... Insolation and Sun Protection in Town-Planning. N.V.Obolensky, Candidate of Sciences (Eng.) NIISF, MOSCOW, U.S.S.R.

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1 Irr---rr--r * Insolation and Sun Protection in Town-Planning.... N.V.Obolensky, Candidate of Sciences (Eng.) NIISF, MOSCOW, U.S.S.R. Summary. The results of the comprehensive studies conducted by a number of institutions whose activities were CO-ordinated abd supervised by the NIISF of the U.S.S.R.Gosstroy are given f or evaluating ins alation cri teria in a metropolitan and community planning in lighting, architectural, social, biological and economic terms. The significant contradictions that arise in choosing criteria for evaluating insolation in the Soviet Union and other countries are examined. It has been proved that insolation conditions have a great effect on decision making in town planning, on building plans, on development density and on the economic land use of the urban space available. The resources and preferable insolation conditions in the U.S.SoR. and the dynamics of solar lighting have been determined. Methods have been suggested for rating and calculating the insolation and the sun protection for residential, communal and industrial buildings, which take iqto account the former's energy-saving effect in the country's different climatic regions. Sommaire. Le rapport prdsente les rdsuitats des dtudes integrales des critsres d'estimation de l'insolation dans le ddveloppement urbain sous les aspects de l'cclairage, architectural-sociologique, biologiques, economiques qui etaient rdalisds en par le groupe des Instituts sous la direction coordonnde du NIISF du Gosstroy de 1'URSS. On a dtudic des contradictions importantes au choix des critgres d'estimation de ltinaolation en URSS et dans les pays Ctrangers. On a montrg llinfluence importante des conditions de l'insolation sur ltarrangement et la composition des solutions urbanistiques, la planification des batiments, la densite de la site et l'dconomie des terrains urbains. On a ddtermind des ressources et des conditions prgfßrables de l'insolation sur 2e territoire de l'iirss, le dynamique de lncc- lairage solaire. On a propose des procedds de calcul et de normalisation de l'insolation et de la protection contre le soleil pour les batiments dnhabitation, industriels et publics en tenant compte de. l'importance dnerggtique de l'insoiation dans les rcgions climatiques diffdrantes du pays. The insolation norms [I 3 which have greatly contributed to better residential buildarrangement and healthier city environment have 10% been in effect in the Soviet Union. As mass and high-rise housing construction developed, the insolation Standards came into contradiction with the flexibility needed in planning multi-storey residential buildings and the rational use of urban areas in difderent climatic conditions. In a number of research institutes guided by the NlISr of the U.SaSoR.Gosstroy, conducted comprehensive studiss in rating the insolation and sun-protection of development areas all over the U.S,S.R., taking into account three major factors in evaluating insolation: (a) biological; (b) sociological and architectural; and (C) technical and economic, The study of relevant rules and regulations showed how discordant tbe requirementa for insolation in different countries were as regards the major effect, the evaluation criteria, the rate, the reference point and the reference period. There were two factors, in the main, that served as criteria for Setting these rates: the psycho-aesthetic and the biol~gical etfects of insolation. Extensive investigations have been conducted in the Soviet Union to determine the resources of natural solar radiation and its effects on biological objects and the environment L1-51. The investigationa 6 of erythemal and bactericidai radiation for Yoscow and Ashkhabad at midday on June 15 and Yarch 16 showed that in Ashkhabad the scattered ultraviolet radiation alone on the area with a space between buildings equal to their height (1H) exceeds the total uitraviolet radiation in Moscow dth a spacing between the buildings being equal to 3H. The calculations which were verified by physicai measurements revealed that the ultrm violet radiation intensity in admmer for the built-up area in the southern city is equal

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