapter 9), the most important results presented in the different chapters of the thesis are highlighting and their implications for the epidemiology of tsetse transmitted-trypanosomiasis are discussed. In vitro quantitation of Theileria parva sporozoites for use in vaccination and sporozoites neutralization assays VICTOR MBAO (Zambia) Promotors: P. Dorny and T. Marcotty Date: 14/12/2006 Place: University of Ghent 19

20 Summary: In Eastern, Central and Southern Africa, about 20 million cattle are at risk and more than a million die each year from a disease known as East Coast fever (ECF). It is caused by a tick-borne protozoan parasite, Theileria parva which is closely related to the mosquito-borne parasite (Plasmodium genus) causing malaria in humans. The treatment and infection (I & T) method is presently the only way of immunising susceptible cattle and is gaining wide application. It involves injecting cattle with stabilates of live parasite and oxytetracycline. The immunising infective material consists of T. parva sporozoites extracted from infected ticks and cryopreserved below -80 C. The production, testing, storage and delivery of these stabilates are complex and expensive hence necessitate research for simpler and more cost effective processes. This work optimised an in vitro tool that was then used in quantitating infectivity of T. parva sporozoites in stabilates undergoing various production and storage associated processes. The unit of infectivity was a dose expressed in tick equivalents that infects 50% of lymphocyte culture wells (ED 50 ). Equivalence testing of different methods consisted of estimating the ratio of their respective ED 50 with a 95% confidence interval. One study compared the infectivity of T. parva sporozoites extracted manually by mortar and pestle to that by tissue homogenisers. Equivalence testing showed that the two methods had similar efficiency with the homogenised material being at least 99% (95% CI: ) as infective as that of the material extracted manually. The recommendation was to base choice of method on costs and ease of standardisation. In the second set of studies, infectivity of sporozoites suspended in MEM, RPMI, PBS or FCS and repeatedly frozen stabilates was assessed. Comparison of stabilates showed that RPMI and MEM support infectivity to the same degree (ED ratio = 1.03) (95% CI: ) whereas PBS and FCS were 59 and 67% respectively, as efficient as MEM which was used as the standard medium. Refreezing stabilates induced an infectivity loss of 35% per refreezing cycle A third study examined the effect of snap freezing on stabilates with a view of reducing equipment used during vaccine production. Vials of stabilate were immersed in liquid nitrogen directly after production instead of slowly cooling to -80 C. The infectivity of snap-frozen stabilates was 24% that of stabilate frozen by a programmed freezer. Although recovery was very low, the result showed that recovery of live sporozoite was achieved and can be optimised. Short-term storage of stabilates of two T. parva stocks on ice (4 C) and in a domestic freezer (-20 C) were investigated in the fourth study. On ice, infectivity was lost at rates of 1 and 4% per hour for the two stocks. At -20 C, sucrose and glycerol stabilates lost 98 and 61% of initial infectivity, respectively after a week of storage. The fifth study was an attempt at repeating a stabilate lyophilization with a view of optimising this long-term storage method. Several protocols and parasite presentations were used. No sporozoite viability was evident in the lyophilized materials by in vitro and in vivo methods in spite of well preserved sporozoite walls as evidenced by PCR of ethidium monoazide stained samples. In the sixth study, a Sporozoite Neutralization Assay (SNA) was optimised and used to quantitate effects of immune sera originating from cattle experimentally infected with T. parva schizonts, live and dead sporozoites. In spite of positive serological tests for PIM and p67 antibodies and in spite of the reputed protective value of anti-pim antibodies, in vitro neutralization of sporozoites could not be demonstrated. However, the optimised protocol was validated on positive and negative control sera. 20

21 LIST OF MSC THESES Name Title Promoter CHAKA Hassen Rift Valley Fever: a quantitative import risk assessment in simulation D.Berkvens model from exporting country's perspective HABIB Ihab Diseases encountered in meat condemnation in Alexandria, Egypt: a D.Berkvens Mohamed retrospective study and Bayesian assessment of the routine abattoir inspection procedures RAHMAN A cross-sectional survey to identify risk factors and clinical signs T.Marcotty Anisur associated with parasitic helminth infections of cattle in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh MDLULI Sihle Survey of the seroprevalence of Brucellosis in sheep and goats in D.Berkvens Swaziland SUMAYE Robert Foot and Mouth Disease in Tanzania: spatio-temporal analysis of the D.Berkvens David SECKA Arss relative risk Effectiveness of trypanosomosis control strategies in F1 crossbred cattle at different levels of trypanosomosis risk in the Kombo districts of The Gambia AYAMDOOH Evans Nsoh The prevalence and economic importance of fasciolosis in Ghana: a 6-year analysis of abattoir records and mapping AMENU Kebede Survey of farmers ethnoveterinary knowledge in Borecha and Awassa-Zuria Districts, Ethiopia PETERSON African swine fever in Ghana ( ): review of outbreaks and Francis control measures BALDE Jupiter Risk assessment of foodborne micro-organisms in a military hospital food service facility in Dakar, Senegal ANGULO Olga Survey of bovine brucellosis in Ecuador: performance of five Alexandra diagnostic tests GUMI DONDE Molecular typing of multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis Balako isolates from Rwanda CHANGULA Theileria parva prevalence in unfed Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Katendi ticks from Rwanda using PCR-RFLP MUNA Bernard Correlation of the Mean Corpuscular Volume and other Chick haematological parameters with the age of hematocytes and the age MENYONGA of the host in Belgian black and white dairy cattle RATSIU In Vitro Culture of Babesia bigemina from cryopreserved stabilate Sehoaela John MLILO Development of real-time polymerase chain reaction based on the Thethelani Cox III mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid for rapid diagnosis of NGUYEN Thu Huong BOURDANNE CHITANGA Simbarashe NGUMBI Anna Flowino NGUYEN Quynh Hoa VICTOR Bjorn Theileriosis Taeniasis and Cysticercosis in a selected group of inhabitants from a mountainous province in North Vietnam Evaluation of trypanocidal drug resistance in trypanosome isolates from Cameroon and other African countries Screening of trypanosome genes potentially involved in drug resistance through Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) and Multidrug Resistance (MDR) gene quantification by realtime PCR in isometamidium sensitive and resistant strains The vectorial capacity of isometamidium-treated tsetse flies subjected to nutritional stress Analysis of Rodent's livers for the presence of Trypanosomes using PCR-RFLP The production of a recombinant VHH fragments for species specific diagnosis of T. solium. D.Berkvens D.Berkvens E.Thys T.Marcotty T.Marcotty S.Geerts S.Geerts D.Geysen T.Marcotty T.Marcotty Dirk Geysen P.Dorny V.Delespaux V.Delespaux P. Van Den Bossche D.Geysen P.Dorny 21