L EUROPE ET L ENERGIE: DES ANNEES 1960 AUX ANNEES 1980 Europe and Energy: From the 1960s to the 1980s

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1 L EUROPE ET L ENERGIE: DES ANNEES 1960 AUX ANNEES 1980 Europe and Energy: From the 1960s to the 1980s CONFERENCE Scientific committee / Comité scientifique Alain Beltran CNRS, Eric Bussière Université Paris Sorbonne, Giuliano Garavini Università di Padova, Francesco Petrini Università di Padova, Antonio Varsori Università di Padova avec la participation de: Emmanuelle Ortoli Bernard Esambert October 2013 Palazzo Jonoch Gulinelli Via Del Vescovado 30 Padova sponsored by UNIVERSITÀ di PADOVA FIRB Engines of Growth TOTAL 2013 marquera le quarantième anniversaire du «choc pétrolier». À bien des égards la crise énergétique de 1973 a représenté la montée en puissance des pays producteurs de pétrole et la fin de l'énergie à bon marché pour l Europe occidentale. Cela a coïncidé avec le début des débats sur la nécessité de consommer moins, développer des sources d'énergie alternatives et de coopérer à travers une politique énergétique européenne commune. Cette conférence vise à comprendre quelle était l'efficacité de la coopération européenne, en mettant l'accent également sur le rôle de F. X. ORTOLI comme l'une des principales figures du débat sur l'énergie. Dans le même temps la conférence vise à évaluer les changements du marché de l'énergie à partir des années 1970 aux années 1980 et le rôle persistant des multinationales du pétrole et du dialogue transatlantique dans le domaine de l'énergie. Le thème sous jacent les discussions sera donc: comment l'europe occidentale a su s adapter au nouveau scénario énergétique?

2 PROGRAMME 18 October 09:30 Opening Remarks Antonio Varsori Università di Padova Gian Luigi Fontana Università di Padova 09:45 13:30 Panel I A l époque de l abondance: les années 1960 / The Age of Cheap Oil: the 1960s :00 Coffee Break Ruggero Ranieri Università di Padova Adjusting Europe s Energy Policies in the Golden Oil Years Jean Louis Escudier CNRS Charbonnage de France entre progresse technique et régression économique Philippe Tristani Université Paris Sorbonne Groupes pétroliers et stratégies nationales en Europe: Le cas de TOTAL Elisabetta Bini Università di Roma Tor Vergata Fueling Modernization in a Transatlantic World: ENI's Oil Politics during the 1950s and 1960s Jonathan Kuiken Boston College Free From Interference, Protected from Competition? The Evolutions of BP s Relations with the British State ( ) Jean Pierre Daviet Université de Caen Le nucléaire en France, enjeux stratégiques et économiques (1944/1973) Discussion led by Alain Beltran CNRS Lunch 14:30 18:30 Panel II A l époque des chocs: les années 1970 / The Age of Energy Crisis: the 1970s Session presided by Dieter Schlenker Director of the Historical Archives of the European Union Eric Bussière Université Paris Sorbonne La nationalisation algérienne Massimiliano Cricco Università di Urbino Silvio Labbate Università del Salento ENI and North African Oil Producing Countries Constance Hubin Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense La Compagnie Française de Pétrole à l époque des chocs: une entreprise pétrolière au cœur de la crise :45 Coffee Break

3 Rudiger Graf Ruhr University Reordering the World of Oil. Transatlantic Quarrels over Energy in 1973/74 Marloes Beers Université de Cergy Pontoise La formation de l Agence Internationale de l Energie Yves Bouvier Univerisité Paris Sorbonne Accélérations et décélération du programme nucléaire français au temps des chocs pétroliers Discussion led by Francesco Petrini Università di Padova and Claudia Castiglioni Università Ca Foscari Venezia Dinner 19 October 9:30 13:00 Panel III A l époque du contre choc: les années 1980 / The Counter Shock Years: the 1980s Juan Carlos Boué Oxford Institute for Energy Studies Post Shock Structural Adjustments in World Petroleum Market: National Oil Companies and the Changing Character of OPEC Mauro Elli Università di Padova Gateway to China: Dynamics of European Industrial Cooperation/Competition to Secure the Guangdong Nuclear Power Project Edoardo Altamura University of Geneva and Uppsala University Recycling Oil Wealth: European Commercial Banks and the Eurodollar Market Jean Pierre Williot Université François Rabelais, Tours Le gaz naturel: une énergie nouvelle de l Europe? Discussion led by Duccio Basosi Università Ca Foscari di Venezia and Giuliano Garavini Università di Padova :30 Coffee Break 12:30 Concluding Remarks Éric Bussière Université Paris Sorbonne, Alain Beltran CNRS, Emmanuelle Ortoli

4 PARTICIPANTS 1. Edoardo ALTAMURA Carlo Edoardo Altamura is a Teaching Assistant at the Paul Bairoch Institute of Economic History of the University of Geneva since October In 2010, Mr Altamura started a joint PhD in Economic and Social History at the University of Geneva and Uppsala, Sweden, with a thesis titled: European Banks and the Rise of Finance after Bretton Woods ( ) (working title), under the supervision of Professor Youssef Cassis, European University Institute, Florence and Professor Mats Larsson, Uppsala University, Sweden His interests lie mainly in post war international financial and banking history. 2. Duccio BASOSI Duccio Basosi teaches History of International Relations at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice. He is the author of several articles on international relations between the 1960s and the 1980s and of two monographs: "Il governo del dollaro" (Firenze, 2006) and "Finanza e petrolio" (Venezia, 2012). 3. Marloes BEERS Marloes Beers is a PhD candidate at the French University of Cergy Pontoise under the supervision of Professor Gerard Bossuat. Her research focuses on the question: The oil crisis, lever or barrier for the development of a common European energy policy?. Recent publications include articles on Dutch gas policy, Debates within the CE on the external energy relations in 1973, and the European programme on the Rational Use of Energy in the 1970s. 4. Alain BELTRAN Directeur de recherche au Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), membre de l'unité IRICE (Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris Sorbonne et CNRS), Président du Comité d'histoire de l'électricité et de l'énergie, Responsable du programme sur l'histoire du pétrole (Total Paris 1). 5. Elisabetta BINI Elisabetta Bini is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Rome "Tor Vergata." She received her PhD from New York University and was a Max Weber Postdoctoral Fellow at the European University Institute in Florence. Her publications include: "La potente benzina italiana. Guerra fredda e consumi di massa tra Italia, Stati Uniti e Terzo mondo ( )," Rome, Carocci, 2013; "Selling Gasoline with a Smile: Gas Station Attendants between the United States, Italy and the Third World, ," International Labor and Working Class History 81 (2011). 6. Juan CARLOS BOUE Juan Carlos Boué was educated at El Colegio de México, Mexico City. Upon graduating from university in 1990, he started working at the international trading arm of Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), the Mexican national state oil company. Upon leaving PEMEX, he became affiliated to to the Oxford Institute of Energy Studies. From 2005 to 2009, he was special advisor to the Venezuelan Minister of Energy and Petroleum, the president of the Venezuelan state oil company (Petróleos de Venezuela, PDVSA) and the Venezuelan Vice Minister for Hydrocarbons. 7. Yves BOUVIER Maître de conférences en histoire contemporaine à l'université Paris Sorbonne (Paris IV), membre de l'unité IRICE (Identités, relations internationales, civilisations européennes), membre du Comité d'histoire de l'électricité et de l'énergie. Après une thèse sur les relations entre la Compagnie générale d'électricité et l'etat, il poursuit ses recherches en histoire de l'énergie et en histoire des entreprises. Principales publications: avec Alain Beltran, Christophe Bouneau, Denis Varaschin et Jean Pierre Williot (dir.), Etat et énergie. XIX e XX e siècle, Paris, CHEFF, 2009, 642 p; Les défis énergétiques du XXI e siècle. Transition, concurrence et efficacité au prisme des sciences humaines, Bruxelles, P.I.E. Peter Lang, Eric BUSSIERE Professeur d'histoire contemporaine à l'université Paris Sorbonne (Paris IV), Directeur de l'unité IRICE (Identités, Relations internationales, Civilisations européennes), responsable du Labex "Ecrire une histoire nouvelle de l'europe (EHNE). 8. Claudia CASTIGLIONI Claudia Castiglioni is Research Fellow at the Ca Foscari University of Venice. She holds a PhD in History of International Relations from the University of Florence. Her main research interests include: US foreign policy

5 in the Middle East, Iranian political and economic development, and energy politics. 9. Massimiliano CRICCO Massimiliano Cricco (PhD) teaches International History at the University of Urbino. He is the author or coauthor of four books: Il petrolio dei Senussi. Stati Uniti e Gran Bretagna dall indipendenza a Gheddafi ( ) (Florence, 2002); La diplomazia italiana e gli equilibri mediterranei. La politica mediorientale dell Italia dalla guerra dei Sei Giorni al conflitto dello Yom Kippur ( ) (with D. Caviglia, Soveria Mannelli, 2006); Gheddafi. I volti del potere (with Federico Cresti, Rome, 2011); Storia della Libia contemporanea (with Federico Cresti, Rome, 2012). He has also authored or co authored many articles and chapters on Libya and the history of the Mediterranean countries. 10. Jean Pierre DAVIET Professeur d'histoire contemporaine à l'université de Caen, ancien élève de l'ecole normale supérieure, auteur d'une thèse sur Saint Gobain, a publié "Eurodif, histoire de l'enrichissement de l'uranium 1973/1993", 1993, Fonds Mercator, 368 pages. 11. Mauro ELLI Mauro Elli is research fellow of the Centre for Foreign Policy and Public Opinion Studies of State University of Milan (Italy) and member of the Secretariat of the Commission of History of International Relations. He graduated cum laude in contemporary history at State University of Milan in 2000, then passing to State University of Pavia (Italy) where he completed his Ph.D. in European integration history in He received a post doctoral 4 year research grant by State University of Milan He currently holds a senior research grant at State University of Padua (Italy). 12. Jean Louis ESCUDIER Chargé de recherche au CNRS (LAMETA: Laboratoire montpelliérain d'économie théorique et appliquée), Habilité à diriger des recherches, Programme "politique économique et choix public), spécialiste de l'histoire du charbon. 13. Giuliano GARAVINI Giuliano Garavini teaches International History at the University of Bologna (Forlì Campus) and is FIRB research fellow at the University of Padua. He coordinates the Padua unit of the FRIB Englines of Growth and recently published "After Empires. European Integration and the Challenge from the Global South " (Oxford University Press, 2012). He is now working on a history of OPEC. 14. Rüdiger GRAF Dr. habil. Rüdiger Graf teaches contemporary history at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. He published on the political culture of Weimar Germany, European history since 1945, the history of oil and energy in the 20th Century, and historical theory. 15. Constance HUBIN Docteur de l'université de Paris X (Paris Ouest Nanterre), "Stratégie industrielle de la Compagnie française des pétroles 1945/1975", soutenue en 2012 à l'université de Paris X sous la direction de Michel Lescure et Alain Beltran. 16. Silvio LABBATE Silvio Labbate has a PhD in History of International Relations (University of Rome Sapienza ). He has written the book Il governo dell energia. L Italia dal petrolio al nucleare ( ) and many articles on the cold war in the Middle East and energy issues. 17. Emmanuelle ORTOLI Journaliste, historienne, et consultante en consultation (ex expert européen). Emmatravaille à la mise en place d une Fondation François Xavier Ortoli. 18. Francesco PETRINI Ricercatore in Storia delle Relazioni internazionali, Dipartimento di Studi internazionali, Università di Padova.Publications include: Il liberismo a una dimensione. La Confindustria e l integrazione europea , Milano, FrancoAngeli, L arma del petrolio: lo shock petrolifero e il confronto Nord Sud, in D. Caviglia e A. Varsori (a cura di), Dollari, petrolio, aiuti allo sviluppo. Il confronto Nord Sud negli anni 60 70, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 2008, pp Americanismo e privatismo. La Confindustria e il piano Marshall, in Ventunesimo secolo, n. 13, 2007, pp Il 68 e la crisi dell età dell oro, in Annali dell Istituto Ugo La Malfa, vol. XXII, 2007, pp

6 19. Ruggero RANIERI Ruggero Ranieri (Phd, European University Institute) was Jean Monnet Professor and Senior Lecturer in Economic History at the University of Manchester and more recently visiting Professor at the Universities of Padova and Perugia. He has written widely on the history of the steel industry in post war Europe and the economic history of European Integration. 20. Philippe TRISTANI Philippe Tristani is holder of the agrégation of History and Géography. He prepares since 2007 of a thesis in the field of contemporary economic history about The Iraq Petroleum Company from 1947 to 1973 at the Doctoral School of Contemporary History of Paris IV Sorbonne.He in particular published in 2012 : «Closing to the Suez Canal to the sabotage of the pipelines of the Iraq Petroleum Company. Occident vis a vis the oil weapon, November 1956 June 1957.», (Bruxelles, Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, New York, Oxford, Wien, Beltran, Alain (dir./ed.), Le pétrole et la guerre. Oil and War, Collection : Enjeux internationaux / International Issues volume 21, 430 p., p , Antonio VARSORI Antonio Varsori is professor of International history at the University of Padua. Among his recent books: L Italia e la fine della guerra fredda (il Mulino, 2013); European Union History. Themes and Debates (Palgrave, 2010); La Cenerentola d Europa? L Italia e l integrazione europea dal 1947 a oggi (Rubbettino, 2010). 22. Jean Pierre WILLIOT Jean Pierre Williot est professeur d'histoire contemporaine à l'université François Rabelais à Tours. Il dirige l'ea 6294 Equipe Alimentation et il est vice président du Conseil scientifique de l'institut Européen d'histoire et des Cultures de l'alimentation. Ses travaux portent sur les acteurs de l'innovation dans trois domaines : industrie gazière, réseaux ce chemins de fer, histoire contemporaine de l'alimentation. Il est auteur ou coauteur de 6 ouvrages sur l'alimentation, 2 sur les chemins de fer et 8 sur gaz et énergies. Il codirige la collection l'europe Alimentaire aux éditions Peter Lang.