REGIONAL CENTRE FOR SERVICES IN SURVEYING, MAPPING AND REMOTE SENSING. Nairobi, Kenya 5-8 May 1998

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1 REPORT OF THE REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON PROMOTION OF A NETWORK ON ECOLOGICAL MONITORING, NATURAL RESOURCES MAPPING, REMOTE SENSING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN AFRICA REGIONAL CENTRE FOR SERVICES IN SURVEYING, MAPPING AND REMOTE SENSING Nairobi, Kenya 5-8 May 1998

2 REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP ON PROMOTION OF A NETWORK ON ECOLOGICAL MONITORING, NATURAL RESOURCES MAPPING, REMOTE SENSING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REGIONAL ACTION PROGRAMME TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION IN AFRICA. INTRODUCTION Further to the recommendations of the Pan-African Conference on the implementation of the Convention to Combat Desertification(CCD) held in Ouagadougou in March 1997, a workshop on Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resource Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems was organized in Nairobi, Kenya from 5 to 8 May 1998, at the Regional Centre for Services in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing (RCSSMRS), with support from the CCD Secretariat, and after consultations with various interested regional, sub-regional and international organizations/institutions. This workshop was the first in a series of seven thematic workshops to be conducted towards laying the foundation of the Regional Action Programme to Combat Desertification in Africa (RAP). The list of participants to this workshop is annexed. The Hon. Francis Nyenze, Minister for Environmental Conservation of Kenya, officially opened the meeting. The full text of his statement is annexed. The Director General of the RCSSMRS, Prof. Simon Ndyetabula, made the welcoming remarks and emphasized the need for the formation of an effective network among the stakeholders of the RAP. The full text of his statement is annexed. Mr. Claude Mottier, representing Ambassador Hama Arba Diallo, Executive Secretary of the CCD Secretariat, made a statement outlining the tasks on hand and emphasized the necessity for participants, while putting their efforts into producing concrete recommendations towards the elaboration of the RAP for Africa, to bear in mind the well being of the people in the affected lands. The full text of his statement is annexed. The workshop elected its bureau composed of: Chairman - Ambassador Rogatien Biaou, Chairman of the African Group at the INCD and the Vice-Chairman of CSD; also 1st Rapporteur - Mr. Jaspat Agatsiva, Remote Sensing Officer at the RCSSMRS; 2nd Rapporteur - Mr. Tahirou Diao, President of Sahel DEFIS (NGO). After the adoption of the Agenda for the 4 day meeting the workshop received guidance from CCD representatives and expert groups. Mr. Mansour N'Diaye of the CCD Secretariat gave a brief background to the workshop and reminded the participants of the challenges inherent in the preparation of a RAP, which must use the participatory approach advocated by the Convention and of the complex nature of setting up and operating a network. Dr. Moise Akle, consultant for the CCD Secretariat introduced the objectives of the workshop and provided the guidelines and methodological approach. The full text of his paper is annexed. The goals of the workshop were stated as:

3 i. strategies to consolidate collaboration among institutions, centres and organizations engaged in research and training in the fields of ecological monitoring, natural resources mapping and remote sensing. ii. a strategy for the promotion/strengthening and coordination of sub-regional early warning systems of the continent. The following targets were to be achieved by the workshop:! Establishing a brief but comprehensive report on regional cooperation in the fields of Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resource Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems.! Identification of the technological and scientific components of the RAP in the above fields, for better articulation by Africa in the on-going work of the CCD Committee for Science and Technology on benchmarks and indicators.! Establishment of a regional network for Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resource Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems (composition of TOR for the Focal Point).! Work programme, calendar and modalities for follow -up.! Contribution to strengthening the linkages between NAPs and SRAPs The workshop then proceeded with the presentations made under the two main background documents: Item 1 on Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, and Item 2 on Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems. Mr. Reuben Sinange, consultant for the CCD Secretariat presented a comprehensive document on Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping in context of the RAP. Mr. Sinange covered the ecological processes in the semi-arid and arid ecosystems, the role of natural resources mapping, recommendations for those in charge of implementation the RAP, the identification of target institutions and their roles in the RAP in terms of networking and criteria for an agency which would act as the focal point for the network. In his recommendations Mr. Sinange suggested the formulation of a strategy for the creation of networking among specialized African institutions and gave some specific elements for that strategy to be launched. His paper is annexed. Mr. Mamadou Diouf, consultant for the CCD Secretariat presented a paper on Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems in context of the RAP. He covered the applications of remote sensing in the arid and semi-arid ecosystems with case studies from various countries in Africa, early warning systems on the food security situation and on environmental issues, and the use of remote sensing and early warning systems in combating desertification. Mr. Diouf concluded with recommendations for the implementation of the RAP emphasizing among others, the need for monitoring, follow -up and evaluation activities. He presented a list of specialized African institutions, which can be targeted for networking purposes. His paper is annexed. 3

4 The FAO representative, Mr Antonio Di Gregorio made a presentation on Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Mapping, Environment Monitoring and Early Warning in Africa. The FAO has been involved in a number of projects including AFRICOVER, which uses remote sensing to establish database, and providing geographic reference for various areas. ARTEMIS and REIMP are the other FAO projects related to this general area. The FAO representative concluded with recommendations for standardizing remote sensing and mapping techniques as tools for better coordination at national, subregional and regional levels. Other recommendations included integration of information programmes, development of new and specific approaches for implementing the CCD, development of action orientated networks that would include producers and users of information on natural resources. Mr. Andre Nonguierma from AGRHYMET presented the work of this specialized institution, which was designed to serve the CILSS subregion, and it specializes in techniques and sciences applied to agricultural development, the development of rural areas and natural resource management. It is also in charge of information dissemination and promoting training in the fields of agroecology. The Director of Remote Sensing at RCSSMRS, Mr. Luka Isavwa made a presentation of the activities of the Regional Centre related to mapping of natural resources through remote sensing, the development and application of GIS, as well as the monitoring of environmental degradation through remote sensing and GIS. In his conclusion, Mr. Isavwa expressed the readiness of the Regional Centre to work with other relevant bodies in the implementation of the UNCCD. Mr. Jaspat Agatsiva, Remote Sensing Officer at the RCSSMRS presented the situation of Early Warning Systems in Eastern Africa, giving the background and the activities of the Famine Early Warning System (FEWS), the Drought Monitoring Centres for Eastern and Southern Africa (DMC), the SADC Regional Early Warning Systems, the FAO/RCSSMRS Regional Early Warning Systems, the Regional Famine Early Warning System (REFEWS). The main objective of the EWS in Eastern Africa is address food security, and all the new projects are designed to strengthen this area. He stressed that the development and effective functioning of these EWS require capacity building and the use of modern communications equipment, including connectivity through the Internet. The text of the presentation from the RCSSMRS is annexed. Mr. Unis Muftah from the OACT made a presentation on the partnership of OACT with OSS and a list of programmes where collaboration between the two institutions will be considered in the near future. He stated that AFRICAGIS Conference and Forum are now the responsibility of OACT as a mother institution with the cooperation of AARSE and EIS. Information Notes Most participants were given an opportunity to make short presentations on the activities of their respective institutions/organizations, and particularly their possible roles in implementation of the RAP. The presentations emphasised the need to put in place effective coordination mechanisms for the activities currently being undertaken by the various institutions in Africa in these thematic areas, and particularly the promotion of a efficient network for more information and experiences exchange. 4

5 SUMMARY OF GENERAL DISCUSSION ON THE PRESENTATIONS The main purpose of the Convention is to guarantee the commitment of governments, farmers, local communities, non-governmental organizations, researchers and scientists, decision-makers and partners for development, to combat desertification and/or mitigate the effects of drought, in the affected countries. This is on the basis of using effective measures supported by international arrangements regarding cooperation and partnership, as part of an integrated strategy consistent with Agenda 21, in order to contribute to the promotion of sustainable development. The workshop was held within the context of the key principles on which the Convention lays emphasis. The Convention calls on the Parties to ensure that decisions on the design and implementation of programmes to combat desertification and/or mitigate the effects of drought are made with the participation of populations and local communities and that, an enabling environment is created at higher levels in order to facilitate actions at national and local levels. The Convention calls upon the Parties to improve cooperation and coordination at national, sub-regional, regional and international levels in order to promote the mobilization and the rational utilisation of resources. The legal treaty invites especially the developed countries to take into account the special needs and circumstances of affected developing countries, and particularly the least developed among them. The main tools for implementation of the Convention have been identified in the form of various action programmes. Article 11 of the main text of the Convention and Articles 12 and 13 of the Regional Implementation Annex for Africa define the organizational framework, the content and modalities of the RAP process. In March 1997, the Ouagadougou Pan-African Conference on the Implementation of the CCD defined the policy for RAP process for Africa and gave the necessary guidelines for its elaboration. The convening of the regional workshop on ecological monitoring, natural resources mapping, remote sensing and early warning systems constitute one of the steps towards this process. Theme on Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping in context of the Regional Action Programme to Combat Desertification Objectives The key element to the integration of economic development and environmental sustainability is information. Information to show status, trends, causes and a pointer of possible remedies through the integration of the two competing areas. Therefore the information must be appropriate, received on timely fashion, to facilitate timely decision making and appropriate interventions. While addressing the measures to be undertaken by relevant institutions and organisations to imple ment the Regional Action Programme to combat desertification, the specific objectives of this theme on Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping in the context of RAP were to: review the ecological processes in the semi-arid and arid ecosystems; examine critically the existing ecological monitoring systems in semi-arid and arid ecosystems; 5

6 examine the role of natural resource mapping in the assessment and monitoring of the semi-arid and arid ecosystems; provide recommendations to be addressed by the relevant institutions and organisations in the implementation of the RAP and; identify target institutions with their possible roles in RAP implementation for networking, and suggest ideal criteria for a focal point for catalyzing and galvanizing cooperation in these fields, to ensure successful RAP process in Africa. Principles of Inventorying and Monitoring Natural Resources Monitoring may be necessary for assessing the effectiveness of policy on legislation; regulation (performance or audit function) or for detecting incipient change (early warning). The objectives of the monitoring programme are to determine: long-term environmental change and its ecological effects; response to a changing management factor such as drainage, grazing or agricultural intensification; rate of change such as decline of rare species or habitat, for instance rate of change of the transitional areas of the dry sub-humid areas from rangelands into cultivation; the effectiveness of a form of management, such as grazing systems; long-term environmental change in the drylands of Africa under the different national resource management regimes and systems using various parameters, factors and indicators; the effectiveness of the implementation of the CCD. Generally, the rationale for monitoring African drylands would be for detecting change as an early warning to any further deterioration of the environment; using the results to assess the effectiveness of the CCD in future; identifying affected and vulnerable areas for purposes of formulating strategies for combating desertification. Five basic issues guide the principles of an ecological monitoring programme. These are: purpose, approach and methods, analysis, interpretation and time-frame Role of Natural Resource Mapping in the Assessment and Monitoring of Drylands In land resource management, whether the main objective is rural development, environmental conservation, or to study the possible impact of climatic change, several questions arise for example: What is the present state of the environment? What will be the effect of certain decisions? How can the effects be evaluated? The answers to these and other questions can be found with the help of mainly three techniques, namely: mapping, modeling and monitoring, which are well developed techniques, each with its own specialization. This process is described as follows: 6

7 Mapping experts study the spatial distribution of the particular phenomena under investigation. The resultant usually beautiful maps and survey reports giving all kinds of detailed information seldom deal with the dynamics, and the underlying processes. The data collected often describes only those parameters under investigation. Modelling experts are interested mainly in the processes, and they develop models and often need a staggering quantity of very detailed data. In addition the models seldom deal with spatial aspects. Monitoring experts work mainly with remote sensing products that are digitally processed. Impressive classified multi-temporal images are produced, supposedly giving all kinds of information on changes taking place. But in order to produce the information that is required, further analysis usually has to be undertaken. The three techniques can be properly used particularly when they address a logical sequence of activities, which are complementary, synergistic and are demand driven. Methodological Framework and Approach There are two basic approaches that can be used for assessment and mapping of land degradation. The first one is the assessment based on observation of the current status of the land in terms of soils, vegetation, water resources and other indicators of land productivity. This approach relies heavily on observations (visual, photographic or radiation sensing) of the current state of the land, and their interpretation based on the purpose of the assessment and intimate knowledge of the regions concerned. The second approach is the assessment of levels of risks or hazard of land degradation based on measurements of various parameters and application of models which realistically integrate the negative impacts of the individual parameters on the land resource. This approach is concerned with measurement of physical, chemical, and bio logical factors as well as the documentation and analysis of socio -economic parameters and the application of empirical or scientific models to derive or estimate of land degradation through integration of various parameters. Role of Targeted Institutions It is clear that while undertaking their programmes, particular categories have a bias towards operating at certain political/administration levels. However, they all have an interest, challenge, and responsibility to co-operate and form partnership to work towards one goal in context of the CCD. This is particularly in strengthening indigenous scientific institutions at all levels to deliver products to meet regional desertification monitoring objectives. Institutional arrangements to facilitate effective operations need to be formulated. It is preferable that focal points at all levels be identified from among the indigenous institutions. In addition, cooperating agencies could be incorporated from the other categories in an arrangement that enhances and closely supports the focal point agencies. Briefly, the suggested roles of the various groups are presented below. 1. Political/Administration level to ensure continued political will and support. to define efficient strategies and policy frameworks for sustainable development. 7

8 to promote/coordinate the implementation of actions that are of interest at 8

9 the regional, subregional and national levels, including mobilization of resources. 2. Indigenous Scientific Institutions of Africa In recent years the trend has been to emphasize on enhancing and strengthening national institutions since they address local and national issues best. Their results are readily available to local end users. It is therefore being proposed to have a three-tiered structure of institutions to coordinate information collection, exchange and analysis. The structure will allow for one identified focal point at each level for each theme, and these agencies can network as appropriate. 3. UN organizations, agencies and programmes Catalyze and galvanize cooperation and partnerships of all agencies at all levels in cooperation with the category one above of organizations and governments. Take lead in cooperation with the focal point agency to identify and undertake strategic research for immediate application in monitoring and mapping of natural resources in the context of the CCD. Build Capacity of the sub-regional and regional agencies and in cooperation with bilateral agencies at the national levels. Undertake resource mobilization Coordination with other regions to ensure compatibility and comparability of data and information generated for global assessment. 4. International Research Institutions Undertake basic research in techniques for recovery, rehabilitation and protection of affected lands. Participate in the assessment and evaluation of the effects of the CCD programmes at various levels. 5. Trans-regional organizations Liaise with the appropriate political levels and UN systems, to promote and support focal point agencies in designing relevant studies for strengthening the knowledge base on structure and functioning of African ecosystems, effects of human population activities, as well as, resource management regimes in various parts of the continent through sustained medium to long-term permanent observations. cooperate with the focal point agencies, to strengthen the information systems - collection, processing and exc hange - and in totality, the gamut of environmental information system/environmental information networking (EIS/EIN). undertake Capacity Building of the relevant agencies. evaluate the implementation of the CCD in the continent. 9

10 6. Bilateral Organizations Strengthen focal point and cooperating agencies and institutions at the national and local levels. 7. Indigenous Regional Organizations/Associations Undertake education and awareness creation through symposia, and publications, broaden regional analyses, research, evaluation and appraisal of their science. Theme on Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems in context of the Regional Action Programme to Combat Desertification General Issues Food Security and the effects of prolonged droughts in several African countries continue to be major issues that require adequate attention by the Planner-Decision Makers in the respective areas. Political instability, that is prevalent in some areas and the resultant refugee problems pose major threats to rational resource use and proper planning in these affected regions, and they tend to exacerbate the already precarious situation Encroachment into rangelands and the associated fragile ecosystems represent a cause for concern to range/resource managers. Timely and cost-effective monitoring systems, based on low resolution remote sensing still hold promise to enable planning that can be based on sound data in the Africa region. The need for improved natural resources management and environmental protection, lack of reliable baseline environmental data, and monitoring ecosystem variations, makes remote sensing technology very useful tool in the fight against desertification and within the scope of the possible applications, the field is still uncharted territory. Remote sensing offers possibilities for knowledge on environment and the state of natural resources, the trend of resource management interventions, dynamics of ecosystems, impacts of factors responsible for causing degradation. Since the cycle of observations is repetitive, remote sensing enables the setting up of systems for early warning on climate and other natural disasters. Many national and regional actions in Africa in the past two decades give good prospects for remote sensing use in combating desertification. Systems for correct stocking rates in rangelands, management of biophysical and socio -economic data, and of data treatment and analysis continue to improve. However, difficulties still exist, and the following are examples: Weakness in the harmonization and coordination of early warning systems at the national level. Insufficient characterization of the regional vulnerability, in particular the absence of methods for monitoring and mapping high risk zones. Lack of appropriate policies to effectively manage refugees. Lack of reliable data and past records as reference on the state of the environment. Insufficient mechanisms for monitoring and assessment of natural resources and the general environment. 10

11 The prospects for operationalizing remote sensing applications with a view to combating desertification involve: Improvement of availability, reliability, regularity and accessibility of food security and natural resources information, capacity building, standardization and harmonization of indicators, promotion of networks and information exchange; Setting up of efficient regional environmental information systems. Improvement of methods for forecasting the natural phenomena and the dynamics ecosystems. Reinforcement of the capacities of countries in acquisition, analysis, interpretation and use of remote sensing products to help in decision making. A review and evaluation of different early warning systems in the Eastern African Sub-region has shown that there is an urgent need to improve and strengthen the systems in order to rapidly and timely provide the requir ed information for quick decision-making on Food Security and Environmental Monitoring. The main drawback of most of the systems is their inability to provide timely and cost-effective quantitative data. It is therefore important that more research and investment be undertaken in this area in order to develop rapid methods that could be used in generating the required data. Many problems are associated with Early Warning systems in Africa. These can be summarized as follows: Duplication and overlapping of the early warning monitoring programme between regional and national centres. There is need for more cooperation and integration of systems and functions. There is a tendency now to support national centres. The arguments are running costs of these centers are small, for once the satellite receiving station and computers have been installed, only small staff and training costs are needed. Distance and large expatriate maintenance/emolument costs have made regional centres prohibitively expensive. National centres can choose to monitor and evaluate particular features that are more important to them (thematically and spatially), instead of receiving what may be "smoothed" data, of little interest, derived from the distant regional centres. The national centres are in a much better position to transmit the results to those responsible for drought relief. The local products should have input in the local decision making such as assessing forage availability, formulating grazing schedule, alleviating land conflicts and formulating grazing land policy. The launching of new satellites would improve the resolution of the images up to 250m, making the data even more useful for monitoring and planning at local level. These data can be combined with other information to monitor degradation. There have been few efforts for historical analysis of degradation by satellite imagery, despite the increasing ease with which this can be done. 11

12 Many ground rain gauges have been neglected and these need to be rehabilitated. Africa. The distributions of the rainfall gauges are also not adequate in arid and semi-arid regions of Remote sensing provides a rapid method of collecting rainfall data through an analysis of Meteosat data. This should be regularly followed by an endeavor to calibrate this Meteosat data in an effort to effectively correlate the cold cloud duration data with the actual rainfall patterns. National Remote Sensing Early Warning Units should help the institutions such as the RCSSMRS in the development of this research effort by provision of ground truth data. The NDVI from NOAA satellite continues to be an important source information about the status of the growing season. In order to use this index for monitoring the growing status of different important food crops, it is important to integrate the FAO CVIEW data-base in the development of maps showing the extent of zones of major crops. Also growing calendars for different crops should be produced from the same data-bases. CONSOLIDATED REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUPS The Terms of Reference of the two working groups, based on the two main items of the agenda were discussed and adopted. The TOR were similar both in scope and coverage, hence the need to consolidate the outcome of the discussions. The groups used the three consultants= reports to guide their deliberations and agreed as follows: TOR NO. 1: Make an assessment of activity areas in Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems, and detail justification for their incorporation in the Regional Action Programmes to Combat Desertification. The working groups agreed that in general, there are many activity areas under desertification and that there is need to build solid knowledge base on the process of desertification especially on status and trends, to guide the formulation of appropriate interventions. This knowledge base can be built through ecological monitoring and mapping of the natural resources of Africa. Specifically, the general assessment of the status of Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping in Africa shows that:! approaches vary from country to country,! details and scales also vary widely,! parameter measurements differ,! technologies used have been changing over time, there are serious gaps in area coverage for every theme, and! frequency of record taking in each theme is irregular between and within countries. This makes data and information incompatible and exchange difficult. In addition, it has been found that impediments exist that affect effectiveness in:! rapid dissemination of information due to inefficient information systems, 12

13 ! weak networking at all levels,! lack of quality and adequate diffusion of the information to decision makers, the final users,! inadequate funds allocation for programmes in general and use of obsolete equipment in many institutions. There is therefore need for coordination and harmonization of data in order to facilitate adequate integration of all information layers. It should be understood that the above general assessment of the activities is not exhaustive. Activity areas identified for inclusion in Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems that could form the core of the programmes include the following, which fall in 3 categories:! Physical (a) Climatic Variations/Meteorological Monitoring and Forecasting including Natural Disasters (b) Hydrology, Water Resources and Littoral Zone Monitoring (c) Soils (land degradation) (d) Geology and Geomorphology (e) Bush Fires (f) Land Cover/Forestry! Biological (a) Animal Resources/Livestock Movement (b) Vegetation Monitoring (c) Desert Locust Movements! Socioeconomic (a) Population Movement/Migration (b) Impact of Displaced Persons (c) Pastoral Resources and Other Land Use Monitoring (d) Poverty Alleviation/Food Security TOR NO. 2: Identify the Priority Action areas in Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems in Context of RAP The working groups agreed that the thematic areas might be common at all levels - national, subregional and regional. However, at the regional level the RAP should not be involved in actual ground activities. The RAP should be composed of normative Programmes, in the areas of coordination and harmonization at all levels and in all priority activity areas. These will include among others standardization, specifications, field data collection and processing with a view to harmonizing and integrating the activities that are being undertaken at all levels. Additionally, it was agreed that there is need for a complete topographic mapping for Africa in the same scale using a unified geodetic and projection control system which will give a homogeneous database for all to use. Priority activities identified include: (a) Vegetation monitoring:! Vegetation mapping! Acquisition of satellite images! Production and dissemination of information. 13

14 (b) Forestry and Pastoral resources:! Carry out inventories and put in place observation devices! Carry out analysis for management practices! Analyze and evaluate the dynamics of forest and pasture resources! Produce and disseminate information. (c) Water resources monitoring:! Inventory of water resources! Acquisition of satellite images! Set up observation devices! Mapping! Produce and disseminate information. (d) Populations movement/migration:! Data collection! Mapping of displacement areas (crisis and disaster areas)! Analysis of impact of displacement! Produce and disseminate information. (e) Climatic/meteorological monitoring:! Data collection! Acquisition of satellite images! Enhance, strengthen and optimize observation networks! Global integration of data! Develop climatic forecast models! Produce and disseminate information. (f) Food security:! Harmonizatio n of early warning systems that exist in the region! Carry out analysis! Producing and dissemination of information! Develop regional strategies to address food security problems. (g) Natural disasters forecasting:! Establish a survey system! Understand, predict and monitor phenomenon such as drought and flooding! Monitor and predict grain-eating birds and locust invasion! Monitor and predict bushfires and forest fires in general! Establish regional strategy to respond to natural disasters. (h) Littoral zone monitoring:! Coastal area monitoring! Evaluate coastal resources. 14

15 (i) Livestock movement/migration:! Livestock inventory! Inventory and mapping of water points and settlement areas! Forecasting of biomass production! Monitoring of movement of livestock! Mapping of transhumance truck. (j) Natural resource monitoring:! Data collection! Acquisition of satellite images (k) Monitoring the Desert Locust:! Mapping of sensitivity of soil to erosion, drought and desertification (land degradation) Other cross cutting priority activities should also focus in the following areas:! encouraging and support of specialized institutions that will improve the linkages of National and Subregional database with regional database;! to promote the use of information for policy and programmes development through training, development of decision making support systems;! development of technical assistance and joint training and research programmes for improving capacities of institutions responsible for ecological monitoring and natural resources mapping at all levels;! transfer of information to field level and final users. TOR NO 3: What would be the modalities for standardization/harmonization of measurements and pres entation of methodologies and effective service delivery in the fields of Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems. 15

16 The working groups found it necessary first of all to define the justification for standardization of measurements and methodologies. These include:! that in this age of high communication technology like internet, there is need to exploit its potentialities;! desertification is a multi-disciplinary subject;! no one organization has the financial resources or time to cover all the areas of desertification;! we have to use existing data and ongoing programmes which are from different systems and which need to be in a common format; The steps and mechanisms to be used to achieve the desired standards include:! Identify areas which need standardization.! Examine existing practices and/or proposed ones in these areas in Africa and also use experiences from other regions.! Prepare a regional Ecological Monitoring Programmes Framework within which all the thematic standardization will be carried out. Mechanisms: Constitute specialized panels of experts in each activity areas. The panels will do the following among others:! define methods (including harmonization) of collecting, analyzing and disseminating information;! define training needs;! establish linkages at all levels and! report its findings to the CCD Committee on Science and Technology (CST) TOR NO. 4: With respect to Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resource Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems, what Action Strategy would need to be developed for the formulation and implementation of RAP? When considering programmes for Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, special emphasis should be placed in the above four areas, which are mainly under land use or land cover thematic area. The steps to take to develop the action strategy will include:! Evaluating the current strategies with a view to integrating their positive attributes into the RAP process;! Identify the stakeholders and their requirements;! Set up a consultative framework among all relevant partners of the RAP;! Make use of existing structures, respecting the principle of subsidiarity in carrying out the identified activities; 16

17 ! Develop action plans that will also define the time frame and schedules.! Develop strong linkages between institutions at National, Sub-regional and Regional levels. TOR NO. 5: What would be the criteria/means for the promotion of networking among the relevant institutions, agencies, organizations and bodies? The groups observed that this issue aims at optimizing efficiency and effectiveness at the regional level through achieving economies of scale, understanding natural phenomena, data compatibility and data sharing. The networking could achieve the following added value to individual activities, more coherence, more harmonization, expanded cooperation and partnership, avoidance of duplication of effort, formulation of clear operational framew ork. The network will also manage all issues related to data acquisition, develop mechanisms for dissemination, consolidate all activities and knowledge base in their areas of specialization, establish linkages between existing institutions and structures, and contribute to capacity building. Criteria to qualify for the networking will therefore include:! willingness and commitment to cooperate and contribute to the RAP;! must have proven capacity (geographic representation, human resource skills, sufficient infrastructure, reputability...);! activities must have direct bearing to combating desertification;! ability and readiness to cooperate and conduct joint and complementary missions or activities with other institutions at regional and international levels;! ability to mobilize financial resources The networking will be opened ended but membership will be categorized into various levels. TOR NO. 6: What kind of institutional and partnership arrangements including funding arrangements, would be required for formulation and implementation of the priority programme areas? Institutional and partnership arrangements should aim at:! increasing synergy! minimize conflicts and friction These can be achieved through establishment of Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) to assure cooperation and commitment. 17

18 There are 2 dimensions to the arrangements: Institutional and Partnership including funding arrangements. At institutional level, Africa is in the processing of establishing a Regional Coordination Unit which will be the highest liaison Office to coordinate all activities of RAP. The subordinate structures should have strong linkages at all levels, through a focal point designated for every thematic network. On the partnership arrangements/agreem ents, the groups came out with the following conclusion: a) that the focal points commence a consultative process with the aim to conclude agreements with specialized agencies, UN bodies, cooperating partners at bilateral and multilateral levels, regional integration institutions and all interested partners. b) in addition it is suggested that for the formulation of the regional action programmes the relevant African authorities could benefit from the assistance and advice from the Global Mechanism and the Global Environment Facility. The groups also recognized that the partnership agreements should include the technical level. It is therefore recommended that the relevant institution could report to the CST from which they would also seek assistance and advice. Lastly, recalling the relevant Articles of the CCD, the groups reiterated that there is need for African institutions to actively participate in contributing needed resources towards the priority areas of RAP. The proposal put forward is to establish a regional fund to combat desertification with funds sourced from member states contributions, regional organizations contributions, international organizations contributions, private sector (e.g. banks, etc), environmental taxes/levies and fines, as well as contributions from organizations involved in remote sensing technology (e.g. in the form of subsidies). TOR NO. 7: What are the relevant institution, agencies, organizations and bodies that would form a network in context of the RAP, in the fields of Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems. Define their roles in the context of the RAP. Regarding the relevant institutions, agencies, organizations and bodies that would form a network in context of RAP in these fields, the group observed the following:! all the sub-regional organizations in charge of the Sub-regional Action Programmes (SRAPs) to combat desertification as well as the relevant and competent institutions should be members of the network.! having reviewed the list of institutions and organizations by the consultants, the group recommended that it should be amended and updated. The updated and amended table is presented below. 18

19 Item 7 INSTITUTIONS TD/R S1 SAP/E WS2 EM/ SE3 NRM/ CRN4 ROLES IN RAP IMPLEMENTATION DROUGHT MONITORING CENTRES (DMC) X X Capacity Building; EW data & information dissemination; Create a regional climatological data bank; Undertake sensitisation on interpretation and use of data; Collaborate with other regional monitoring centres; Issue timely forecasts on drought; Receive and analyse satellite data UNDP/UNSO X X Support to resource mobilisation & programme development & implementation WMO X X Support to resource mobilisation & programme development & implementation UNEP X X X X Co-ordination & financial resource mobilization FAO X X Mobilise financial resource RCSSMRS X X X x Co-ordinate remote sensing and early warning activities in the region; Train regional experts in of Remote Sensing, Early Warning Systems; Coordinate of activities to combat desertification; Implementation of activities in Remote Sensing/ Early Warning Systems / Combating Desertification INSTITUTIONS TD/R S SAP/E WS EM/ SE NRM/ CRN ROLES IN RAP IMPLEMENTATION IGAD X Co-ordinate and mobilise funds ECA X Resource mobilization FEWS/USAID X X X X Resource mobilization. Supportive role in early warning and food information systems 1 TD/RS:Télédétection/Remote sensing 2 SAP/EWS:Systèmes d'alerte Précoce/Early Warning System 3 EM/SE: Ecological Monitoring/Suivi Ecologique 4 NRM/CRN: Natural Resources Mapping/Cartographie des Ressources Naturelles 19

20 SATELLITE APPLICATION CENTRE X Supply of satellite imagery RRCSS X To provide imagery & carry out mapping SADC - Food Security (REWU) ELMS (SETU) X X Early warning for Food Security in the Southern African region. Supply of some climate data Co-ordinate EWS & Vegetation monitoring in SADC region SATCC (DMC) X Provision of meteorological data & drought forecasting AGRHYMET X X Provision of meteorological data & drought forecasting UDEAC-CEMAC X Co-ordinate and mobilise funds AFRICOVER X Mobilise financial resource CREAN X X Provision of EWS information OAU Fund raising/mobilization/co-ordination ILRI X X Application of research data in Animal & Plant fields UNESCO X X Resource mobilization and support to capacity building OSS X X Support to programmes in drylands management IGN X X Monitoring changes in land use JICA Resource mobilization for programme support GTZ Resource mobilization for programme support INSTITUTIONS TD/R S SAP/E WS EM/ SE NRM/ CRN ROLES IN RAP IMPLEMENTATION CIDA Resource mobilization for programme support SIDA Resource mobilization for programme support ORSTOM X X Monitoring changes in land use As far as the definition of roles in context of the RAP is concerned, there are two categories: 20

21 - General and common roles would include:! seek for solutions of identified problems,! promotion of the activities under their specialized fields of network,! exchange of information! promotion and strengthening of regional programmes in the network through regular meetings and consultations. - Specific roles:! these will depend on the competence of the individual institutions and the particularity of the projects being handled. T.O.R NO. 8 : Define the role of a Focal Point for the Network for Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems in Context of the RAP. The groups defined the general roles for the focal point as follows: (i) it will have the priority role of coordinating activities in Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems at regional level and specifically the standardization of methodologies, parameters, indicators and factors for the RAP process; (ii) should have the mandate to act at regional level, on behalf of the cooperating institutions in activities such as facilitating the sensitization of stakeholders and dissemination of information as well as facilitation of training of producers and users. (iii) should be the principle decision maker in charge of preparation of activities and projects agreed to by network members in close cooperation with the Regional Coordination Unit. (iv) will be the channel for all initiatives for Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resource Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems. In addition it should report on the progress of the agreed activities of programmes of work to the network and the Regional Coordination Unit. (v) will be the main depository of network information from members, and the state of the art in Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems. (vi) initiate actions, coordinate and promote the operational programmes on behalf of the network members to negotiate and conclude agreements with external partners. (vii) (viii) promotion of exchange of information and experiences. the principal role of the focal point would therefore be to run and manage the network and to ensure efficiency and cost-effectiveness. TOR NO. 9: Suggest the Criteria/Indicators for the Evaluation and Monitoring of the Elaboration Process of RAP. The groups outlined the indicators/criteria for the evaluation process to include: 21

22 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) consensus on the priority activities for RAP with due reference to the existing mechanism used for the elaboration of monitoring and evaluation of the SRAPs inventory of existing programmes and institutions potentially relevant to participate in the various activities for the RAP evaluation process. consensus on the relevant institutions and programmes participating in the evaluation process; identification of effective funding mechanisms. formalization of partnership agreements between the different actors in the network. consensus on the implementation phase of the RAP. In conclusion the groups agreed that the proposals under TOR No.9 are not exhaustive. It therefore recommended to establish a working group of African experts to deliberate on the evaluation and the monitoring of the elaboration process of the RAP. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Concerning the designation of the Focal Point for the network on Ecological Monitoring Natural Resource Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems, the workshop recommended that:! interested specialized institutions must send their applications to the CCD Secretariat not later than 30 June 1998.! all interested institutions be invited to submit their offers on the basis of the criteria decided upon by the workshop.! emphasizing the fact that this process is in line with the conclusions of the Panafrican Conference held last year in Ouagadougou, the workshop requested the CCD Secretariat to assist the process in compiling the information sent by those interested parties.! the designation of the Focal Point will take place during the next African Regional Conference scheduled for early November 1998, before the Second Conference of Parties to the Convention to Combat Desertification. 2. Priority activities in Remote Sensing, Early Warning Systems, Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping that have already been identified should be included in the RAP process. 3. A competent institution should be identified and given the responsibility to follow up the actions recommended with respect to the network on Remote Sensing, Early Warning Systems and Ecological Monitoring and Natural Resources Mapping on the RAP. 22

23 4. Regarding the relevant institutions, agencies, organizations and bodies that would form a network in context of RAP in the fields of Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems, the group recommended that all the sub-regional organizations in charge of the Sub-regional Action Programmes(SRAP) to combat desertification as well as the relevant and competent institutions should be members of the network. 5. With respect to the action strategy to be taken on Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resources Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems, in order to develop and implement the RAP, use should made of existing structures, respecting the principle of subsidiarity in carrying out the identified activities, while at the same time identifying focal points to co-ordinate the various activities. 6. The institutional arrangements should comprise partnership agreements with regional organizations such as OAU, ADB, ECA, etc.. as well as developed country parties. 7. The institutions need to establish technical co-operation arrangements with Remote Sensing organizations, and develop regional, sub-regional and national institutional consortiums for purposes of mobilizing resources, technical collaboration and capacity building. 8. A Working Group of African experts in the fields of Ecological Monitoring, Natural Resource Mapping, Remote Sensing and Early Warning Systems should be established under the auspices of the Focal Points, to elaborate on among others, the evaluation and monitoring process of implementation of the RAP. 23

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