Life cycle assessment of light sources Case studies and review of the analyses

Transcription

1 D D p p a a r r m m n n f f r r ni ni s s,, L L i g i g i ng i ng U U ni ni D p a r m n f r ni s, L i g i ng U ni D p a r m n f r ni s,l i g i ngu ni L na L na ä kämö ä kämöl L if y if y ass ass ssm ssm n f n ig f ig s ur s ur Cas s Cas s udi s udi and r and vi r w vi f w f ana ana ys s L na ä kämö L if L y ass ssm n f ig s ur Cas Cas s udi ands r r vi w f ana ys L na ä kämö if y ass ssm n f ig s ur sss s udi sss and vi w f ana ys sssys L L if if y y ass ass ssm ssm n n ff L if y ass ssm n f ig ig s s ur ur ss Cas Cas s s udi udi ss ig s ur s Cass udi s and and r r vi vi w w ff ana ana ys ys ss and r vi w f ana ys s L L na na ä ä k k ämö ämö L na ä k ämö L na ä k ämö D O C O R A L D R A O N A a A U a ni v U r ni s i v y r s i y A a U ni v r s i y A a U ni v r s i y D D O O C C O O R R A A L L D O C O R A L D D R R A A O O N N D R A O N D O C O R A L D R A O N

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3 Aa Univrsiy pubiain sris DOCORAL DRAON 111/2013 Lif y assssmn f ig surs Cas sudis and rviw f anayss Lna äkämö A dra dissrain mpd fr dgr f Dr f in (ngy) (Dr f Pispy) b dfndd, wi prmissin f Aa Univrsiy f ria nginring, a a pubi xaminain d a ur a 1 f s n 13 pmbr 2013 a 12. Aa Univrsiy f ria nginring Dparmn f rnis Liging Uni

4 uprvising prfssrs Prf. Liisa Hann, Aa Univrsiy, sp, Finand Prf. Grgs Zissis, Univrsié Pau abair, uus, Fran sis advisr Dr. Marjukka Puakka, Aa Univrsiy, sp, Finand Priminary xaminrs Rsar Prf. kka avainn, V, sp, Finand Prf. rmin Onaygi, sanbu nia Univrsiy, sanbu, urky Prf. Crisian Gaiz, Univrsié Mnpir 2, Mnpir, Fran Oppnns Rsar Prf. kka avainn, V, sp, Finand Prf. Mar Fnynn, Aabrg Univrsi, Cpnagn, Dnmark Aa Univrsiy pubiain sris DOCORAL DRAON 111/2013 Lna äkämö BN (prind) BN (pdf) N-L N (prind) N (pdf) p://urn.fi/urn:bn: Unigrafia Oy Hsinki 2013 Finand

5 Absra Aa Univrsiy, P.O. Bx 11000, F Aa Aur Lna äkämö Nam f dra dissrain Lif y assssmn f ig surs Cas sudis and rviw f anayss Pubisr f ria nginring Uni Dparmn f rnis ris Aa Univrsiy pubiain sris DOCORAL DRAON 111/2013 Fid f rsar uminaing nginring Manusrip submid 18 Apri 2013 Da f dfn 13 pmbr 2013 Prmissin pubis grand (da) 14 Jun 2013 Mngrap Languag ngis Ari dissrain (summary + rigina aris) Absra Liging is a majr gba nsumr f riiy and undrging drasi angs du gisaiv and vunary masurs. Widy-usd nvnina ig surs, su as inandsn amps and ig prssur mrury amps, ar bannd frm urpan Unin mark. numbr f ig surs n mark is xpanding spiay rgarding LD amps and uminairs. s majr angs in iging sr ra a nd fr vauaing nvirnmna prfrman f ig surs, spiay as angs ar jusifid by nvirnmna asps, su as nrgy nsumpin. if y assssmn md is sandardizd n a gnra v, bu n sabisd rus xis fr nduing a if y assssmn f ig surs in dai. n ms ass, i is impssib diry mpar rsus f diffrn assssmns. Baus f majr angs in iging mark, i is usfu assss nvirnmna impas f varius ig surs in simiar mds. wrk addrsss is prbm by prsning w mds, a simp and an xnsiv n, fr nduing if y assssmn f ig surs rapidy and in a ransparn, mparaiv way. mds ar dvpd n basis f fur as sudis prsnd in wrk and a rviw if y assssmn fund in iraur. B mds ar simpifid, and y rmmnd ky paramrs f if y assssmn: funina uni, sags f if y, nvirnmna impas, and nrgy sur in us sag. Fur as sudis wr ndud in wrk: w if y assssmns f a fursn amp uminair and an LD dwnig uminair, n if y s anaysis f sr iging uminairs, and n anaysis mbining b if y assssmn and if y s anaysis f nn-dirina amps. as sudis and rviw f prvius if y assssmns nudd simiar findings dspi diffrns in mds, sps and vauad ig surs. main nusin f if y assssmns was ar dminan f us sag nrgy nsumpin. nvirnmna impas f us wr fund b snsiiv if f ig sur and usd nrgy sur. dminan f us sag was ars in ig surs f w uminus ffiay and w manufauring ffrs and wn using igmissin nrgy surs. manufauring was usuay snd signifian aus fr avrag nvirnmna impas. impran f manufauring is simad inras by a mr daid assssmn f manufauring prsss. avrag nvirnmna impas f r if y sags, su as ranspr and nd-f-if, wr fund praiay ngigib, bu pssiby nab in a rain nvirnmna impa agry. Kywrds if y assssmn, if y s, nvirnmna impas, iging BN (prind) BN (pdf) N-L N (prind) N (pdf) Lain f pubisr Hsinki Lain f prining Hsinki Yar 2013 Pags 95 urn p://urn.fi/urn:bn:

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7 iivismä Aa-yipis, PL 11000, Aa kijä Lna äkämö Väiöskirjan nimi Vanäidn inkaariarviini simrkkiapausn anaysinia Jukaisija äkökniikan krkakuu Yksikkö krniikan ais arja Aa Univrsiy pubiain sris DOCORAL DRAON 111/2013 ukimusaa Vaaisuskniikka Käsikirjiuksn pvm Väiöspäivä Jukaisuuvan myönämispäivä Mngrafia Kii ngani Ydismäväiöskirja (ynv-sa + riisarikki) iivismä Vaaisus n mrkiävä gbaai säkönkuuaja ja sn akia siin kdisuu skä ainsäädännöisiä ä vapaaisia muuspainia. urpan uninin markkinia n pisumassa pajn käyyjä prinisiä vanäiä, kun kuamppu ja suurpainpaamppu. Markkini n uu ja n ussa pajn uusia uia, riyissi LDamppuja ja -vaaisimia. Nämä muuks va un arpn arviida vanäidn ympärisövaikuuksia, riyissi kska muuksia usin prusaan ympärisösikin. inkaariarviini n sandardisiu yisä asa mua yksiyiskaisia jia nimnmaan vanäidn inkaariarviinni i. n vuksi n ynsä madna vrraa arviinin uksia. Kska ukirj kasvaa ja muuuu, n arpisa arviida ri vanäidn ympärisövaikuuksia samin mnmin. Väiöskirjassa kiään kaksi maia vanäidn inkaariarviinimnmä. Nämä kaksi maia, yksinkrainn ja aaja, yksinkraisava inkaariarviinia, ja s npuuisi ja isi äpinäkyvä. Mai kiiin njän väiöskirjayössä dyn arviinnin ja j massa idn, kirjaisuudsa öyynidn inkaariarviinin pjaa. Mai siävä susiuks vanäidn inkaariarviinnin mrkiävimmi määri: iminnais yksikö, umiiavi inkaarn vaii, ympärisövaikuuksi ja käyönaikaisn nrgian mainamis. Väiöskirja si njä saukimusa: kaksi inkaariarviinia LDsyväsäiyvaaisim ja isamppuvaaisim, yksi inkaarikusannusanayysi kauvaaisimi ja yksi yksinkraisu inkaariarviinnin ja inkaarikusannusanayysin ydisävä ukimus ympärisäivi ampui. Osaukimusn ja kirjaisuudn inkaariarviinin arkasun jpääöks va samansuunaisia mnmin, svamisaan ja arkasujn vanäidn ravaisuuksisa uimaa. Käyönaikaisn nrgiankuuuksn daan van määräävä kijä vanäidn ympärisövaikuuksissa. Väiöskirjassa avaiaan käyönaikaisn ympärisövaikuusn riippuvan vanän piäsä ja käyysä nrgiamudsa. Käyövain avaiaan van mrkiävä riyissi ikn vakkuudn vanäiä, jidn vamisusvai n yksinkrainn. Käyövain mrkiävyyn vaikuaa käyönaikainn nrgiaäd. Vamisusvai diin yypiissi isksi mrkiävimmäksi inkaarn vaiksi. Vamisuksn mrkiys kasvaa vamisusprsssin ja mariaain yksiyiskaismmaa arkasua. Muidn inkaarn vaiidn, kun kujuksn ja käyösä pisn, kskimääräis ympärisövaikuuks va käyännössä mrkiyksömiä, mua yksiäisissä ympärisövaikuusukissa jpa mrkiäviä. Avainsana inkaariarviini, inkaarikusannus, ympärisövaikuus, vaaisus BN (painu) BN (pdf) N-L N (painu) N (pdf) Jukaisupaikka Hsinki Painpaikka Hsinki Vusi 2013 ivumäärä 95 urn p://urn.fi/urn:bn:

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9 Résumé Univrsié Aa, BP 11000, F Aa Auur Lna äkämö Nm d a ès Anays du y d vi d surs uminuss uds d as xamn ds anayss diur supériur d Géni riqu Unié Déparmn d rniqu éri Aa Univrsiy pubiain sris DOCORAL DRAON 0/2013 Dmain d rr airagism Manusri sumis 18 avri 2013 Da d a sunan 13 spmbr 2013 Manusri révisé (da) 14 juin 2013 Langu Angais Mngrapi Ari dissrain (smmair + aris riginaux) Résumé L dmain d éairag, grs nsmmaur mndia d'ériié, nnaî aumn ds angmns d par ds msurs égisaivs vnairs. Ls surs uminuss nvninns, mm s amps à inandsn à mrur au prssin, sn inrdis à a vn dans 'Unin urpénn. Cs angmns dans dmain d 'éairag n ainsi réé un bsin d évauain d prfrman nvirnnmna ds surs d umièr, d'auan pus qu s angmns sn suvn jusifiés par s asps nvirnnmnaux. La méd d'anays du y d vi s nrmaisé à un nivau généra. Puran, i n xis pas d règs éabis pur réaisr un anays d y d vi n déai pur s surs d umièr. Par nséqun, i s impssib d mparr dirmn s résuas qui prvinnn généramn d anayss différns. n ur, nmbr d surs uminuss, n pariuir ds amps uminairs à LD, augmn sur maré. Ainsi, i srai ui d évaur ds surs d umièr d façn simiair. C ravai abrd prbèm n présnan dux mdès, un simp aur éndu, afin d ffur un anays du y d vi ds surs uminuss rapidmn n u ransparn. Ls mdès sn dévppés sur a bas d quar éuds d as présnés dans a ès xamn ds anayss du y d vi ruvés dans a iéraur. Ls dux mdès simpifiés rmmandn s paramèrs és d 'anays du y d vi: un unié fninn, s éaps du y d vi, a sur d'énrgi n pas d uiisain. Quar éuds d as n ii éé réaisés: dux anayss du y d vi d'un uminair à amp à fursn d'un uminair nasré à LD, un anays ds ûs du y d vi ds uminairs d'éairag pubi, un anays mbinan à a fis 'anays du y d vi 'anays du û du y d vi ds amps nn-dirigés. Ds résuas simiairs n éé ruvés dans s éuds d as 'xamn ds anayss d y d vi anériurs magré s différns dans s méds, s amps d éud. D us s impas nvirnnmnaus du y d vi, s a nsmmain d'énrgi duran a pas d uiisain qui prédmin. a éé nsaé qu s impas nvirnnmnaux sn rréés à a duré d vi d a sur uminus ainsi qu a sur d'énrgi uiisé. La pas d'uiisain prédmin pus airmn sur s impas n as d faib ffiaié uminus fabriain simp. Généramn, a fabriain s a duxièm aus a pus impran ds impas nvirnnmnaux myns. L'impran d a fabriain dvrai augmnr par anays pus déaié ds prédés maériaux d fabriain. Ls impas myns ds aurs éaps du y d vi, s qu s ransprs a fin d vi, sn praiqumn négigabs. Cpndan, is purrain pu êr s avérr nabs dans un rain aégri d'impas. Ms-és anays du y d vi, û du y d vi, impas nvirnnmnaux, éairag BN (imprimé) BN (pdf) N-L N (imprimé) N (pdf) mpamn d édiur Hsinki Liu d imprssin Hsinki Anné 2013 Pags 95 urn p://urn.fi/urn:bn: p://urn.fi/urn:bn:

10 Prfa rsar wrk in is jiny-suprvisd sis was ndud a Liging Uni f Aa Univrsiy f ria nginring and a LAPLAC (Labrair Pasma Cnvrsin d'nrgi) Labrary f Univrsié Pau abair. Par f wrk was arrid u in prj arld fundd by Finnis Funding Agny fr ngy and nnvain; Finnis ranspr Agny; iy f Hsinki, sp, Vanaa, ampr and Prv; Hsingin nrgia; Oy urku nrgia; O Oy; Piips Oy; Oy Osram Ab; Naps ysms Oy; iguzzini Finand & Bai Oy; asy Ld Oy; Lumi Grup Oy; Vapaa Oy; Oy Mdins Ld; pmp Oy; Laukam Pasmp Oy; nsinööriimis Lausam Oy; and äkökniikka Oy. Par f wrk was arrid u in prj CADL fundd by Frn Agny fr nvirnmn and nrgy Managmn (ADM). aknwdg abrain wi Hvar Oy Ab and ni Ania frm Appiux Oy in n f as sudis. wud av bn impssib finis sis wiu suppr f svra pp. sar by anking my suprvisrs Prfssrs Liisa Hann and Grgs Zissis fr ir suppr rugu sis prj and nabing jiny-suprvisd dra sis in firs pa. as bn a ra ang and an unfrgab jurny. am grafu my sis advisr Dr Marjukka Puakka fr r advi and suppr in prss. wud ik ank pr-xaminrs Prfssr rmin Onaygi frm sanbu nia Univrsiy and Rsar Prfssr kka avainn frm V nia Rsar Cnr f Finand. ank Prfssr Crisian Gaiz frm Mnpir Univrsiy fr bing pr-xaminr in sis apan prss in Univrsié Pau abair. Yur vauab mmns av pd m imprv sis. wis ank Prfssr Mar Fnynn frm Aabrg Univrsiy and again Rsar Prfssr kka avainn frm V fr agring b my ppnns in dfn. aknwdg Dra Prgram in ria nrgy nginring (DP), War Asröm Fundain, Frn nsiu f Finand, Rsar Fundain f Hsinki Univrsiy f ngy, and Finnis iy f rnis nginrs fr finaniay suppring wrk. wan 8

11 ank Pia Lind fr aking ar f adminisraiv wrk rgarding rsar xang in spring am grafu a f prsnn in Liging Uni f Aa Univrsiy fr disussins n- and ff-duy. am spiay ankfu fr p, guidan and xang f ugs Ann Yinn, in ri, Jrma Lvaara, sa Kurinn and Jaana Jaknn. spiay wan xprss my graiud Lna Väisänn fr aking ar f a xra buraurai wrk a is jiny-suprvisd dra sis as ausd. wis warmy ank my agus in Univrsié Pau abair and saff a LAPLAC Labrary fr ir im and pain. spiay wan ank Lydi Arxis-Bissn and David Bus fr ping m wi angs n and ff wrk. Mri bauup! J aimrais aussi rmrir Laur Barryr-Pand pur aid à a raduin français. av ad pssibiiy d par f wrk in abrain wi CB (Cnr inifiqu niqu du Bâimn) rsar nr. wis ank CB saff in Grnb fr abrain. am vry grafu fr bing ab wrk wi Manu Bazzana, Pirr Rav, Franis Grann, ébasin Lasvaux and Crisp Marinsns. ank yu fr yur im, ffr and inspiring wrking amspr. wud ik ank as am ad by PNNL (Paifi Nrws Naina Labrary) w m pra wi xprs f iging and nvirnmna assssmn. gray ank Har Din, Mia and, Brad Hmn, Mary As and Lsy nwdn-wan fr abrain, xang f ugs and assisan. ann ank nug my frinds in Finand and abrad, w nsurd a av if usid sis wrking prss. pia anks gs frinds abrad a av mad m f a m during my jurnys. ank yu Hanna, Miika, Arwa, Naaia and ivia. am dpy grafu my famiy. wan xprss my dps graiud my parns w av givn m a fing a am ab d wavr in if if jus pu my mind i. xprss my warm graiud my grandmr Linda fr r gra xamp f prsvran and ard wrk. am grafu my sisr fr a suppr s as givn m and r prfrading srvis. Las ank Pri fr bing my rk. ank yu fr yur v, ar and inrdib pain. sp, Jun 2013 Lna äkämö 9

12 Cnns Absra iivismä Résumé Prfa... 8 Lis f abbrviains and symbs nrduin Bakgrund Rsar prbm Aim f wrk Lif y assssmn a susainabiiy assssmn Lif y sing Prsn vau Paybak ims Anaysis f prvius if y assssmns Funina uni Lif y assssmn f rnis ummary Mdgy sudy f if y assssmn f ig surs udy f nn-dirina amps usd in usds Mds Rsus udy f LD dwnig uminair Mds Rsus udy f fursn amp uminair Mds Rsus udy f sr iging uminairs Mds Rsus

13 4.5 ummary Disussin Cnusins and rmmndains Rfrns Appndix : Résumé n français

14 Lis f abbrviains and symbs Abbrviains ADP AP CC CFL C CMH CMO CR CO 2-q. CB DFRA DALux DO DRAM O LCD L P U GDP GWP HD HPM HP HP C O LCA LCC abii dpin pnia aidifiain pnia rrad ur mpraur mpa fursn amp Cmmissin nrnaina d airag nrnaina Cmmissin n uminain rami ma aid mpmnary ma xid smindur ur rndring indx arbn dixid quivan Cnr inifiqu niqu du Bâimn Frn inifi and nia Cnr fr Buiding Dparmn fr nvirnmn, fd and rura affairs iging dsign sfwar Dparmn f nrgy dynami randm ass mmry nmi inpu-upu urpan Rfrn Lif Cy Daabas nd-f-if urpiain pnia urpan mmuniains andards nsiu urpan Unin grss dmsi prdu gba warming pnia ig innsiy disarg ig prssur mrury ig prssur sdium uman xiiy pnia infrmain and mmuniain ngy nrnaina Organizain fr andardizain if y assssmn if y s 12

15 LCA LC LCA LD MH NF ODP PB PCB PCR POCP RACH RH RV LCA PB R H UNP U W if y impa assssmn if y invnry if y susainabiiy assssmn ig-miing did ma aid nrm français; Frn nrm zn dpin pnia paybak im prind irui bard prdu agry ru pmia zn rain pnia rgisrain, vauain, aurisain and rsriin f mia subsans rsriin f us f rain azardus subsans rsidua vau sia if y assssmn simp paybak im surrund rai rug- ngy rsd inrmn Unid Nains nvirnmn Prgramm Unid as (f Amria) was ria and rni quipmn ymbs C i C i L av n U U invsmn s praing s ra f inrs avrag rad surfa uminan yar ngiudina uminan unifrmiy vra uminan unifrmiy 13

16 1 nrduin nvirnmna impas in gnra av bm a nrn inrasingy frm 1960 s. sp f nrn was firs a bu as grwn gba qusins wi gbaizain and inrnainaizain. radiinay, nvirnmna nrns av ain in avy prss indusry, innsiv agriuur and us f mias. Numrus mds av bn inrdud ak nvirnmna azards, su as anging gisain, rain f vunary prgrams, infrming nsumrs, mark survian, and mmria sanins. nrgy nsumpin bam an nvirnmna nrn in 1970 s. in n, nrgy ffiiny as bn an inrasingy impran issu n ny frm puin prspiv r as a marking argumn bu as frm pin f viw f suffiiny f nrgy surs. nrgy ffiiny is rad disussin f nanmn f gba warming. as bn sad a unss fas, drasi masurs ar akn rdu gba grnus gas missins, vra ss f ima ang wi b quivan sing a as 5 % f gba grss dmsi prdu (GDP) annuay [1]. n addiin, rn [1] simas a ss f ains avid wrs impas f ima ang wud rmain bw 1 % f gba GDP annuay. is dbaab wr impas f nand ima ang ar niab arady day [2] r afr dads [1]. nvirnmnaism as vvd frm nrgy nrns a widr sp: if y. if y nvirnmna impas av bm an issu in 2000 s wn isi appra as bn mpasizd. nvirnmna impas f nrgy-rad prdus, inuding ria and rni quipmn, av bm an issu vr as dad. n urpan Unin (U), nrgy-rad prdus, wi ig surs bng, ar nd as a signifian aus fr nvirnmna impas du nsumpin f nrgy and raw marias. inrasing nrn f ima ang and r nvirnmna impas as mad if y appra inrasingy usd, sin, by addrssing a if y, vra piur f nvirnmna asps an b sn. sudy f nvirnmna asps is bming mainsram in many indusry srs, 14

17 nrduin and nsumrs and rganizains aknwdg inrasingy nvirnmna asps f ir ains. Liging sr nsums apprximay 19 % f gba ria nrgy [3]. us, iging is undispudy an impran par f rduin f nrgy nsumpin. As iging sr is undrging majr angs du args inras nrgy ffiiny and imprv quaiy f iging, i is apprpria sudy nvirnmna asps f ig surs. is sis is a mngrap a prsns fur as sudis f ig surs frm if y prspiv: w ass f if y assssmns (LCAs), n as f LCA and if y s (LCC) anaysis mbind, and n as f LCC anaysis. r f ass ar basd n pubisd sinifi paprs [4, 5, 6] and n basd n a nfrn papr [7]. udis basd n pubiains [6] and [7] ar signifiany dvpd frm rigina pubiains in is wrk. 1.1 Bakgrund bakgrund fr nvirnmna inking an b nsidrd da frm 1960 s and pubiain f bk in spring by Ra Carsn in 1962 [8]. A im, inrs f nvirnmna mvmn was in xssiv, arss us f mias, su as psiids. nvirnmna mvmn as vvd frm mpasis f mia spis and nrgy srag a mr vra susainabiiy. susainabiiy, r susainab dvpmn, rfrs a isi viw. susainabiiy is dfind in Brundand rpr as dvpmn a ms nds f prsn wiu mprmising abiiy f fuur gnrains m ir wn nds [9]. a susainabiiy assssmn is a rn sp in assssmn f if y impas. usainabiiy assssmn nains r piars: nvirnmna, nmi and sia susainabiiy. nvirnmna LCA and nmi LCC anaysis ar ms sabisd ns, wi r is n sabisd prdur fr assssmn f sia asps. is mr anging assss sia impas du rgina rsuin [10, 11]. n addiin, i as bn argud a i may b impssib r vn unnssary assss sia impas in dai bu in a argr sa [12]. nvirnmna asps f ria and rni quipmn av riginay nnrad n subsan rsriins,.g., diriv n rsriin f us f rain azardus subsans in ria and rni quipmn (RH) in U and simiar gisain in Cina, and in dfining rspnsibiiis in nd-f-if (L),.g., diriv n was ria and rni quipmn (W) in U. 15

18 nrduin Dpnding n yp f ria and rni quipmn, quipmn may b in sp f r gisain, su as w vag diriv (2006/95/C) [13]. n addiin, maria rsriins, su as rguain n rgisrain, vauain, aurisain and rsriin f mia subsans (RACH) [14], appy ria and rni quipmn. U aknwdgs impran f nvirnmna inking. y av inrdud a s ad piy [15] in wi r args sa b m by 2020: rduin f grnus gas missins by a as 20 % mpard yar 1990 v, 20 % f nrgy b rnwab, and an inras f 20 % in nrgy ffiiny piy is para dsign gisain a aims a aking w if y f nrgyrad prdus in aun. Liging nsums a nab sar (19 %) f gba ria nrgy [3]. fursn amp and ig innsiy disarg (HD) amp ngis av radiinay aund fr majr sars f gba iging riiy nsumpin: 62 % and 27 % rspivy in 2005 [3]. sar f ig-miing did (LD) ngy as risn frm praiay inxisn a nab sar: sar f LD ngy is simad a 6.2 % in 2010 and 9 % in 2011 in U, bu i is srngy n inras [16, 17]. is simad a 45 % f gnra iging wi b prvidd by LD ngy in 2016 and 70 % in 2020 [17]. bakgrund fr nvirnmna inking rgarding ig surs is srngy in gisain. r av bn nrgy-saving ampaigns and prgrams frm ary days f mpa fursn amps (CFLs), bu i was ny afr dsign diriv and is impmning masurs wn nrgy ffiiny f ig surs auay sard aff buying disins. igr puras pri f CFLs mpard inandsn amp as amprd mr frqun us f CFLs dspi savings in if y ss. As nrgy nsumpin is n f undispud ky nvirnmna paramrs f nrgy-rad (frmry nrgy-using) prdus, i is naura a dgisn gisain in U [18] nnras n imprving nrgy ffiiny f prdus. Liging prdus ar isd in dsign diriv as n f prdu grup aving a signifian nvirnmna impa and a gra pnia fr rduing nvirnmna impas wiu ausing xssiv ss [18]. n addiin, iging, mr prisy swi frm inandsn amps LD amps in rsidnia appiain, is aknwdgd as a masur in wi gba grnus gas abamn is s ffiin (Figur 1) [19]. 16

19 nrduin Figur 1. Gba grnus gas abamn s urv bynd businss-as-usua in 2030 [19]. Rprdud wi prmissin. n U, r ar urrny r dsign rguains f iging prdus in fr: fursn amps wiu ingrad baas, ig innsiy disarg amps, and baass and uminairs ab pra su amps [20]; nn-dirina usd amps [21]; and dirina amps, LD amps and rad quipmn [22]. n addiin sabising rguains fr uminus ffiay r nrgy ffiiny f amp, r dsign rguains s prdu infrmain rquirmns and mandary riria fr a numbr f funina ararisis, su as amp surviva far, umn mainnan, saring im, amp pwr far, and ur rndring indx. a if y nvirnmna impas f ig surs ar urrny inrsing du impran f iging sr in nrgy nsumpin and ga rsriins basd n if y appra. pas-u f many nvnina amps,.g., inandsn amps and ig prssur mrury (HPM) amps, frm U mark as rad mu disussin n rmaining iging ngis and ir nvirnmna frindinss. maria nns f LD prdus av bm a nrn afr pubiain f sudy by Lim a. [23]. mrury nn in fursn amps is as an nvirnmna nrn. is simad a n mrury missin vr if y is rdud wn anging frm inandsn CFL amps [24, 25, 26]. ra f rduin dpnds n usd nrgy surs. An apprpria nd-f-if was managmn f fursn amps is nuragd [27]. n addiin, RH diriv in U rsris amun f mrury in fursn amps:.g., in CFLs f ss an 30 W ny 2.5 mg pr burnr is awd frm 1 January 2013 [28]. 17

20 nrduin 1.2 Rsar prbm is nssary a immdiay and ffivy in rdr rdu nrgy nsumpin and grnus gas missins. Liging in gnra is a nab gba nrgy nsumr, and as su, masurs fr rduing nrgy nsumpin f iging ar ffiv and apprpria. Hwvr, r is dba n nvirnmna asps f ig surs r an nrgy nsumpin during prain, su as maria nns and nd-f-if ramn. n addiin, ararisis and funin f ig surs ar gnray xudd frm nvirnmna disussin bu, dpnding n appiain, i is vry impran drmin wr, wn and wa kind f ig is ndd. rsar prbm f sis is ak f sabisd rus fr LCA f ig surs. ak f su rus and mmn mds ras disrin and maks i diffiu numriay mpar rsus f LCAs. Y, mparisn is pssib n a quaiaiv v,.g., in äkämö a. [29]. A quaiaiv mparisn is pssib if rsus ar ransad in a mmn uni,.g., primary nrgy [30]. iging sr is fid wi diffrn ig surs f diffrn saps and sizs, wi maks i diffiu mpar ir nvirnmna and nmi prfrman. n addiin, LD ngy prvids nw pssibiiis fr manufaurrs dsign uminairs, amps, mpnns and pakags naining LD ips. is anging mpar s varius-sapd LD ig surs nvnina amps and uminairs. is a majr qusin in LCA f ig surs a n wi basis ig surs sud b mpard. basis fr mparisn in LCA is funina uni a an b uminus fux, umn-urs, ur, iuminan, r sming s. 1.3 Aim f wrk primary aim f wrk is ra a md fr a md fr nduing LCA f ig surs. md is ndd fr simpifiain f LCA md in su a way a a majr nvirnmna asps ar akn in aun. sandards fr LCA ar brad and n daid guidins xis rgarding LCAs f ig surs. n addiin, iging sr is undrging a majr ang frm nvnina ig surs, su as inandsn amp in usds and ig prssur mrury amps in udr iging, mdrn, nrgyffiin arnaivs, su as LD amps and uminairs, du gisaiv and vunary masurs. md is dvpd n basis f fur nvirnmna and/r nmi anayss f ig surs ndud in is wrk. fur ass 18

21 nrduin rprsn varius iging appiains and ig sur ngis. ida is sudy ararisis f a as and disuss mdgy, nud findings and suggs md. wrk addrsss fur iging appiains: nn-dirina amps ypiay usd in usds, a dwnig uminair usd in mmria buidings, a uminair fr indusry prmiss, and sr iging uminairs. fur ass wr ndud in diffrn mds f LCA and/r LCC anaysis du imid daa and rsur avaiabiiy bu as sudy diffrn mds in rdr anays diffrns f mds. On basis f as sudis, sis nuds findings and suggss an apprpria md fr nduing LCA f ig surs in gnra. LCC anayss wiin wrk ar inndd fr xnding susainabiiy pin f viw and n nnra ny n nvirnmna asps. A sndary aim f wrk is anays prvius LCAs f ig surs and LCAs ndud in is wrk inras knwdg n nvirnmna asps f ig surs. main findings f LCAs ar idnifid in wrk. 19

22 2 Lif y assssmn Lif y assssmn (LCA) is a fr sysmaiay vaua pnia nvirnmna impas f a prdu r a srvi vr is if y. mpis inpus, upus and pnia nvirnmna impas f anaysd sysm. Numrus LCAs av bn ndud and pubisd n varius prdus and srvis during as dad, and LCA as bn sabisd as an nvirnmna fr disin-making. LCA prvids infrmain n nvirnmna prfrman f prdus fr many purpss, su as fr pubi prurmn, namn f gisain, and in puras disin f giay awar nsumrs. LCA is ndud inuding a w if y frm raw maria aquisiin nd-f-if, i.., frm rad grav, r fr a par f if y. paria if y nabs anaysis f rain sags f if y in dai, wi LCA f a w if y givs an vrviw f a nvirnmna impas and is us a isi appra. Nvrss, a LCA rquirs a arg amun f daa. r ar svra ways divid if y in sags. An xamp f a if y is prsnd in Figur 2. n xamp, if y sars wi raw maria aquisiin and nds in nd-f-if naining muip arnaivs frm rus fina dispsa. imiary, i is pssib divid sags diffrny,.g., inuding ranspr (disribuin) sparay r in a sag, r mbining pakaging, ranspr and insaain in n sag: impmnain. r ar n absu rus n wi sags nsidr in an LCA, bu i dpnds n prdu sysm b anaysd. A prxy may b usd, su as urpan mmuniains andards nsiu () nia spifiain fr LCA f infrmain and mmuniain ngy (C) [31]. n LCA f ig surs, us is ypiay if y sag ausing gras nvirnmna impas du nrgy nsumpin [29]. Gnray, LCAs f ig surs anays raw maria aquisiin gr wi manufauring, us, and nd-f-if. LCA rfrs an nvirnmna LCA as a disinin amng nmi and sia anayss. LCA md is dfind in sandards O 20

23 Lif y assssmn [32] and O [33]. n addiin, r ar mr daid guidins,.g., prdu agry rus (PCRs), fr nduing LCA f rain prdus. PCRs dsrib mds fr raing an nvirnmna prdu darain, wi is basd n if y appra. PCRs prvid daid guidins fr nduing LCA f a spifi prdu. Figur 2. xamp f if y sags. O sandard sris inuds a numbr f nvirnmnayrad sandards, su as sandards fr nvirnmna managmn sysm (O and O 14004) and ns n nvirnmna abs and darains (O ). O and sandards sabis gnra mdgy fr LCA. sandards inrdu prdur fr nduing LCA and basi rms, su as funina uni. Y, LCA sandards ar suffiiny brad a y an b appid any prdu r srvi. r ar r yps f LCA: prss LCA, nmi inpu-upu (O) LCA and ybrid LCA. prss LCA is radiina md a is dsribd furr in is apr and usd in LCAs in is wrk. prss LCA is a daid, prss-spifi assssmn a nabs mparisn f prdus. O-LCA simas nvirnmna impas n basis f nmy-wid, sr-v daa. O-LCA nsidrs a dir and indir nvirnmna impas inudd in w nmi sr and is us a mprnsiv md. ybrid LCA mbins srngs f w r LCA yps by using O-LCA md fr sm prsss and nvnina prss LCA fr rs f prsss. 21

24 Lif y assssmn nvnina prss LCA nains fur pass: ga and sp dfiniin, invnry anaysis, impa assssmn and inrprain (Figur 3). LCA is an iraiv md. is a raiv niqu du us f a funina uni. funina uni is a uni wi assssmn is quanifid and prprinad. sud b rad funin f prdu. ga and sp pas dfins paramrs f assssmn, su as prdu sysm b sudid, sysm bundaris, funina uni, and assumpins usd in assssmn. sysm bundaris sabis inpus and upus inudd in LCA. u-ff rus ar as dfind. inpus and upus f sysm b anaysd may b u ff n basis f mass, nrgy r nvirnmna signifian [33]. Figur 3. Pass f if y assssmn. Adapd frm [32]. if y invnry (LC) anaysis inuds daa in, daa auain, and aain. daa is d n inpus, inuding nrgy, raw maria, and aniary inpus. daa is auad raing i sysm b sudid by funina uni. Aain pariins inpus and upus bwn prdu sysm in qusin and r prdu sysms. Aain is ndd, sin indusria prsss a wud yid a sing upu rary xis. if y impa assssmn (LCA) auas pnia nvirnmna impas. impa assssmn inuds sin f impa agris, agry indiars, and ararizain mds. LCA assigns LC rsus in nvirnmna impa agris. r ar numrus impa agris s frm,.g., gba warming pnia, aidifiain pnia, zn dpin pnia and uman xiiy pnia. LCA may inud as daa quaiy assssmn, 22

25 Lif y assssmn.g., unrainy and snsiiviy anayss, and pina gruping and wiging f rsus. inrprain pas mbins findings f LC anaysis and LCA. nuds main findings in ardan wi ga and sp dfiniin. inrprain idnifis findings and prsns m ary and nsisny. funina uni is a ky paramr in LCA, spiay in mparaiv LCAs, in wi w r mr prdus ar mpard a r. funina uni sud b nsisn wi ga and sp f sudy, ary dfind and masurab [33]. n as f riiy prduin, funina uni may b prduin f 1 kw f ria nrgy. Wn i ms ig surs, apprpria funina uni may b a spifi amun f umn-urs. funina uni may b n pi f a amp if amps pssss mparab quaiis, su as uminus fux, ur ararisis and uminus innsiy disribuin urv. b mr pris, funina uni may as nsidr iuminain n a surfa,.g., iuminan n a 1 m 2 squar surfa a 1 m disan. Hwvr, in is as, LCA sud mpar ig surs f sam appiain. Dspi LCA sandards O and O and a numbr f mr daid guids (.g., PCRs), r ar unimid pssibiiis fr nduing an LCA. r ar n sabisd rus fr paramrs f mdgy,.g., i f funina uni and usd nrgy surs fr LCA f ig surs. us, r is rm fr diffrn assssmns, bu rsus ar n nssariy mparab. 2.1 a susainabiiy assssmn usainabiiy assssmn rfrs if y susainabiiy assssmn (LCA) a nains r piars: nvirnmna, nmi and sia asps. LCA is dfind as: (1) in wi LCA sands fr nvirnmna LCA, LCC if y ss, and LCA sia LCA [11, 34, 35]. LCA is nws f piars and is urrny bing dvpd. LCA suffrs frm diffiuis in sabising mdgy and ak f daa, bu gnra inrs is inrasing in aknwdging as sia asp in susainabiiy disussin [35]. a susainabiiy assssmn is a arg and anging niy aua vr n prdu. LCA and LCC anayss ar raivy asy 23

26 Lif y assssmn ndu n a sing prdu: y, r ar many prspivs nsidr,.g., frm manufaurr s, nsumr s r muniipaiy s pin f viw [11]. sia asps inud rganizain-spifi asps and y may b assifid arding sakdrs; su as wrkrs, siy, and usmrs; r impa agris; su as uman rigs, a and safy, and uura riag [36]. a susainabiiy assssmn givs a vry prfund viw susainabiiy f a prdu sysm. Hwvr, i is diffiu ndu du r piars and ir diffrns in mdgis. n addiin, r ar n inrnaina sandards fr LCC r LCA. Currny, mdgia diffiuis i mainy in nsisny f sysm bundaris in r assssmns [34, 35]. sia LCA is an assssmn niqu f sia impas a anayss prdus and srvis, and nsidrs nir if y. vauas pnia sia and si-nmi impas and givs a mprnsiv viw susainabiiy. n nras LCA a is basd n pysia quaniis, LCA uss smi-quaniaiv and quaiaiv daa. us, i is n aways pssib xprss impas in rain a funina uni in an LCA [36]. funin f prdu sysm nds b dfind as in LCA. LCA may us subjiv, rganizain-spifi and ggrapi daa bu as gnri daa. LCA uss frquny gnri daa fr prsss usd wrdwid, bu signifian f ggrapia ain is inrasing in LCA [36]. LCA prvids infrmain n sia asps fr disinmaking. amps imprv prfrman f an rganizain and w-bing f sakdrs [36]. LCA as sam sruur as nvirnmna LCA and i is ikwis an iraiv prss. 2.2 Lif y sing n nras nvnina s auning, if y sing aks in aun ss urring vr if y, i.., if y ss (LCCs). An xamp f if y sags in an LCC anaysis is prsnd in Figur 4. Wi nvirnmna if y in Figur 2 dsribd maria and nrgy fws, Figur 4 xprsss mnary fws. Auay, a individua if y sag sud inud ss as inpu and rvnu as upu. LCC anaysis may nsidr nvnina ss f manufauring, us and L bu as nvirnmna ss, su as rying ss and missin fs, and sia ss. 24