The Carbon Balance of a High Speed Line. Michel LEBOEUF SNCF, Director for Major Projects & Prospective France 1/27

Transcription

1 The Carbon Balance of a High Speed Line Michel LEBOEUF SNCF, Director for Major Projects & Prospective France 1/27

2 Introduction: Three received wisdoms about trains running faster: - they are more energy consuming, - they are more harmful for the environment - they are more expensive. So... What s the point of increasing the commercial speed? 2/27

3 Demonstration 1 Carbon balance of a rail high speed line How to assess it? 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance It takes CO 2 to save CO 2 and... 3 The cost of speed... it takes money to make money. 3/27

4 Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line vers Londres Dunkerque Calais Calais-Frethun Ville Boulogne St-Omer Lille Europe Hazebrouck Lille Fl. Béthune Douai Lens Arras Valenciennes vers Bruxelles Amsterdam Cologne Brest Cherbourg Lannion Morlaix Plouaret St-Malo Guingamp Lamballe Dol Landerneau St Brieuc Caen Le Havre Lisieux Rouen Évreux Haute-Picardie Sedan Rethel Thionville Saarbrücken Forbach Reims Metz Meuse Châlons -en-champagne Bar-le Lorraine Sarrebourg -Duc Commercy Vitryle-François Nancy Saverne Lunéville Champagne- Ardenne Mantes-la-Jolie Aéroport Charles-de-Gaulle Paris Versailles Massy Juvisy Melun Charleville -Mézières Luxembourg St Dié vers Francfort Strasbourg vers Stuttgart Munich HSL commissioned in June km from Valence to Marseille 22 million passengers Quimper Rosporden Quimperlé Lorient Auray Rennes Vitré Laval Vannes Redon Angers St-Nazaire Savenay Le Croisic La Baule Ancenis Nantes Les Sables -d'olonne La Rochelle La Roche/Yon Bordeaux Le Mans Sablé Saumur St-Maixent Niort Surgères Libourne Vendôme -Villiers Tours Ruffec Angoulême St-Pierre -des-corps Châtellerault Futuroscope Poitiers Brive Les Aubrais -Orléans Vierzon Châteauroux La Souterraine Limoges Sens Laroche- Migennes Épinal Colmar Remiremont Mulhouse Belfort Bâle Montbéliard vers Zürich Dijon Besançon Beaune Dole Mouchard Frasne vers Berne Le Creusot Pontarlier Chalon/Saône Lons-le-Saunier vers Lausanne Évian-les-Bains Mâcon Mâcon Thonon-les-Bains Bourg-en-B. Genève Annemasse Bellegarde Cluses Annecy Sallanches Culoz St-Gervais-les-Bains Lyon Lyon Aix-les Albertville Saint Exupéry -Bains Bourg-St-Maurice Chambéry Landry Aime - La Plagne St-Étienne Moutiers-Salins St-Avre-la-Chambre Valence St-Jean-de-Maurienne Modane St-Michel -Valloire Grenoble vers Turin Valence Milan Valence Ville Arcachon Facture Montélimar Agen Morcenx Dax Biarritz Orthez St-Jean-de-Luz Bayonne Irun Hendaye Pau Tarbes Lourdes Montauban Toulouse Carcassonne Montpellier Sète Béziers Narbonne Agde Nîmes Orange Avignon Centre Menton Avignon Nice Vintimille Monaco Cannes Arles Les Arcs- Antibes Miramas Draguignan Aix-en-Provence St-Raphaël Marseille Toulon Marseille Hyères Perpignan 4/27

5 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Calculation boundaries 1. Conception Energy in offices Paper IT and Electronic materials 2. Construction Earthwork Transportation of construction materials Structures (Bridges, Tunnels, etc.) Tracks with Ballast, Rail & Sleeper Equipment for Signalling & Electricity transportation Railway Stations & Maintenance Centers Rolling Stock Construction 3. Operation Energy Consumption for Rolling Stock (traction, air conditioning, recovery braking energy) Maintenance of Rolling Stock Rolling Stock + line equipment Stations 4. Disposal Disposal of Rolling Stock Structures 5/27

6 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Mediterranean HSL infrastructure carbon footprint Conception 250 km 100 years Railway equipment 250 km 50 years Rail 250 km 30 years Tunnels 12.8 km 100 years Viaducts 11.km 100 years tco 2 /km/year <150 Earthworks km 100 years Main Stations 2 stations 100 years Secondary stations 2 stations 100 years <1 <22 <28 <4 <12 Total 2,200,000 tons of CO2 over the whole infrastructure life period 6/27

7 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Rolling Stock carbon footprint tco 2 /trainset over its life period Train construction, maintenance and cleaning 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, t of aluminium t of steel t of Fiber reinforced plastic - 34 t of copper - 50 of glass - average lifespan: 30 years seats per train (average) - revision: every 4 years : 45 t of iron and 0.25 t of copper - maintenance and cleaning every second day: 7.7 t of water, t of waste, +1,555 kwh - assumption for disposal: all metals may be recycled into other products 0.0 Manufacturing Maintenance + cleaning Periodic revisions Disposal 7/27

8 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Operations carbon footprint T CO 2 /year 100,000 50,000 Savings coming from the operation of conventional trains Savings from road traffic Savings from air traffic -50,000 Train operations -100, , , , ,000 8/27

9 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Calculation principle CO 2 emissions (tons) CO2 emissions for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock construction for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock renewals for High speed train operations annually saved by traffic shifts from air to rail annually saved by traffic shifts from road to rail N=? Time (years) Starting point of construction Project commissioning N years of operations 9/27

10 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Calculation principle CO2 emissions for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock construction for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock renewals for High speed train operations annually saved by traffic shifts from air to rail annually saved by traffic shifts from road to rail Net investments in CO2 emissions Pay back period = Annual savings in CO 2 emissions Net investments in CO 2 emissions Annual savings in CO2 emissions 10/27

11 Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line vers Londres Dunkerque Calais Calais-Frethun Ville Boulogne St-Omer Lille Europe Hazebrouck Lille Fl. Béthune Douai Lens Arras Valenciennes vers Bruxelles Amsterdam Cologne Brest Cherbourg Lannion Morlaix Plouaret St-Malo Guingamp Lamballe Dol Landerneau St Brieuc Caen Le Havre Lisieux Rouen Évreux Haute-Picardie Sedan Rethel Thionville Saarbrücken Forbach Reims Metz Meuse Châlons -en-champagne Bar-le Lorraine Sarrebourg -Duc Commercy Vitryle-François Nancy Saverne Lunéville Champagne- Ardenne Mantes-la-Jolie Aéroport Charles-de-Gaulle Paris Versailles Massy Juvisy Melun Charleville -Mézières Luxembourg St Dié vers Francfort Strasbourg vers Stuttgart Munich Pay back period = Quimper Net operation t CO 2 savings Net t CO 2 investment Rosporden Quimperlé Lorient Auray Rennes Vitré Laval Vannes Redon Angers St-Nazaire Savenay Le Croisic La Baule Ancenis Nantes La Rochelle Le Mans Sablé Saumur Vendôme -Villiers Tours St-Pierre -des-corps = 8 years Châtellerault La Roche/Yon Futuroscope Poitiers Les Sables -d'olonne St-Maixent Niort Bordeaux Surgères Libourne Ruffec Angoulême Brive Les Aubrais -Orléans Vierzon Châteauroux La Souterraine Limoges Sens Laroche- Migennes Le Creusot St-Étienne Beaune Mâcon Lyon Valence Ville Dijon Besançon Épinal Remiremont Belfort Montbéliard Colmar Mulhouse Bâle Dole Mouchard Frasne vers Berne Pontarlier Chalon/Saône Lons-le-Saunier vers Lausanne Évian-les-Bains Mâcon Thonon-les-Bains Bourg-en-B. Genève Annemasse Bellegarde Cluses Annecy Sallanches Culoz St-Gervais-les-Bains Lyon Aix-les Albertville Saint Exupéry -Bains Bourg-St-Maurice Chambéry Landry Aime - La Plagne Moutiers-Salins St-Avre-la-Chambre St-Jean-de-Maurienne Modane St-Michel -Valloire Grenoble vers Turin Valence Milan vers Zürich Arcachon Facture Montélimar Agen Morcenx Dax Biarritz Orthez St-Jean-de-Luz Bayonne Irun Hendaye Pau Tarbes Lourdes Montauban Toulouse Carcassonne Montpellier Sète Béziers Narbonne Agde Nîmes Orange Arles Miramas Avignon Centre Avignon Marseille Aix-en-Provence Toulon Les Arcs- Draguignan Hyères Menton Nice Vintimille Monaco Cannes Antibes St-Raphaël Perpignan 11/27

12 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line A favourable point Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation Coal Oil Natural Gas Biomass Nuclear Hydropower Wind Photovoltaic 91 g CO 2 per kwh in France Other 12/27

13 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation (2007)* France Spain Germany Italy Great Britain * EIA 2008 sources Taiwan China 13/27

14 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line Infrastructure Mix 100% Earthworks Bridges Tunnels France France Spain Taiwan China Paris Lyon Valence Marseille Madrid Llieda Taipei Kaohshuing Beijing Tianjin 14/27

15 1. Carbon balance of a High Speed Line 180 Energy efficiency: Orders of magnitude of passenger-kilometers carried per unit of energy (1 Kwh) 60 35/40 20 High Speed Train Bus Private car Plane 15/27

16 Demonstration 1 Carbon balance of a rail high speed line How to assess it? 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance It takes CO 2 to save CO 2 and... 3 The cost of speed... it takes money to make money. 16/27

17 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance The higher the speed The more powerful and adhering the trainset The shorter the line The fewer and smaller the structures (tunnels/bridges) More energy and CO 2 for running the train? The shorter the travel times The better the rolling stock productivity Less energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the RS construction The more attractive the train Less energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the line construction The energy and CO 2 saved from modal shifts 17/27

18 2 Impact of a speed increase Den Haag Rotterdam on the carbon balance London Arcachon Bayonne Hendaye Bordeaux Dax Oloron Le Havre Pau Buzy Calais Frethun Libourne Tarbes Lourdes Boulogne Agen Rouen Oostende Calais-V. Dunkerque Montauban Toulouse Carcassonne Lens Arras Perpignan Lille Valenciennes Haute-Picardie Champagne-Ardenne Valence Ville Montélimar Amsterdam Antwerpen Bruxelles Meuse Lannion Paris Lorraine Strasbourg Brest Massy Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy Nancy St Brieuc Melun Quimper Rennes Colmar Sélestat Lorient Sens Le Mans Vannes Belfort Mulhouse Vendôme Montbard La Baule Angers Tours Besançon Montbéliard Zürich St-Pierre-des-Corps Dijon Le Croisic Nantes Dole Mouchard Bern Chalon Le Creusot sur-s. Futuroscope Lons-le Lausanne Argenton/Creuse -Saunier Poitiers Brig Niort Bourg Mâcon en-b. Genève La Rochelle St-Gervais-les-Bains Lyon Lyon Saint Exupéry Bourg-St-Maurice Angoulême St-Étienne Lignes à grande vitesse Lignes à grande vitesse en construction Lignes classiques empruntées par les Namur Liège Metz Köln Modane Grenoble Valence Torino Orange Nîmes Avignon Centre Nice Montpellier Arles Avignon Aix-en-Provence Béziers Narbonne Marseille Toulon Ventimiglia Vertical profile of the PARIS-DIJON-LYON conventional line altitude ( en m ) Paris distance ( en km ) Vertical profile of the Paris-Lyon high speed line Milano altitude ( en m ) Paris Combs-la-Ville distance ( en km ) SAÔNE Lyon-Part-Dieu / Lyon-Perrache

19 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance But what about the train energy consumption? Power rule: Does the train power increase with the cube of its speed? Energy rule: Is energy consumption proportional to the square of the speed? 19/27

20 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance Mechanical resistance Air Intake resistance Aerodynamic resistance Decelerat breaking losses Downhill breaking losses Ancillary services Train & infrastructure losses (K 0 1 +C)*(M/s)*V K 2 *V 1 K 3 (C:s) *V 2 K 4 *(M/s)*(1/SD)*V 2 *(1-RgC) Shorter Route Load factor Less intermediate stops K 5 *(M/s)*V -1 *(1-RgC) K 6 V -1 ρt * ρi 20/27

21 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance Recovered by regenerative breaking 1,077 2,761 Losses 1,913 1,150 Recovered by regenerative breaking Net consumption 9,412 kwh 3,367 Energy dissipated 1,438 in the brakes 855 Ancillary services 1,203 Net consumption 7,934 kwh 2,628 Aerodynamic drags 4, Mechanical resistance 369 Conventional train 442 km 175 min High Speed Train 442 km 114 min 21/27

22 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance The higher the speed The more powerful and adhering the trainset The shorter the line The fewer and smaller the structures (tunnels/bridges) More energy and CO 2 for running the train? The shorter the travel times The better the rolling stock productivity Less energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the RS construction The more attractive the train Less energy consumption and CO 2 emissions for the line construction The energy and CO 2 saved from modal shifts 22/27

23 Demonstration 1 Carbon balance of a rail high speed line How to assess it? 2 Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance It takes CO 2 to save CO 2 and... 3 The cost of speed... it takes money to make money. 23/27

24 3. The cost of speed vers Londres First Paris-Lyon High Speed Line Commissioned in 1981 & 1983 Dunkerque Calais Calais-Frethun Ville Boulogne St-Omer Lille Europe Hazebrouck Lille Fl. Béthune Douai Lens Arras Valenciennes vers Bruxelles Amsterdam Cologne Speed: 260 km/h in km/h in km/h in 2000 Second Paris-Lyon High Speed Line planned for 2025 What Speed? 300 km/h 320 km/h or 360 km/h Brest Quimper Morlaix Landerneau Rosporden Lannion Plouaret St-Malo Guingamp Lamballe St Brieuc Quimperlé Lorient Auray Vannes Rennes Redon Cherbourg Dol Vitré Laval Angers St-Nazaire Savenay Le Croisic La Baule Ancenis Nantes Les Sables -d'olonne La Rochelle Arcachon Dax Biarritz St-Jean-de-Luz Bayonne Irun Hendaye La Roche/Yon Bordeaux Facture Morcenx Caen Le Havre Le Mans Sablé St-Maixent Niort Surgères Orthez Pau Saumur Libourne Tarbes Lourdes Lisieux Ruffec Angoulême Vendôme -Villiers Tours Futuroscope Poitiers Agen Rouen Évreux St-Pierre -des-corps Châtellerault Brive Montauban Haute-Picardie Luxembourg Sedan Rethel Thionville Saarbrücken Champagne- Ardenne Forbach Reims Metz Meuse Mantes-la-Jolie Aéroport Charles-de-Gaulle Châlons Paris Paris -en-champagne Bar-le Lorraine Sarrebourg Versailles Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy -Duc Commercy Vitryle-François Nancy Saverne Massy Juvisy Lunéville Toulouse Melun Les Aubrais -Orléans Vierzon Châteauroux La Souterraine Limoges Carcassonne Sens Laroche- Migennes Montpellier Sète Béziers Narbonne Agde Le Creusot Lyon St-Étienne Nîmes Charleville -Mézières Beaune Mâcon Lyon Valence Ville Montélimar Orange Arles Miramas Dijon Avignon Centre Avignon Marseille Besançon Épinal Toulon Remiremont Les Arcs- Draguignan Hyères St Dié Belfort vers Francfort Colmar Mulhouse Montbéliard Bâle Strasbourg Dole Mouchard Frasne vers Berne Pontarlier Chalon/Saône Lons-le-Saunier vers Lausanne Évian-les-Bains Mâcon Thonon-les-Bains Bourg-en-B. Genève Annemasse Bellegarde Cluses Annecy Sallanches Culoz St-Gervais-les-Bains Lyon Aix-les Albertville Saint Exupéry -Bains Bourg-St-Maurice Chambéry Landry Aime - La Plagne Moutiers-Salins St-Avre-la-Chambre St-Jean-de-Maurienne Modane St-Michel -Valloire Grenoble vers Turin Valence Milan Aix-en-Provence vers Stuttgart Munich vers Zürich Menton Nice Vintimille Monaco Cannes Antibes St-Raphaël Perpignan 24/27

25 3. The cost of speed OPEX increasing with speed OPEX decreasing with speed OPEX independent of speed 100 Revenues (1+ 1.2*15/180) Revenues = +15 =165 25% OPEX= +6 32% 10% 65% 8% 60% CAPEX# 0 25/27

26 3. The cost of speed % Rail / Rail+Air Two key factors: -a large air market -rail travel times in the 2 to 4h range ,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 Hours 26/27

27 Thank you for your kind attention. 27/27