KAMINUZA NKURU Y U RWANDA IKIGO GISHINZWE GUKEMURA AMAKIMBIRANE (CCM) ISUZUMA RYA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA : IBYO ZAGEZEHO KURI BURI INTEGO ZAHAWE

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1 KAMINUZA NKURU Y U RWANDA IKIGO GISHINZWE GUKEMURA AMAKIMBIRANE (CCM) ISUZUMA RYA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA : IBYO ZAGEZEHO KURI BURI INTEGO ZAHAWE Ubushakashatsi bwasabwe n Urwego rw Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca

2 KAMINUZA NKURU Y U RWANDA IKIGO GISHINZWE GUKEMURA AMAKIMBIRANE (CCM) ISUZUMA RYA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA: IBYO ZAGEZEHO KURI BURI NTEGO ZAHAWE Igikorwa cyayobowe na Prof. Paul RUTAYISIRE 2012, Urwego rw Igihugu Rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca - Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda

3 ISHAKIRO IRIBURIRO...11 I. INTANGIRIRO...15 I.1. Akamaro k ubutabera bwunga n inshingano zahawe Inkiko Gacaca..p Ubutabera bwunga Ingero z ahandi mu ishyirwaho ry ubutabera bwunga nyuma y ibyaha bikomeye Ingero z Ubutabera bwunga mu bihugu by Amerika y Amajyepfo Gwatemala Arijantine Chili Ingero z ubutabera bwunga muri Afurika Afurika y Epfo Siyera Lewone Ishingiro ry ubutabera bwunga mu Rwanda Ibimenyetso by umuco wo kudahana mu Rwanda Uko Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatoranyijwe nk uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cy imanza za Jenoside Imiterere y Igihugu nyuma ya Jenoside n impamvu zatumye Inkiko Gacaca zishyirwaho Ubwinshi bw imanza za Jenoside n ikibazo cy uko habaho kudahana abakoze Jenoside Amategeko agamije guca umuco wo kudahana mu birebana na Jenoside Incamake ku nyandiko z abahanga zirebana n Inkiko Gacaca Intego n ibyari biteganyijwe kugerwaho n isuzuma rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca

4 UMUTWE WA I: UBURYO BWAKORESHEJWE MU BUSHAKASHATSI Intangiriro Impamvu zo guhitamo uburyo bw isuzumagahunda mu bushakashatsi Itoranywa ry ibigeraranyo bizagenderwaho mu isesengura n aho bihurira n ibipimo bisanzwe Itoranywa ry Inkiko Gacaca, iry abantu babajijwe n imanza zasesenguwe Itoranywa ry Inkiko Gacaca zakoreweho isuzuma muri ubu bus hakashatsi Itoranywa ry abantu babajijwe muri buri Murenge...58 UMUTWE WA II : URUHARE RWA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA MU KUGARAGAZA UKURI KU BYAHA BYAKOZWE MURI JENOSIDE Intangiriro Igisobanuro cyahawe ijambo «Ukuri» muri ubu bushakashatsi Kugaragaza ukuri nyuma ya Jenoside Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abagize uruhare muri Jenoside Icyo amategeko ateganya ku nzego z abaregwa Jenoside Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abacuze umugambi wa Jenoside n abayiteguye ku rwego rw Igihugu Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kwerekana abateguye Jenoside hirya no hino gihugu Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abashyize mu bikorwa Jenoside

5 2.5. Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abahohotewe muri Jenoside Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abiciwe mu Kagali bakomokamo Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abiciwe hanze y utugari bakomokamo Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abiciwe kuri Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abishwe bazira kwanga gukora Jenoside Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza aho ubwicanyi bwakorewe n aho imirambo y abishwe yajugunywe Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abarokoye abahi gwaga Umwanzuro w ibanze...91 UMUTWE WA III URUHARE RWA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA MU KWIHUTISHA IMANZA ZA JENOSIDE Intangiriro Imiburanishirize n uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu kwihutisha imanza Ubufatanye bw inzego zitandukanye mu gutegura amadosiye ya Jenoside Uruhare rwo kwirega, kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no gusaba imbabazi mu kwihutisha imanza Ibyiciro bitandukanye by ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca n uruhare rwabyo mu kwihutisha imanza Ibyakozwe mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo n amasomo yavuyemo Uruhare rw ikusanyamakuru ku rwego rw Igihugu mu kwihutisha imanza Uruhare rw igikorwa cyo kwemeza amakuru mu kwihutisha ry imanza Kuvugurura itegeko no kwihutisha imanza

6 Ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera ahantu hiciwe abantu benshi Ingamba zerekeye imiburanishirize zagize uruhare mu kwihutisha imanza mu gihe cy iburanisha Agatabo k imfashanyigisho ka gahunda y iburanisha ry imanza Ibyashingirwagaho mu kuburanisha amadosiye Kwihutisha imanza ugereranyije n iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo gucibwa urubanza ruboneye Imbogamizi zagaragaye mu kwihutisha imanza n ingamba zafashwe mu kuzikemura Umwanzuro w ibanze UMUTWE WA IV URUHARE RW INKIKO GACACA MU KURWANYA UMUCO WO KUDAHANA Intangiriro Kutabogama n ubwigenge bw Inyangamugayo mu Nkiko Gacaca Ibiranga ubwigenge no kutabogama by Inyangamugayo Ibisabwa mu itorwa n isimburwa ry Inyangamugayo Amahugurwa y Inyangamugayo Ubwigenge bw Inyangamugayo Kutabogama n ubwigenge by Inyangamugayo mu kuzuza inshingano zazo z ubucamanza Iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo kwiregura Ibyerekeye uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa n Umwunganizi wihitiyemo mu Nkiko Gacaca Guhabwa amahirwe angana no kubahiriza ihame ryo kuvuguruzan ya Iyubahirizwa ry ihame ryo gufatwa nk umwere Iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo gucirwa urubanza rugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho Kwitaba n iburanishwa ry abaregwa bakomeye

7 4.7. Irangizwa ry imanza zaciwe n Inkiko Gacaca Kuriha imitungo yononwe Imbogamizi zagaragaye mu kurwanya umuco wo kudahana Umwanzuro w agateganyo UMUTWE WA V URUHARE RWA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA MU BWIYUNGE BW ABANYARWANDA Intangiriro Ibisobanuro kuri gahunda y ubwiyunge bw Abanyarwanda muri ubu bushakashatsi Ubwiyunge nyuma ya Jenoside Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu bwiyunge bw abanyarwanda Impinduka nziza zazanywe na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu mibanire hagati y abacitse ku icumu n abakatiwe n Inkiko Gacaca Uruhare rwa gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha mu bwiyunge Uruhare rwo gutanga imbabazi mu guteza imbere gahunda y ubwiyunge Imbogamizi gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yahuye nazo mu guteza imbere ubwiyunge nyuma ya Jenoside Umwanzuro w ibanze

8 UMUTWE WA VI: GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA: IKIMENYETSO KIGARAGAZA UBUSHOBOZI BW ABANYARWANDA MU KWIKEMURIRA IBIBAZO BYABO Intangiriro Imiterere y ikibazo cy imanza za Jenoside Ihinduka ry imyitwarire y abacitse ku icumu, abaregwa n imiryango mpuzamahanga ku byerekeye Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca Inkiko Gacaca nk igisubizo cyatekerejwe n abanyarwanda ku kibazo cy imanza za Jenoside Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca nk uburyo bwa politiki bukwiye mu gukemura ikibazo cy imanza za Jenoside Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca nk indangagaciro yo mu muco nyarwanda Umwihariko ku buryo bwo gutegura amadosiye n ubw iburanisha Uburyo bwo guhuza ibikorwa bwatumye gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca isohoza neza inshingano zayo Uruhare rw Inyangamugayo Imikoranire y inzego zitandukanye Uruhare rw abaturage muri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca Ubushobozi bw abanyarwanda mu guhangana n ingaruka za Jenoside Umwanzuro w ibanze UMWANZURO RUSANGE IBYIFUZO INYANDIKO ZAKORESHEJWE

9 IMPINE N IBIMENYETSO Art. : Article (Ingingo) ASF : Avocats Sans Frontière (Abavoka batagira umupaka) CNDP : Commission Nationale des Droits de la Personne (Komisiyo yígihugu yúburenganzira bwa Muntu) CTB : Coopération Technique Belge (Ubufatanye núbubiligi mu rwego rwa Tekiniki) D.L : Décret loi (Itegeko-Teka) FPR : Front Patriotique Rwandais (Umuryango wa FPR Inkotanyi) HRW : Human Rights Watch (Umuryango Mpuzamahanga Ukurikirana Iyubahirizwa ry Úburenganzira bwa Muntu) ICG: International Crisis Group (Itsinda Mpuzamahanga rigamije gukumira no guhosha amakimbirane) IRC : International Rescue Committee (Komite Mpuzamahanga yo gutabara) J.O.R.R : Journal Officiel de la République du Rwanda (Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y u Rwanda) LIPRODHOR: Ligue Rwandaise pour la Promotion et la Défense des Droits de l Homme (Ishyirahamwe nyarwanda riharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu) MDR : Mouvement Démocratique Républicain (Ishyaka riharanira Demokarasi na Repubulika) MINALOC : Ministère de l Administration Locale (Minisiteri y Ubutegetsi bw Igihugu) 7

10 MINUAR : Mission des Nations Unies au Rwanda (Ubutumwa bw Umuryango w Abibumye mu Rwanda) MRND : Mouvement Révolution National pour le Développement (Muvoma Revolusiyoneri iharanira amajyambere y u Rwanda) MTN: Millenium Technology Network (Ihuriro ry Ikinyagihumbi mu ikoranabuhanga) ONU : Organisation des Nations Unies (Umuryango w Abibumbye) PAPG : Projet d Appui de la société civile au Processus Gacaca (Umushinga wa Sosiyete Sivile wo gufasha ibikorwa bya Gacaca) PRI : Penal Reform International (Umuryango ugamije Ivugururwa Mpuzamahanga ry Ikurikiranabyaha) RCS: Rwanda Correctional Service (Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Imfungwa n Abagororwa) RTLM: Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines. SFB : School of Finance and Banking (Ishuri rikuru ry Icungamutungo n Amabanki) SNJG : Service National des Juridictions Gacaca (Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca) TIG : Travaux d Intérêt Général (Imirimo nsimburagifungo ifitiye Igihugu akamaro) TPIR : Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda (Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha rwashyiriweho u Rwanda) UNR : Université Nationale du Rwanda (Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda) 8

11 Lisite y Imbonerahamwe - N 1 : Ibipimo by isuzuma byatoranyijwe ku birebana no kugaragaza ukuri N 2 : Ibipimo byo gusuzuma uko intego ya kabiri y Inkiko Gacaca ariyo kwihutisha imanza yagezweho N 3 : Ibipimo by isuzuma byatoranyijwe mu birebana n intego ya gatatu ya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yo guca umuco wo kudahana N 4 : ibipimo by isuzuma ku ntego ya kane ya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca : guteza imbere ubwiyunge N 5: Uruhare rw abaturage mu gushaka umuti w ikibazo cy imanza za Je noside N 6 : Abantu babajijwe mu Mujyi wa Kigali N 7 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Amajyepfo N 8 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Iburengerazuba N 9 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Amajyaruguru N 10 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Iburasirazuba N 11 : Umubare w ubwirege N 12: Umubare w abafungwa bitabiriye gahunda yo kwirega muri buri nt ara N 13 : Umubare w amadosiye yo mu rwego rwa kabiri n ayo mu rwego rwa gatatu yaburanishijwe kuva ku itariki ya 15/07/2006 kugeza ku ya 15 /06/ N 14 : Igihe imanza zamaze ku rwego rwa mbere N 15 : Igihe imanza zamaze mu bujurire N 16: Amahugurwa ku gikorwa cyo gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca N 17: Uko amahugurwa arebana na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yitabiriwe

12 Lisite y Ibishushanyo - N 1. Kugaragaza ukuri ku bacuze n abateguye umugambi wa Jenoside ku rwego rw Igihugu N 2 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku ikorwa ry amalisiti y abagombaga kwicwa N 3 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku batanze intwaro N 4 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku batanze amabwiriza yo gushyiraho bariye N 5 : Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abantu bakoreye ibyaha kuri za bariyeri N 6 : Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abashyize mu bikorwa Jenoside muri buri Kagali N 7: Kugaragaza ukuri ku bakoze Jenoside mu tundi tugali N 8: Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abahohotewe muri Jenoside N 9: Kugaragaza ukuri ku bishwe muri Jenoside biciwe hanze y Akagari bari batuyemo N 10: Kugaragaza abiciwe kuri bariyeri N 11: Kugaragaza ukuri ku bishwe bazira ko banze gukora Jenoside N 12 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku hantu hakorewe ubwicanyi N 13 : Kugaragaza aho imirambo yajugunywe N 14: Uko abazize Jenoside bishwe N 15 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku bahishe abahigwaga N 16 : Kugaragaza ahantu abahigwaga bihishe N 17: Inshuro imanza zaburanishijwe ku ntera ya mbere N 18: Inshuro imanza zaburanishijwe mu bujurire N 19 : Impinduka nziza mu mibanire N 20 : Uruhare rwo gusaba imbabazi mu bwiyunge N 21: Ingero zifatika z'abantu batanze imbabazi N 22: Uruhare rwo gutanga imbabazi mu bwiyunge bw'abanyarwanda

13 IRIBURIRO Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda ifite umwihariko wo kuba yarakozwe n abaturage benshi basanzwe. Nkuko byakunze kuvugwa, ni Jenoside yo hafi bishatse kuvuga ko abayizize bishwe, bagambanirwa cyangwa batangwa n abaturanyi babo, abo bashakanye ndetse n ababyeyi. Ingaruka y ubwo bugizi bwa nabi busesuye yari ugushimangira umuco wo kudahana no gutekereza ko icyaha cyari rusange ku gice kinini cy abaturage hamwe no kwitana bamwana no kwanga kwemera uruhare buri muntu yagize akaba yabihanirwa ku giti cye. Kubera ayo makuba adasanzwe mu mateka y u Rwanda, byari ngombwa ko hatekerezwa igisubizo gikwiye mu gukemura no guhangana nayo mahano n ibyaha byakozwe n abantu benshi kandi bikaba hose. Bigakorwa kugirango hatimakazwa umuco wo kudahana, imwe mu mpamvu zateye ayo mahano kandi cyangwa hagatangwa imbabazi/ kwibagirwa kubera ubwoba bw ingaruka zo kugerageza kuburanisha i byaha byinshi cyane by indengakamere byakozwe mu gihe cya Jenoside Inkiko Gacaca zateguye umutego wari watezwe n abakoze Jenoside, kuko zabashije gukemura ikibazo cyo gucira imanza abakoze Jenoside kandi zitanga ubutabera kubarokotse no kubakekwaga, bigakorwa mu gihe gito gikwiye. Inkoko Gacaca zabashije kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri muntu ku giti cye muri benshi bakekwaga zitaguye mu mutego wo kugeza imbere y ubutabera abantu bamwe na bamwe b ikitegererezo kugirango batange isomo kub ahazaza nkuko byabaye Nuremberg (soma Nuremberegi) nyuma yo kugwa kw ingoma y abadage b abanazi. Icyo gitekerezo cyasaga no kugana ahatazwi, kuko hari hakiri amakenga n ibibazo byinshi byagombaga kubonerwa umuti, ntabwo cyakiriwe neza n impande zarebwaga n ubutabera nyuma ya Jenoside. Benshi bakomeye mu bagize umuryango mpuzamahanga, cyane cyane abita ku burenganzira bwa muntu, ntabwo bumvaga uburyo amakuba/amahano yananiwe gukemurwa n inzego z ubucamanza zisanzwe, yashyirwa mu maboko y abacamanza bitwa «Inyangamugayo» batanazi nibura amahame rusange ngenderwaho yerekeye amategeko n ubutabera. Iyi nyifato yarumvikanaga bitewe nuko bafatiraga ikitegererezo ku mikorere y inzego z ubutabera bwo mu bihugu 11

14 byateyimbere kandi nyine izo nzego bafataga nk ikitegererezo arizo zitabashije kugeza imbere y ubutabera benshi mu bacyekwaga. Ikindi kandi abo bafatanyabikorwa ba goverinoma y u Rwanda bari barabuze undi muti batanga nk igisubizo kindi gishoboka cyane cyane ko inzego z ubutabera zari zihari n uburambe bwazo bitashoboraga guhuzwa n ibyari byarabaye mu Rwanda. Kuruhande rumwe, abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside bakemangaga imikorere no kugera ku ntego z izo nkiko zari zishingiye cyane cyane ku makuru yatanzwe n abaturage bo hasi aho batuye. Kuko batekerezaga ko benshi muri bo bazita cyane ku kurengera bene wabo aho gutanga ubutabera bunoze kuri bake mubari barokotse ubwo bwicanyi. Kurundi ruhande, abakekwaga kugira uruhare muri Jenoside ntabwo batekerezaga ko ubwo buryo bwashoboraga kubagabanyiriza ibihano. Bafataga izi nkiko ko ari bumwe mu buryo bwahimbwe na guverinoma bwo gutuma bavuga ukuri hanyuma uko kuri kukazatuma babihimuraho. Iyi nyifato yo kudaha agaciro ubu buryo yatizwaga ingufu n umurindi na gahunda zitandukanye zashishikarizaga kurwanya Gacaca zari ziyoboye n amahuriro yahimbwe na bamwe mubari mu gatsiko kateguye kakanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside. Nubwo bitabura, impamvu nyinshi zarwanyaga gacaca zagiye zigabanuka umunsi ku wundi bitewe no kubasha kwigerera aho imanza zaberaga mu buryo bworoshye, kugerageza kumenyekanisha imigendekere n imikorere y inkiko gacaca umunsi ku wundi byakorwaga n urwego rw igihugu rushinzwe inkiko gacaca, guha agaciro ibitekerezo, inama n inyunganizi z indorerezi n abafatanyabikorwa no kugerageza gukemura amakosa n inenge zabaga zagaragaye, kuzuza ibyaburaga no kubinononsora. Mu isozwa, benshi mu bafatanyabikorwa bishimiye kandi bemera ko inkiko Gacaca ari bumwe mu buryo bwiza kandi bwizewe mu gatanga amakuru kubyabaye no gutanga ubutabera ku barokotse no kubakoze genocide. Akamaro inkiko Gacaca zagiriye umuryango nyarwanda ni kenshi. Hano turagerageza kuvuga iby ingenzi : 1. Inkiko gacaca zagaragaje ko iki cyaha cy indengakamere gishobora guhanwa cyose uko cyakabaye bidatewe n umubare w abagizemo uruhare, ubwicanyi bukomeye bwakozwe cyangwa ibyangijwe. Birashoboka ko abantu benshi cyane bakekwa kugiramo uruhare bashyikirizwa 12

15 ubutabera mu gihe gito gikwiriye kandi hatishwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry amategeko. 2. Imbaraga n ubudahangarwa bw inkiko Gacaca ntibishingiye ku mikorere y ubutabera bunoze bwagaragariye ahandi, ahubwo bishingiye ku ndangagaciro z ubutabera bw umuco nyarwanda aho guhana uwakoze icyaha bikurikirwa no kugerageza gusubiza mu muryango uwahanwe. 3. Inkiko Gacaca zakoze mu buryo zegerejwe abaturage uhereye mu gukusanya amakuru kugera mu guca imanza. Abaturange ntabwo bari bafite umwanya utaziguye nko mu nkiko zisanzwe aho ibivugwa biba biri hagati y abakozi ba leta, abacamanza n abunganira abaregwa. Mu nkiko Gacaca, abagize umuryango nyarwanda nibo bari ingenzi n inkingi ikomeye y ibikorwa by inkiko. Bari bafite ububasha bwo kuba bashinja cyangwa bagashinjura cyangwa bakabaza ibibazo bituma haboneka amakuru menshi no kuzuza ibiganiro, bituma hafungurwa ubundi buryo bwo gushaka amakuru no gukora iperereza cyangwa bigatuma huzuzwa amakuru yakusanyijwe. 4. Imikorere y inkiko Gacaca ifite akamaro ko kuba yaraburanishije abakoze ibyaha aho ibyaha byakorewe. Muri ubwo buryo, kugira uruhare kw abahatuye bose mu gukusanya amakuru no mu guca urubanza byagize ingaruka ikomeye yo kwisubiramo no kwibohora kuri buri wese kuko icyo gikorwa cyatumaga buri wese yibona imbere y ukuri kwa Jenoside ndetse n amateka ye ubwe ku giti cye muri icyo gihe gikomeye cy ubuzima bw igihugu. Abaturage noneho ubu bazi uruhare rwa buri wese : uwahisemo kwifatanya no kwishora mu bwicanyi, uwagize uruhare rukomeye mu mahano n ubwicanyi, uwarokoye ubuzima bw abari mu kaga atitaye ku ngaruka mbi zikomeye zari zihari zashoboraga kumubaho n uwahisemo kutagira icyo akora. Muri make, inkiko Gacaca zashyizeho inkingi zikomeye izo abazabaho nyuma ya Jenoside bashobora guheraho bubaka imyumvire imwe y abantu bose. 5. Umurimo w ingenzi w inkiko Gacaca wari uri kubacamanza bitwa «inyangamugayo». Bari bashinzwe gukusanya amakuru ku byaha byakozwe, bakabishyira mu nyandiko z ubutabera no guca imanza. Barangije imanza zirenga miliyoni mu gihe gito kandi bakurikiza amategeko 13

16 agenga imikorere y inkiko Gacaca. Inyangamugayo zacaga imanza zihatiye kumenya itegeko, kurishyira mu bikorwa uko rikwiye no gusaba inama ku bacamanza b inararibonye b urwego rw igihugu rushinzwe inkiko gacaca mu gihe zihuye n ikibazo kizigoye gusobanukirwa. Ikindi kandi, mu gihe byabaga bigaragaye ko umubare w imanza zisigaye gucibwa udashobora kirangira mu gihe cyagenwe, abo bacamanza bongeraga iminsi yo guca imanza. Iyi mikorere ni iyo gushimwa tuzirikana ko bakoraga mu buryo bugoye, nta mushahara kandi rimwe na rimwe bagaterwa ubwoba, bagatotezwa cyangwa bagateshwa agaciro na bamwe mu b umuryango w uwahamwe n icyaha agahanwa. Ubwo buryo abaturage bafashe inkiko Gacaca nkizabo uhereye hasi byabaye impamvu ikomeye kandi ifite imizi ikomeye mu muco nyarwanda aho amakimbirane hagati y abaturage areba cyane abaturage hagati yabo kuruta inzego z ubuyobozi. Nyuma ya Jenoside, benshi mu ndorerezi z amahanga babonaga ko kongera kubaka umuryango nyarwanda byasaga naho bidashoboka. Ndetse bamwe muribo batanganga igitekerezo ko habaho gutandukanya aho abatutsi n abahutu batuye. Imikorere y inkiko Gacaca yanyomoje ubwo buhanuzi bubi, kuko byagaragaje ubushobozi bw abanyarwanda mu kurenga akababaro no gufatanya mu gushakira umuti ibibazo bikomeye byugarije umuryango. Nubwo hari byinshi byagezweho, ntabwo twavuga ko ibyaha byose bya Jenoside byokozwe byatahuwe byose bigahanwa. Gushishikariza abakibitse amakuru kuri Jenoside kuyatanga bigomba gukomeza kugirango ibyo byaha bicirwe imanza bikurikiranwe kandi bihanwe n inzego zibishinzwe. Mu kurangiza, ni ngombwa kwizera ko uburambe n ubunararibonye byavuye mu mikorere y inkiko Gacaca bizashyirwa mu buryo bwo gukemura amakimbirane mu muryango nyarwanda. Bikorewe i Kigali, ku wa 2 Kamena 2012 Domitilla MUKANTAGANZWA Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca (Sé) 14

17 ISUZUMA RYA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA: IBYO ZAGEZEHO KURI BURI NSHINGANO ZAHAWE I. Intangiriro I.1. Akamaro k ubutabera bwunga n inshingano zahawe Inkiko Gacaca Nyuma y ihungabanywa rikomeye ry uburenganzira bwa muntu ryaba riturutse kuri Jenoside, ibyaha by intambara cyangwa ibyaha byibasira inyokomuntu, Ubutabera busanzwe hari igihe budashobora gukemura ibibazo nk ibyo. Ni yo mpamvu haba hakwiye gushakwa ubundi buryo bwo gutanga ubutabera ku mahano nk ayo. Mu by ukuri, ushingiye ku rwego rw amategeko gusa, usanga uburemere bw ibyaha byakozwe, umubare w abishwe n umubare w abaregwa bituma ikusanya ry amakuru n ibimenyetso bya ngombwa rigorana. Iryo kusanya rishobora kuba akazi katoroshye ku rwego rw ubutabera urwo ari rwo rwose cyane cyane ko inzego ziba zigomba kuzuza izo nshingano ziba zashegeshwe n ibihe by akaga ziba zanyuzemo. N ubwo ibihugu bivuye mu bihe by intambara biba bikeneye ukuri n ubutabera, bikunze guhura n inzitizi mu gutanga ubutabera zishingiye ahanini ku mubare udahagije w abakozi n ibikoresho. Niyo mpamvu inzego zabyo usanga zifite imbogamizi zitari nke mu gihe ziba zitegerejweho umusaruro mu gukemura amakimbirane aba yasizwe n intambara kugira ngo Igihugu kibashe kwiyubaka no kwiteza imbere Ubutabera bwunga Kubera imbogamizi inkiko zisanzwe zihura nazo, hari ibihugu byashyizeho Ubutabera bushobora kwita ku mpinduka za politiki. Bishatse kuvuga Ubutabera bushingiye ku cyerekezo gituruka mu mahame ya demokarasi, ubutabera n amahoro arambye. Ubutabera bwunga bushobora gusobanurwa mu buryo bunyuranye. Hashobora gukoreshwa uburyo bwa politiki nk ubwakoreshejwe hashyirwaho Komisiyo 15

18 SABATO yo muri Arigentine 1, cyangwa hagakoreshwa uburyo bujya gusa n ubukoreshwa mu nkiko zisanzwe nk ubwakoreshejwe muri Afurika y Epfo 2, tutibagiwe na za Komisiyo z impuguke mu Mateka nk izo mu Busuwisi 3. Muri ubwo buryo hari ubushobora kugarukira gusa ku kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye binyuze mu kumenya umubare w abahohotewe, cyangwa se hagakoreshwa uburyo bwo gutanga ubuhamya mu ruhame cyangwa mu ibanga, cyangwa bikanyura mu ikurikiranacyaha hemezwa ko aho bishoboka ibyavuye mu buhamya bikoreshwa mu gushinja abakekwaho kugira uruhare mu byabaye. Ubu buryo bushobora no kwiha inshingano nk iz ubutabera bityo bugatambamira ikurikiranwa ku bantu baba batanze ubuhamya. Icyakora, ubwo buryo bwose buhuriza ku gushaka inzira zakoreshwa kugira ngo hirindwe imyumvire yo mu manza no kutagendera cyane ku guhana 4. Inyito «Ubutabera bwunga» isobanura urwunge rwa politiki n ingamba biigamije kugarura amahoro no kubaka Igihugu kigendera ku mategeko, mu gihugu kiba kivuye mu bihe by intambara cyangwa cyaragize ubutegetsi bw igitugu. Gahunda z Ubutabera bwunga ziba zigamije guhangana n ibikomere biba byasizwe n intambara hamwe n ingaruka z ubwicanyi bukomeye hagamijwe gufasha abanyagihugu kongera kumva ko bafite uburenganzira ku butabera, bityo amakimbirane akagabanuka, umuco wo kudahana ugacika, kandi abaturage bakongera kugirira Igihugu cyabo icyizere bakanagira uruhare mu bwiyunge. 1 Iyobowe na Ernest Sabato, umwanditsi w Umunyarijantine ufite inkomoko mu Butaliyani no muri Alubaniya wavukiye i Rojas, mu Mujyi wa Buenos Aires, iyo komisiyo yari ifite inshingano zikomeye zirimo: gukora iperereza ku bantu bashimuswe no gushyikiriza raporo yaryo Perezida. Iyo komisiyo yahawe igihe cy amezi icyenda kidashobora kongerwa. Ntiyari ifite ububasha bw Urukiko no guhamagaza abantu kwitaba cyangwa gutegeka abantu gutanga ubuhamya, ibimenyetso byose nshinjyabyaha byaboneka byagombaga gushyikirizwa inkiko. Ku bindi bisobanuro, reba Tedesco na Jonathan Barton, The State of Democracy in Latin America: Post-Transitional Conflicts in Argentina and Chile, Routledge, New-York, Pierre Hazan, Juger la guerre juger l Histoire. Du bon usage des commissions Vérité et de la justice internationale, Paris, PUF, Broché, Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge. 3 Komisiyo yitiriwe BERGIER yashyizweho mu 1996 n Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y Ubusuwisi kugira ngo isuzume uruhare rw icyo gihugu mu ntambara ya kabiri y isi. Iyo komisiyo yari igizwe n abantu icyenda b impuguke mu byerekeye amateka bo mu bihugu binyuranye. Yashyize ahagaragara raporo yayo ku 22 Werurwe 2020 igizwe n ibitabo Priscilla Hayner, «Fifteen truth commissions 1974 to 1994, a comparative study», Human Rights Quaterly, 16,

19 Bene ubwo buryo bushingira ahanini ku butabera buhuza ikurikiranacyaha n ibindi bikorwa bibera hanze y Inkiko byose bigamije kugerageza gushaka umuti w ibibazo harimo uburenganzira bwo kumenya ukuri ku byabaye, ubutabera, indishyi n icyizere ko ibyabaye bitazasubira 5. Ubutabera bwunga bukorwa muri rusange mu byiciro bine mu rwego rw amategeko aribyo, iperereza (urugero ni Komisiyo z Ukuri n Ubwiyunge), iburanisha, itangwa ry indishyi n ivugururwa ry inzego. Ubu butabera bugomba kwitabirwa cyane n abayobozi b abaturage cyane cyane mu gihe cy imyiteguro ndetse no mu bihe byo gutanga ubuhamya mu ruhame. Ubwo butabera bugomba kandi kwita ku mwihariko w aho bugiye gutangirwa ndetse no ku buryo bwo gukemura amakimbirane busanzwe mu muco waho. Rimwe na rimwe mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry ubu butabera bwihariye, kwemera icyaha ubundi bisanzwe bifatwa nka bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa mu nkiko, bishobora gukorerwa hanze y urukiko cyane cyane gutanga ubuhamya mu ruhame. Mu rwego rwo kugaragaza umwihariko wa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca nk ubutabera bwunga, turabanza kureba mu ncamake uburyo bwakoreshwe n ibihugu byanyuze mu bwicanyi bw indengakamere ndetse n aho umuco wo kudahana wari warabaye akarande. 5 Reba : a) Alex Boraine, ancien vice-président de la commission sud africaine Vérité et Réconciliation et fondateur du Centre international pour la justice transitionnelle idrc.ca/uploads/user-s/ discours d Alex-Boraine.dco; Alex Boraine «La justice transitionnelle : un nouveau domaine», Colloque «Réparer les effets du passé. Réparations et transitions vers la démocratie» Ottawa, Canada, 11 mars b) Marc Freeman et Dorothée Marotine: «Qu est-ce que la justice transitionnelle?» International Center for Transitional Justice, 19 novembre c) Les réflexions de Juan Méndez dans l Amicus Curiae présentées à la Cour Constitutionnelle colombienne sur la loi 975 de Justice et Paix analysant, à partir de diverses expériences, les exigences de la justice transitionnelle, 17 janvier 2007, d) «Transitional justice and sanctions» International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 90, N 870, pp

20 1.3. Ingero z ahandi mu ishyirwaho ry ubutabera bwunga nyuma y ibyaha bikomeye Muri icyi gice, turasuzuma ingero zo muri Amerika y Amajyepfo nk Arijantine, Shili na Gwatemara, hanyuma turebe ingero zo muri Afurika nk Afurika y Epfo na Siyeralewone. Turakurikizaho gusobanura impamvu Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca ariyo yatoranyijwe mu guhana ibyaha bya Jenoside mu Rwanda Ingero z Ubutabera bwunga mu bihugu by Amerika y Amajyepfo Ubutabera bwunga bwatangiye gukoreshwa ahagana mu 1980 mu bihugu by Amerika y Amajyepfo, byagiye bimara igihe bifite ubutegetsi bw igitugu 6. Muri iyo myaka nibwo ibyinshi mu bihugu by Amerika y Amajyepfo byatangiye buhoro buhoro inzira ya demokarasi, nyuma y ingoma z igitugu z ubutegetsi bw abasirikare zakoze amahano. Guverinoma nshya zagombaga guhitamo inzira zitoroshye kugira ngo zibashe guteza imbere ubutegetsi bugendera kuri demokarasi binyuze mu guhangana n ibikorwa byahungabanyije uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gihe cy ubutegetsi bw igitugu. Twibutse ko akenshi ibyaha bikomeye byabaga byaratwikiriwe n imbabazi rusange zabaga zahawe ababikoze. Hari ibindi bihugu bitagize ingoma z igitugu cyeruye ariko byaranzwe kuva kera n ihungabanywa rikabije ry uburenganzira bwa muntu byashakaga kwibohora no gutangira inzira ya demokarasi 7. Muri ibyo byiciro byombi, wasangaga abahohotewe muri ibyo bikorwa n imiryango yabo bifuza kumenya ukuri, kubona abakoze ayo mahano bahanwa, guhabwa indishyi impozamarira no kwishyurwa ibyabo byangijwe Gwatemala Muri Gwatemala, hashyizweho Komisiyo ishinzwe gusobanura amateka, yabaruye ibikorwa 626 by ubwicanyi bw abasivili byakozwe cyane cyane hagati ya 1978 na 1984 n abasirikare cyangwa imitwe yitwaraga gisirikare. Mu 6 Gwatemala, Arijentine, Shili, 7 Afurika y Epfo, Timoru y Iburasirazuba, Aligeriya, Maroke, 18

21 ibyo bikorwa abantu basaga barishwe abandi barashimutwa, ndetse abandi basaga miliyoni bakurwa mu byabo n intambara bahungira imbere mu gihugu abandi basaga bahungira hanze y Igihugu. Kiliziya Gatolika yashyizeho Komisiyo ishinzwe gushyiraho uburyo bwo kwibuka ibyabaye yiswe Umushinga REHMI. Uyu mushinga wakusanyije ubuhamya buvuga ku bikorwa no ku mpfu z abantu Raporo yagaragaje ko nubwo habaye intambara, 90% y ibikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi byakozwe n abasirikare ba Leta. Umushinga REHMI wagiriye inama Leta yo kwemera uruhare rwayo no gushyiraho ingamba zigamije gutanga indishyi ku bahohotewe, gutera inkunga abarokotse, no guteza imbere gahunda rusange zo kwibuka hubakwa inzibutso hanategurwa imihango yo kwibuka, gutangiza gahunda yo gusezerera bamwe mu basirikare no kuvugurura igisirikare, kuvugurura Ubutabera kugira ngo umuco wo kudahana ucike. Mu masezerano y amahoro yashyizweho umukono mu 1996, havanyweho imbabazi rusange ku byaha bidasaza nka Jenoside, iyicarubozo no gushimuta abantu. Bishingiye ku kazi kakozwe n iyo Komisiyo, umurimo wo gucukumbura ibyabaye mu gihe cy igitugu wagenze neza ndetse bituma hanabaho kwemera ibyaha mu ruhame 8. Byumvikane ko hari ababonaga ko gutanga ubuhamya mu ruhame muri Gwatemala byashoboraga gutuma habaho kwitiranya uburyo butajya buhuzwa na rimwe aribwo ubw imyitwarire n ubwa politiki, no kutabasha gutanga ubutabera nyakuri binyuze mu kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri muntu. Abanengaga iyi gahunda bemezaga ko kwemera icyaha mu ruhame binyuranye n amahame agenga Ubushinjabyaha kandi kuba ko no kwemera icyaha bikozwe mu ruhame ndetse n imbere y abayobozi bidatuma habaho kugaragaza uruhare rw umuntu ku giti cye. Naho abashyigikiye iyo gahunda bemezaga ko kwemera icyaha mu ruhame bishobora guca igitugu no kwemera ko habayeho kwica itegeko byatuma ubutegetsi bw igitugu bucika binyuze mu gutanga ubutabera bwubaka 9. 8 Maurice Barth, L enfer guatémalthèque Le rapport de la commission «Reconstruction de la Mémoire historique», CCFD-Karthala, Paris, Antoine Garapon, Des crimes qu on ne peut ni punir ni pardonner, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2002, pp

22 Arijantine Muri Arijantine, ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwariho kuva mu 1976 kugeza 1982 bwashyizeho imitegekere y igitugu, bumaze kwikiza abatavuga rumwe nabwo hakoreshejwe kubica cyangwa kubashimuta ndetse no gucecekesha imiryango iharanira demokarasi 10. Ubwo butegetsi bwa gisirikare bwaje kotswa igitutu n ibindi bihugu, ariko cyane cyane kubera ibibazo by ubukungu, bwashatse kumvisha abaturage ko ari ngombwa kwigarurira ibirwa bya Maluwine byategekwaga n Abongereza 11. Bamaze gutsindwa bikomeye, abanyepolitiki bari bazanye icyo gitekerezo batakarijwe icyizere. Ibi byatumye haduka amakimbirane mu basirikare baza kwiyemeza gusubiza ubutegetsi abasivili. Guverinoma zakurikiyeho zagiye zigerageza kugabanya uruhare rw abasirikare mu butegetsi kugira ngo inzego za demokarasi zibashe gushinga imizi hirindwa guhangana. Mu 1985, nibwo habayeho urubanza rw abasirikare bari barigaruriye ubutegetsi rwaje kurangira abasirikare bakuru bahamwe n ibyaha. Icyakora, mu myaka 2 yakurikiyeho, amategeko yiswe Rurangiza mu 1986 n iryitiriwe «gutanga icyubahiro» mu 1987 yaje gushyigikira umuco wo kudahana abakoze ibyaha n abayobozi bari babahagarikiye. Abayobozi bashya muri Arijantine bageze ku butegetsi nyuma y abasirikare bakoze uko bashoboye kugira ngo ubutegetsi bwabo bushinge imizi kuko n ubwo igisirikare cyari cyacitse intege, cyari kigiteje impungenge. Igihugu cy Arijantine cyakomeje gushyira imbaraga mu gucira imanza ba ruharwa bagize uruhare mu bwicanyi. Mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo kudahana abakoze 10 Ibindi bisobanura ku butabera bwunga mu bihugu by Amerika y Amajyepfo wabisanga mu gitabo «Inkingi za leta zigendera ku mategeko mu bihugu bivuye mu ntambara- Komisiyo z Ukuri», Komisariya Nkuru y Umuryango w Abibumbye ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 2006 : fr.pdf. Voir également «La vérité, la justice et le deuil dans l espace public et dans la subjectivité», Rapport sur la situation des droits de l homme en Argentine, chap. XII, Centre d Etudes Légales et Sociales (CELS), Buenos Aires, Nicolas Zeisler, «La guerre des Malouines dans la société argentine depuis 1983 jusqu à nos jours», Epicentre Etudes internationales, consulté le 21 décembre

23 ibyaha ku basirikare bo hagati binyuze mu mategeko y igihe gito, Arijantine yifuzaga gutegura ejo heza hazaza. Mu by ukuri, muri Kanama 2003 Inteko ishinga Amategeko yavanyeho amategeko yiswe Point final(rurangiza) na Obeissance due(gutanga icyubahiro) no muri Kamena 2005 Urukiko rw Ikirenga rwemeza ko amategeko atanga imbabazi rusange yakingiraga ikibaba abasirikare benshi bakoze ubugizi bwa nabi bukomeye mu gihe cy ubutegetsi bw igitugu anyuranye n Itegeko Nshinga. Icyakora, inkiko zari zaregewe n abahohotewe basaba ko abakoze ibyaha bahanwa hamwe no guhabwa indishyi zagiye zihura n imbogamizi z uburyo abaregwa babyakiraga, n ubwo bitari bikanganye. Niyo mpamvu bamwe mu mfungwa zashinjwaga uruhare mu bikorwa byo guhungabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu bagiye bashyirwaho ibikangisho hamwe no gucecekesha abatangabuhamya. Muri Nzeri 2006, uwitwa Jorge Julio Lopez wari ufungiye mu kigo cya gisirikare yarashimuswe nyuma yo gutanga ubuhamya mu rukiko rwa La Plata. Byaje kugaragara ko yicishijwe n abo ubuhamya bwe bwashyiraga mu majwi. Ibirego byinshi by abahohotewe byagiye bihura n imbogamizi y ibikangisho bashyirwagaho n abagize uruhare mu bugizi bwa nabi. Icyakora n ubwo hari izo mbogamizi zose, ukuri kwashoboye kujya ahagaragara muri Arijantine. Abahohotewe bahawe indishyi nubwo zitatanzwe zose. Ndetse na ba ruharwa bakoze ibyaha bacirwa imanza barahanwa. Ku rundi ruhande, ubutegetsi bwagiye busimburana ntibwabashije guca intege bamwe mu bari mu buyobozi ku gihe cy ubutegetsi bw igitugu. Bamwe muri bo babashije kuzamuka mu ntera mu nzego z ubutegetsi kubera uburyo amategeko yagiye abarengera kugeza mu bihe bya vuba. Kuba n uyu munsi hakigaragara ibirego byinshi by abahohotewe, bigaragaza ko abataranyuzwe ku ruhande rumwe hari no kuba hari ababahemukiye batakurikiranywe n imbogamizi z ubutabera butanzwe mu byiciro ku rundi ruhande. 21

24 Chili Muri Chili, ubutegetsi bwashyizweho na Jenerali Pinochet amaze guhirika ubwariho mu 1973 bumaze kotswa igitutu n abaturage ndetse n ibindi bihugu bwagiye buhindura imikorere bwemerera ubutabera gukora mu bwigenge ndetse bunemera ko habaho amatora anyuze mu mucyo. 12 Jenerali Pinochet yihatiye cyane gukingira ikibaba abayobozi bakuru ngo badakurikiranwa no gukumira abataravugaga rumwe na Leta ye. Mu 1978, hashyizweho itegeko ryahaga imbabazi rusange abahiritse ubutegetsi n abagize uruhare mu bikorwa by ubwicanyi byakozwe muri icyo gihe. Mu 1985, habayeho amasezerano hagati y ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare bwa Jenerali Pinochet n amashyaka yariho hagamijwe guteza imbere demokarasi mu gihugu. Itegeko Nshinga ryo mu 1980 ryateganyaga ubwisanzure buringaniye muri demokarasi no mu amatora. Ariko ryanahaga Jenerali Pinochet hamwe n abambari be ububasha bwo kugenzura ibyakorwaga. Ni muri urwo rwego, mu 1988 habayeho Kamarampaka yemeje irangira ry ubutegetsi bwa Pinochet n ishyirwaho rya Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge ishinzwe kugaragaza abahitanywe n ubwicanyi kuva mu 1973 kugeza mu Iyo Komisiyo yagombaga gusuzuma amadosiye 3197, uwo mubare wari muto cyane ugereranyije n ibikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi bwakozwe. Mu 1994, Komisiyo ishinzwe itangwa ry indishyi n ubwiyunge yemeje ko imiryango 2115 y abahohotewe ihabwa indishyi. Icyakora, uko kwemeza ko habayeho ihohoterwa no kwemerera abahohotewe indishyi ntibyagize icyo bitwara abakoze ibyo byaha. Mu nama yayo yo muri Werurwe 2007, Komite y Umuryango w Abibumbye ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu yishimiye uburyo demokarasi yagendaga ishinga imizi mu nzego z ubutegetsi muri Chili. Yagaragaje ariko impungenge zishingiye ku Itegeko-teka ryahaga imbabazi rusange abagize uruhare mu bugizi bwa nabi bwabaye hagati y itariki ya 11 Nzeri 1973 n iya 10 Werurwe 1078 bigatuma bakomeza kwidegembya kandi binyuranyije n Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga arebana n Uburenganzira mu by Imbonezamubano na Politiki yasinywe mu 1948 I New York. 12 Ibikurikira byavuye muri raporo ya Komisiyo ya Chili u Ukuri n Ubwiyunge : programa.html, consulté le 22 décembre

25 Mu 1998 Jenerali Pinochet yagizwe Senateri mu gihe cy ubuzima bwe bwose mu rwego rwo kugira ngo ave ku butegetsi, ibyo bikaba byari kumuhesha uburenganzira bwo kudakurikiranwa kugeza apfuye. Mu 2005, ni ukuvuga imyaka 32 nyuma y ihirikwa ry ubutegetsi, ivugurura ry Itegeko Nshinga ryatowe n Inteko Ishingamategeko ryakuyeho ingingo za nyuma zarimo igitugu zari zarashyizweho n ubutegetsi bwa Pinochet ari na yo yabaye intambwe ya nyuma mu nzira igana kuri demokarasi. Iyi nzira yaje kugeza Igihugu ku butegetsi bugendera kuri demokarasi kandi bwubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ariko ku birebana n ukuri ku byabaye, gutanga indishyi ku bahohotewe ndetse n ibirebana no gukurikirana abakoze ibyaha, ntibyagenze neza kubera ibisigisi by ubutegetsi bwa Pinochet. Naho se ubutabera bwunga muri Afurika bwifashe bute? Ingero z ubutabera bwunga muri Afurika Muri iki cyiciro, turasuzuma urugero rwo muri Afurika y Epfo nyuma ya politike y ivanguramoko ndetse n urwo muri Sierra Lewone Afurika y Epfo Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge muri Afurika y Epfo yageze kuri byinshi ugereranyije n izo mu bihugu byo muri Amerika y Amajyepfo zavuzwe haruguru. Ikizitandukanya n uko iyi Komisiyo yari ifite ububasha bwo gutanga imbabazi rusange ku bantu bemeye by ukuri ibibi bakoze kandi mu buryo busobanutse. Komisiyo zo muri Amerika y Amajyepfo zo zashoboraga gutuma habaho ikurikiranwa nyuma yo gutanga raporo y imirimo yazo hashingiwe ku makuru yabaga yakusanyijwe. Mu buryo bwakoreshejwe muri Afurika y Epfo, ubuhamya ku by umuntu yakoze bwamuheshaga imbabazi nyuma yo kugenzura ko icyaha yireze yagikoze ku mpamvu za Politiki. Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge y Afurika y Epfo yizezaga abakoze ibyaha guhabwa imbabazi rusange mu gihe bireze ibyo bakoze. Iyo hari uwasabaga imbabazi byasuzumirwaga mu ruhame. Mu gukoresha ubu buryo, Komisiyo yizeraga kubona amakuru itari gushobora kubona hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose, kandi ikaabigeraho 23

26 binyuze mu guha ijambo abakoze ibyaha. Ni cyo cyatumye Komisiyo ishyira imbere kurengera icyubahiro cy abahohotewe aho gushyira imbere ibihano, kuko yumvaga ibihano bishobora gutuma hatangwa ubuhamya butari bwo. Mu by ukuri, byaragagaye ko gusaba imbabazi bikorewe mu ruhame byafatwaga rimwe na rimwe nk igihano, kuko akenshi abasabaga imbabazi bari abantu bari bazwi nk abubashywe cyane. Wasangaga ari nk ubwa mbere abaturanyi babo cyangwa abo bashakanye n abo mu miryango yabo bumvise ko bakoze amarorerwa. Hari n aho byagiye bitera ibibazo ku rwego rwihariye, mu muryango cyane cyane nko mu gihe byavagamo ubutane bw abashakanye 13. Undi mwihariko wa Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge muri Afurika y Epfo wabaye uwo gutanga imbabazi muri gahunda ijya gusa n ikoreshwa mu nkiko. Iyi gahunda yateganyaga ko abahohotewe bashobora kubabarira ababahemukiye. Hari abanditsi banenze ubu buryo bagaragaza ko imbabazi zitangwa n umuntu ku giti cye zidakwiye kuvangwa n amategeko 14. Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge yakoze ibiruse ibikorwa mu iburanisha ryo mu nkiko kuko zibanda ku buryozwacyaha gatozi. Yakoresheje ubutabera bwari bugamije kurandura ubugizi bwa nabi binyuze mu gusuzuma uruhare rw inzego zose z Igihugu zirimo itangazamakuru, ibigo by ubucuruzi, ubucamanza, abashakashatsi, n abandi. Ubu buryo bwatumye impamvu zateye ubugizi bwa nabi bwashyize Igihugu mu kaga zimenyekana binyuze mu kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye. Ababikurikiraniraga hafi bemeje ko Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge yageze ku musaruro uruta uwari kuva mu manza. Abandi bayinenze kuba yaragendeye ku marangamutima, kuba yarashingiraga cyane ku mahame y amadini, kuba itarabashije gukurikirana bamwe mu bayobozi bakuru mu gihe cya politiki y ivanguramoko, kuba itarabashije gushaka amakuru avuguruza ibyagiye bivugwa n abasabaga imbabazi, kuba itarabashije gushyiraho uburyo bwo guha indishyi imiryango y abahohotewe ndetse no kuba nta muntu mu bakoze 13 «Pas d amnistie sans vérité. Entretien avec l archevêque Desmond Tutu», Esprit, Décembre 1997, p Jacques Derrida, «Le siècle et le pardon», Le Monde des débats, n 9, décembre 1999, p

27 ibyaha wahanishijwe igihano cy igifungo 15. Ikindi iyi Komisiyo yanenzwe ni ukuba itarakurikije uburyo bw iburanisha cyangwa ngo ikoreshe uburyo bwa politiki. Nyamara ibyo byatewe n uko iyo Komisiyo yavutse bivuye mu masezerano hagati y imitwe ya politike National Party na African National Congress. Iyi mitwe yombi ntiyashakaga ko abarwanashyaka bayo baburanishwa bashinjwa ibikorwa bakoze bumva bifite ishingiro. Uko guhitamo kwari gushingiye ku miterere ya politiki y Afurika y Epfo aho politike y ivanguramoko yari yakuweho bitanyuze mu gutsinda intambara ahubwo bivuye mu masezerano yo mu rwego rwa politiki. Uru rugero rugaragaza uburyo bigoye guhuza imyumvire yo mu mategeko n iya politiki mu bukemurampaka Siyera Lewone Mu bihe byakurikiye intambara yamaze imyaka icumi yose 17, Siyera Lewone yanyuze mu butabera bwunga budasanzwe. Icyo gihugu cyagize icyarimwe inzego 2 arizo: Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge yashyizweho muri Gashyantare 2000 n Urukiko Rwihariye Rwashyiriweho Sierra Leone(TSSL) 18. Ishyirwaho ry iyo Komisiyo ryaturutse mu masezerano y amahoro yashyiriweho umukono i Lome ku wa 7 Nyakanga 1999 hagati ya Front Uni Révolutionnaire (RUF) na Guverinoma ya Sierra Leone 19, mu rwego rw ubwiyunge. Yagombaga gusuzuma ibibazo birebana n ihohoterwa ry uburenganzira bwa muntu ryakozwe kuva 1991 (intambara itangiye) kugeza mu 1999 (igihe Amasezerano y Amahoro ya Lome yashyiriweho umukono). Yahawe 15 Antoine Garapon, Op. Cit., pp Alexandre Adler, «Affaire Pinochet : Méfions-nous de l angélisme juridique», Courrier international, N 418, 5-11 novembre Kuva mu 1991 kugeza 1999, muri Sierra Leone habaye intambara ikaze kandi yamennye amaraso menshi (kwinjiza abana mu gisirikare ku gahato, guca ibice bimwe by imibiri y abantu, gusambanya ku gahato.) iyi ntambara yaturutse mu gihugu cya Liberia gihana umupaka na Sierra Leone hagamijwe kwigarurira ibirombe bya diyama. 18 Septième rapport du Secrétariat général pour les Nations-Unies, Mission en Sierra Leone, UN Doc. S/1999/836, 30 July 1999, para Ku bindi bisobanuro reba Michael Adenuga, The Amnesty provision of the Lome Agreement and its impact on The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Actes du Colloque organisé par le parlement européen, Paris,

28 inshingano zirimo: kugaragaza mu buryo butabogamye amateka y ihohoterwa ry uburenganzira bwa muntu, kurwanya umuco wo kudahana, gukemura ibibazo by abahohotewe, guteza imbere isanamitima n ubwiyunge ndetse no gukumira ubugizi bwa nabi n akarengane. Iyo Komisiyo yakoresheje uburyo butandukanye burimo iperereza ku bihe by ingenzi byaranze politike y ivanguramoko, impamvu, icyatumye habaho ubugizi bwa nabi n ihohoterwa, iperereza ku bayobozi babigizemo uruhare, ibazwa rimwe na rimwe ryaberaga mu ruhame. Ibyo byose bigamije ko haboneka ubuhamya bwaba ubutanzwe n abahohotewe cyangwa ubutanzwe n ababigizemo uruhare ndetse n abandi bose babyifuza. Inyandiko ikubiyemo ibyavuzwe na buri muntu ndetse n andi makuru y inyongera byatumaga ibyabaye bisobanuka. Komisiyo yari ifite ububasha bwo gushakira ahantu aho ari ho hose amakuru yumva yayifasha kuzuza inshingano zayo. Yashoboraga gusura ahantu hose n inzego zose no gusaba amakuru ayo ari yo yose. Yashoboraga kubaza abantu umwe umwe, cyangwa mu matsinda, cyangwa abagize umuryango runaka, cyangwa igafata icyemezo cyo kubaza mu muhezo ndetse ikanategeka ko ubuhamya butangwa bushingiye ku ndahiro. Amakuru yashoboraga gutangwa mu ibanga hizewe ko atazashyirwa ahagaragara. Ku birebana n ububasha, Komisiyo ntiyashoboraga guhana abakoze ibyaha. Yashoboraga gusa gutanga ibitekerezo ku mpinduka n izindi ngamba zari zikwiriye gufatwa mu rwego urw amategeko, urwa politiki, urw ubutegetsi kugira ngo isoze inshingano zayo. Birumvikana rero ko Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge itakoraga nk urukiko bityo ikaba itarashoboraga gutanga ibihano. Yari urubuga buri muntu yakoreshaga mu kuvuga ibyo azi byaba ibyamubayeho cyangwa ibyo yakoze. Iyi Komisiyo yatanze umusanzu ukomeye mu butabera bwunga kuko guhisha ukuri bishobora kuba imbogamizi ya gahunda y isanamitima n ubwiyunge. Ku birebana na TSSL, uru rukiko rwashyizweho n Umuryango w Abibumbye nyuma y intambara rubisabwe na Guverinoma ya Siyera Lewone kuko yari ikeneye inkunga mu gushyiraho ubutabera bwari kuyifasha guhangana n ibyaha bitegeze bihanirwa. TSSL 26

29 yashyizweho ku wa 16 Mutarama 2002 binyuze mu masezerano yashyizweho umukono hagati ya Guverinoma ya Sierra Leonne na Loni ( Umuryango w abibumbye ), hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n umwanzuro 1315 w Akanama gashinzwe Amahoro ku Isi. Inshingano yahawe ikaba yari iyo gukurikirana: «abantu bakekwaho kuba baragize uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa byahungabanyije bikomeye amategeko mpuzamahanga agenga intambara n amategeko ya Siyera Lewone, byakorewe muri Siyera Lewone kuva tariki ya 30 Ugushyingo 1996» 20. Ikidasanzwe cy ingenzi kuri uru rukiko ni uko ari rwo rukiko mpuzamahanga ruburanisha ibyaha by intambara rwonyine ruburanishiriza mu gihugu ibyaha rufitiye ububasha byabereyemo. Ikidasanzwe kuri uru rukiko byabaye kuri Charles Taylor, wahoze ari Perezida wa Liberiya woherejwe kuburanishirizwa i la Haye byemejwe n Inama ishinzwe Amahoro ku Isi, kubera mpamvu z umutekano. Perezida wa Liberiya Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf yari yagaragaje ko Charles Taylor agumye mu Karere Liberiya irimo byateza ibibazo bikomeye. TSSL ntifite ububasha bwo gutanga igihano cy igifungo cya burundu cyangwa igihano cyo gupfa. Mu myaka 8, uru rukiko rwaburanishije abantu 8 bayoboraga imitwe ya gisirikare mu ntambara yo muri Siyera Lewone rubakatira ibihano by igifungo kiva ku myaka 15 kugeza kuri 52. Ubu bari kurangiriza ibihano byabo muri Gereza ya Mpanga mu Rwanda. Uwahoze ari umuyobozi wa RUF, Foday Sankoh, yapfuye akiburanishwa. Naho abandi babiri baregwaga bapfuye batarafatwa. Amasezerano y Amahoro ya Lome yari agamije guha imbabazi rusange abarwanyi bo mu mitwe yari ihanganye mu ntambara yo muri Siyera Lewone. Ingingo yayo ya IX irebana n imbabazi. Igira iti : «1 Mu rwego rwo kugarura amahoro arambye muri Siyera Lewone, Guverinoma izafata ingamba zose zikwiriye mu rwego rw amategeko kugira ngo kaporali Foday Sankoh ahabwe imbabazi zitangwa n itegeko. 20 Septième rapport du Secrétariat général pour les Nations-Unies, Mission en Sierra Leone, UN Doc. S/1999/836, 30 July 1999, para 7. 27

30 2 Aya masezerano akimara gushyirwaho umukono, Guverinoma ya Siyera Lewone izaha imbabazi abakatiwe, abarwanyi n abafatanyabyaha babo, ku bibi byose bakoze bagamije kugera ku cyo barwaniraga kugeza ku munsi aya masezerano yashyiriweho umukono. 3 Mu rwego rwo kwimakaza amahoro no gushyigikira ubwiyunge mu gihugu, Guverinoma ya Siyera Lewone izakora ibishoboka byose kugira ngo hatazabaho ikurikiranwa haba ku rwego rw ubutegetsi cyangwa rw amategeko ry abahoze ari ingabo za RUF/SL, AFRC, SLA cyangwa CDF, ku bikorwa bakoze bagamije kugera ku cyo barwaniraga kuva muri Werurwe 1991 kugeza ku munsi aya masezerano yashyiriweho umukono. Na none, ingamba ku rwego rw amategeko n ibindi bikeneye gukorwa kugira ngo habeho ubudahangarwa ku bahoze ari abarwanyi, abahunze n abandi bantu bari hanze y Igihugu ku mpamvu zerekeye intambara, bigomba gukorwa kugira ngo abo bose bashobore kugira uburenganzira bwabo nk abenegihugu n ubwa politiki mu rwego rwo kubasubiza mu buzima busanzwe hakurikijwe amategeko». Nubwo imbabazi zitangwa n itegeko ziteganyijwe mu masezerano y amahoro ya Lomé zatanzwe mu rwego rwo gushaka amahoro, byasobanuraga ko abakoze ibyaha by indengakamere batazakurikiranwa ndetse ko n abahohotewe batazabona indishyi. Byaje kumvikana ko ubutabera ari kimwe mu bisabwa kugira ngo habeho ubwiyunge, kuko iyo abahohotewe badahawe ubutabera, bashobora kwihorera no kwishakira indishyi. Ku rundi ruhande, imbabazi ntizashoboraga gutangwa hatabanje kubaho kwemera ibyaha ikindi ntihari kubaho ubwiyunge nyakuri hatabayeho gutanga imbabazi. Ni yo mpamvu, ingingo ya 10 y amategeko ashyiraho TSSL iteganya ko imbabazi rusange zahawe umuntu uri mu bubasha bw urukiko zidashobora kubuza ko akurikiranwa. Urukiko rwasuzumye agaciro k imbabazi mu mategeko mpuzamahanga rushingira ku ihame ry ububasha ku rwego mpuzamahanga rwemeza ko Igihugu runaka kidashobora kubuza ikindi gihugu gukurikirana abanyabyaha 28

31 kubera ko cyabahaye imbabazi zitangwa n itegeko. Rushingiye kuri izo mpamvu, Urukiko rwemeje ko imbabazi zatanzwe muri Siyera Lewone zidashobora gukoreshwa ku byaha mpuzamahanga, kuko biri mu bubasha bw ubutabera ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Ni ngombwa kugira icyo tuvuga kuri imwe muri gahunda z ingenzi z urukiko ariyo y ubukangurambaga. Ishami ry ubukangurambaga rifite uruhare rukomeye rwo guhuza Urukiko n abaturage ba Siyera Lewone. Rijya mu Turere gusobanurira abaturage ibikorwa by urukiko. Mu nshingano zaryo harimo no gutanga ibiganiro mu mashuri birebana n ubutabera, uburyozwacyaha ndetse n uburenganzira bwa muntu. Iryo shami ritanga amahugurwa rikanategura ibiganiro mpaka ku mikorere y Urukiko, rigatanga ibiganiro ku maradiyo n ibindi. Ni muri urwo rwego, amashusho y urubanza rwa Charles Taylor yerekanwe mu ngoro y ubutabera ya Freetown ndetse n imiburanishirize yarwo ikanyuzwa ku maradiyo yo mu karere. Mu rwego rwo gusuzuma umusaruro w ishami ry ubukangurambaga hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku rwego rw Igihugu mu 2006, bukorwa n ishami ry ubushakashatsi ku mahoro n amakimbirane rya Kaminuza ya Siyera Lewone hagamijwe gusuzuma imyumvire y abaturage kuri TSSL. Ababajijwe batoranyijwe mu byiciro by abayobozi ba sosiyete sivile, abayobozi mu nzego za Leta, abakozi ba leta, abikorera, abana n abagore. Inyandiko 10,000 z ibibazo ni zo zatanzwe mu gihugu hose. Ubu bushakashatsi bwagombaga kugaragaza imyumvire ku byagezweho hamwe n inzitizi TSSL yahuye nazo ndetse no gutanga umusanzu mu mpaka zirebana n akamaro k ubutabera mpanabyaha bwunga. Iby ingenzi byavuye muri ubwo bushakashatsi ni ibikurikira : 91% y abantu babajijwe bagaragaje ko TSSL yagize uruhare mu kubaka amahoro muri Siyera Lewone ; 88% bo bavuze ko ishyirwaho rya TSSL ryari rifitiye akamaro Siyera Lewone ; 85 % basangaga abakoze ibyaha by intambara bagomba guhanwa; 68% bavugaga ko ibyemezo bya TSSL bitazatera umwuka mubi mu gihugu, naho 40% bagaragaje ko bashyigikiye igihano cy urupfu nk uburyo bwo kurwanya umuco wo kudahana. 29

32 Bamwe mu babikurikiraniraga hafi bagaragaje impungenge ku bijyanye n ishyirwaho ry inzego ebyiri zibangikanye, batinya ko inshingano za Komisiyo y Ukuri n Ubwiyunge zabangamirwa n iburanisha rya TSSL kuko abakoze ibyaha bashobora kwanga gutanga ubuhamya batinya gukurikiranwa. Abandi bagaragaje ko mu bihe nk ibi abaturage bahitamo kubabarira no kwibagirwa aho kugira ngo habeho ubutabera bwunga. Icyakunze kugaruka ni uko abenshi bagaragaje ko nyuma y intambara yamennye amaraso menshi ibisubizo ku rwego rw amategeko no ku rwego rwa politiki bishobora guhuzwa. Urugero rwo muri Siyera Lewone rwavuyemo amasomo menshi yafasha ibihugu bivuye mu ntambara. Rwagaragaje ko inzego z ubutabera bwunga nka Komisiyo y Ubumwe n Ubwiyunge zishobora gukorana n inkiko mpanabyaha. Ku rundi ruhande rwerekanye ko imbabazi zitangwa n itegeko zidakwiye gukoreshwa ku byaha bikomeye biteganywa mu mategeko mpuzamahanga. Rwerekanye kandi ko kwibagirwa bidashobora gukoreshwa mu guhangana n ihohotera rikomeye. Bityo, nta mahoro yaboneka bitanyuze mu butabera, kandi ntihabaho isanamitima ryuzuye n ubwiyunge nyabwo hatabanje kubaho gukurikirana abagize uruhare rukomeye mu byaha ndengakamere byibasiye inyoko muntu. Ibyakozwe mu Rwanda ari nabyo birebwa n ubu bushakashatsi bimeze bite? 1.4. Ishingiro ry ubutabera bwunga mu Rwanda Muri iki gice, turasuzuma impamvu z amateka zatumye mu Rwanda himakazwa umuco wo kudahana nyuma y Ubukoloni. Turakurikizaho kureba uko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatoranyijwe nk igisubizo ku manza za Jenoside. 30

33 Ibimenyetso by umuco wo kudahana mu Rwanda Umuco wo kudahana mu Rwanda wakozweho ubushakashatsi n inyandiko byinshi 21. Abatari bake mu bashakashatsi n abakurikiranira hafi Politiki y u Rwanda bemeza ko ibihe bibanziriza gato Ubwigenge n ibya Repubulika ebyiri zabukurikiye aribyo byaranzwe n ubwicanyi butigeze bukurakiranwa cyangwa ngo buhanwe. Mu by ukuri, mu gihe cy ubutegetsi bwakurikiranye buyobowe n amashyaka ya MDR-PARMEHUTU na MRND, izo Leta zari zishingiye ku moko zahitanye abantu batari bake. Mu Rwanda, umuco wo kudahana watangiye mu mwaka wa Mu cyiswe «Impinduramatwara yo mu 1959», ibihumbi by abatutsi baratewe bicwa urw agashinyaguro. Amazu yabo arasahurwa ndetse aratwikwa abarokotse benshi bafata inzira igana iy ubuhungiro. Abandi bajyanywe mu duce two mu gihugu twa Bugesera na Rukumberi aho isazi ya tsé tsé yacaga ibintu. 22. Nyuma yo guhunga, bamwe mu mpunzi bagerageje kwinjira mu Rwanda bagabye ibitero, ariko buri gitero ( , 1967, 1990) kigakurikirwa n itotezwa ry abatutsi basigaye mu Rwanda. Uduce twa Cyanika na Kaduha (ahahoze ari Gikongoro) twakunze kurangwamo ibyo bikorwa, kuko habaruwe abishwe barenga 10,000 hagati y Ukuboza 1963 na Mutarama Hagati ya Gashyantare na Werurwe 1973, hatangijwe indi nkubiri yo guhiga abatutsi yiswe «Déguerpissement»(Ishushubikanya). Ni gutyo, mu bigo by amashuri no mu nzego za Leta n iz abikorera hamanitswe amalisiti ariho amazina y abatutsi bagombaga «kugenda» hasabwa ko bahita birukanwa. 21 Reba Chretien Jean Pierre, L Afrique des Grands Lacs : deux mille ans d histoire, Paris, Aubier, 2000 ; Même auteur : Le défi de l ethnisme. Rwanda et Burundi , Paris, Karthala, 1997 ; Braeckmann Colette, Rwanda Histoire d un génocide, Paris, Fayard, 1994 ; Vidal Claudine, «Les politiques de la haine», in Les Temps modernes N 583, juillet-août 1995 ; Willame Jean Claude, Aux sources de l hécatombe rwandaise, Paris, L Harmattan, 1995 ; Prunier Gérard, Rwanda : Histoire d un génocide, Paris, Dagorno, 1996 ; Semujanga Josias, Récits fondateurs du génocide rwandais. Discours social, idéologies et stéréotypes, Paris, L Harmattan, 1998 ; Kimonyo Jean-Paul, Rwanda : un génocide populaire, Paris, Khartala, Vidal Claudine, «Les politiques de la haine», in Les Temps modernes n 583, juilletaoût

34 Udutsiko tw abicanyi b abahutu bazengurutse mu mashuri yisumbuye no muri Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda, bagaba ibitero, bica banategeka abarokotse guhunga. Uko guhunga kwongereye umubare w impunzi zari zarahunze mu Kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu 1994, kwica abatutsi byarongeye biraduka mu duce tunyuranye tw Igihugu, cyane cyane mu zari Perefegitura Gisenyi na Ruhengeri ahishwe Abagogwe, mu Bugesera no ku Kibuye. Ni muri ubwo buryo, kuva mu 1959 kugeza mu 1994 himakajwe umuco w ubwicanyi ntihagira n umwe mu babikoze ukurikiranwa. Ahubwo abayoboraga ubwicanyi bugamije guhiga abatutsi bagiye bagororerwa. Urugero rufatika ni urw uwari Perefe André Nkeramugaba wayoboraga Perefegitura ya Gikongoro yabayemo ubwicanyi kurusha ahandi kuva 1963 kugeza 1964, waje kugororerwa kuba ku isonga ry urutonde rw abiyamamarizaga kuba abadepite mu matora yo mu Professeur Faustin Rutembesa yabyanditse muri aya magambo: «Ni ko intambwe ikomeye yagezweho. Hamwe no guhemba abagize uruhare mu bwicanyi, kwica byari bisigaye bifatwa nk igikorwa cy uburwanashyaka. Akomeza yemeza ko ari ko umuco wo kudahana waranze Igihugu mu myaka 30 wadutse» 23. Nta wabura gushimangira ko uwo muco wo kudahana wagize uruhare rukomeye mu buryo abaturage bitabiriye Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe kuva mu 1990 kugeza mu Nk uko byari byaragiye bigenda mbere, abayoboraga ibikorwa by ubwicanyi n ababishyigikiraga bari bizeye ko batazakurikiranwa mu Butabera ndetse ko batazishyura ibyo bazonona. Urwo rukurikirane rw ubugizi bwa nabi n umuco wo kudahana ni byo Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yashatse guhagarika ishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca, kugira ngo ziburanishe abakoze ibyaha bigize icyaha cya Jenoside n ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hagamijwe gusana umuryango nyarwanda. 23 Rutembesa Faustin, «A propos des crises rwandaises», in Au Cœur de l Afrique, n 2-3, 1995, p

35 Uko Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatoranyijwe nk uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cy imanza za Jenoside Imiterere y Igihugu nyuma ya Jenoside n impamvu zatumye Inkiko Gacaca zishyirwaho Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, u Rwanda rwasigaye rwugarijwe n ibibazo by ingutu birimo guha abahohotewe ubutabera, kuburanisha imanza z abakekwagaho ibyaha bya Jenoside no guca umuco wo kudahana. Ni muri urwo rwego, abakekwagaho ibyaha bya Jenoside bagiye bafatwa bagafungwa. Umubare w imfungwa wakomeje kwiyongera ku buryo waje kurenga ubushobozi bw inzego z ubutabera. Inzego z Ubutabera ntizari zigishoboye kubahiriza amategeko asanzwe agenga ifungwa ku birebana n imibereho y imfungwa, igihe cy ifungwa ry agateganyo n igihe uregwa ufunzwe atagomba kurenza ataragezwa imbere y umucamanza, kuko ayo mategeko yari yarashyiriweho ibihe bisanzwe. Byumvikane ko izo nzego zari zarasizwe iheruheru na Jenoside. Kuri ibyo hiyongeragaho inshingano yo gusana umuryango nyarwanda wari wasenywe bikomeye n ingaruka z ayo mahano. Mu rwego rwo guhangana n ibyo bibazo, u Rwanda, rufashijwe n abafatanyabikorwa bakorana n urwego rw ubutabera, rwatangiye muri 1995 gusana ubucamanza, binyuze mu gushyiraho abakozi benshi bashya no kubahugura. Hashyizweho kandi urwego rwihariye rushinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakekwaho ibyaha bigize icyaha cya Jenoside n ibyaha byibasiye inyoko-muntu. Mu by ukuri ntihari hagamijwe gusa gukurikirana no guhana abagize uruhare muri Jenoside ahubwo hari hanagamijwe kwihutisha imanza mu rwego rwo gusana umuryango nyarwanda. Urwo rwego rwakoze guhera mu kwezi k Ukuboza Icyakora n ubwo hakozwe ibyo byose, ubushobozi bw ubucamanza mu bijyanye n abakozi n ibikoresho bwari bukiri buke kuko imanza zaciwe mu myaka ine zitarengaga 1/50 ème z abagombaga kuburanishwa 24. Iki kibazo cyatumye Guverinoma ishakisha izindi nzira zo kugikemura. 24 République du Rwanda, Cour suprême, Département des juridictions Gacaca, Les juridictions Gacaca comme solution alternative au règlement du contentieux du génocide, Kigali, Octobre

36 Ikusanya ry ibitekerezo ryabaye hagamijwe kumva uko abaturage babibonaga ryaje gutanga igitekerezo cy inzira yuzuza ubucamanza busanzwe ariyo y ubutabera-gakondo. Ubu butabera bw abaturage bwakoreshwaga mu gukemura amakimbirine bwitwa Gacaca kandi bwatangwaga n abaturage babonye uko ibyaha byakozwe. Ni ngombwa kumenya impamvu z uku guhitamo. Birazwi ko mu bihe bisanzwe, ubwicanyi ari ikintu cyo kwamaganira kure. Ariko, mu gihe cya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi ibintu byari byahindutse, kuko Jenoside yari yarateguwe n ubuyobozi bwa Leta bwari bushinzwe kwereka abayoborwa inzira bagomba gukurikira. Abaturage bashingiye ku nkunga y abayobozi ntibari bagikeneye gukora Jenoside bihishe kuko bari bazi ko bashyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza y abakagombye kubakurikirana. Ni cyo cyatumye, ibyaha bigize icyaha cya Jenoside n ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byarakozwe ku mugaragaro abantu bose babireba. Niyo mpamvu iburanishwa ry ibyaha nk ibyo ryari rikwiye gushingira ku buhamya bw abantu batuye aho byakorewe. Hitaweho ko mu bucamanza bwari gukoreshwa ubwo ari bwo bwose nta handi amakuru yari kuva uretse mu buhamya, byaje kuba ngombwa gushyiraho ubutabera bushobora kwita ku buryo ibyaha byakozwe. Ishyirwaho ry ubutabera bw Inkiko Gacaca bugizwemo uruhare n abaturage ryavuye mu nama nyunguranabitekerezo zatangiye mu 1998 zibera muri «Village Urugwiro», ziyobowe n uwari Perezida wa Repubulika icyo gihe, Bwana Pasteur Bizimungu. Icyo gihe, ikibazo cy ubutabera ku byaha bya Jenoside cyabaye kimwe mu by ingenzi byasuzumwe n abitabiriye izo nama. Bose bemezaga ko hakwiye gushyirwaho ubutabera bwatuma abagize uruhare muri Jenoside bahanwa bigizwemo uruhare n abaturage mu rwego rwo kongera kubakira umuryango nyarwanda ku nkingi zikomeye. Igitekerezo cyo kwiyambaza uburyo gakondo bwo gukemura amakimbirane cyashimwe na benshi mu bitabiriye izo nama. Byatumye hashyirwaho Komisiyo yihariye mu Ukwakira 1998 ihabwa inshingano yo gusuzuma inzira zishobora gukoreshwa mu kurangiza ikibazo cy iburanisha ry imanza za Jenoside. Raporo yakozwe n iyo Komisiyo yashyizwe ahagaragara mu 1999 ni yo yabaye urubuga rw ibanze rwo kwakira ibitekerezo by abaturage Bizimana Jean Damascène, «L Etat de droit au Rwanda après le génocide contre les Tutsi» in Dialogue, n 191, 2010, pp

37 Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n Umuryango ushinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Rwanda (LIPRODHOR), ku birebana n imyumvire y abaturage ku Nkiko Gacaca, bwagaragaje ko abanyarwanda 3 kuri 4 bashyigikiye gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Ubwo bushakashatsi bwakorewe mu ngo z abaturage kandi bukorerwa mu gihugu hose ku bantu 943. Abo bantu bari bahagarariye ibyiciro byose by abaturage : kuva ku baturage kugera ku bayobozi, abakozi ba Leta, abacamanza n abahagarariye imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta. Hashingiwe ku byiciro by abaturage byabajijwe, byagaragaye ko mu babajijwe 15,3% bo mu bacitse ku icumu, 81,94% bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zatuma ubwiyunge bugerwaho mu gihugu naho 37% by ababajijwe bose basangaga nta bwiyunge bwashoboka hagati y abantu bakitana bamwana. 83% by abanyarwanda babajijwe bavuze ko imyitwarire imwe n imwe nko kutavugisha ukuri ku bagera kuri 37%, kwanga gutanga ubuhamya ku bagera kuri 24%, ruswa, amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko no ku miryango ku bagera kuri 22%, ishobora kuba imbogamizi ku Nkiko Gacaca. Kuri urwo rugero, 83% y ababajijwe basabye ko abazajya batanga ubuhamya bw ibinyoma bajya bahanishwa igifungo bikurikije amategeko. Naho 30% basangaga kurinda umutekano w abatangabuhamya byari imwe mu ngamba zatuma babasha gutanga ubuhamya bisanzuye. Bongeyeho ko hari hakwiye gushyirwaho uburyo abazahohoterwa kubera ubuhamya batanze bajya bahabwa indishyi 26. Nyuma yo kumva ibitekerezo bitandukanye, Guverinoma y Ubumwe bw Abanyarwanda yashyize ahagaragara umushinga wa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca 27, watangije ibiganiro hagati y ibyiciro bitandukanye bihagarariye abaturage n abagize Umuryango Mpuzamahanga. Ibi byatumye umushinga wa mbere uhinduka, uza no kuvamo itegeko n 40/2001 ryo ku wa 26 Mutarama 2001 rigena imiterere, ububasha n imikorere by Inkiko Gacaca 26 Dépêches de l agence Hirondelle, «Les juridictions Gacaca devraient démarrer au second semestre 2001», Arusha/Kigali, 29 novembre 2000 ; «Le parlement vote la loi sur les juridictions Gacaca», Kigali, 13 octobre 2000 ; «Trois Rwandais sur quatre favorables aux juridictions populaires Gacaca», Kigali, 9 septembre «Les juridictions Gacaca investies de l autorité judiciaire sur les crimes de génocide, les crimes contre l humanité et les autres violations des Droits de l Homme perpétrées au Rwanda du 1 er octobre 1990 au 31 décembre 1994», Kigali, Juillet

38 zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n iya 31 Ukuboza 1994 ryaje guhindurwa uko ryakabaye n itegeko n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004. Ni naryo tegeko rigikoreshwa nk uko ryagiye rihundurwa kandi ryuzuzwa kugeza ubu Ubwinshi bw imanza za Jenoside n ikibazo cy uko habaho kudahana abakoze Jenoside Nyuma ya Jenoside yahitanye abagera kuri barimo 93,7% b abatutsi nk uko bigaragazwa n imibare ihari 28, habanje gukoreshwa inkiko zisanzwe. Ku ruhande rumwe uburemere bwa Jenoside bwagombaga gutuma abayigizemo uruhare bafatwa kugira ngo bashyikirizwe Ubutabera. Ku rundi ruhande, kubera ukuntu Jenoside yashyizwe mu bikorwa yitabiriwe n abaturage benshi kandi bihagarikiwe na Leta hamwe n umuco wo kudahana wari umaze imyaka isaga 30, byari ngombwa ko habaho uburyo bwo guhana by intangarugero ababigizemo uruhare. Nyamara ariko hari ikibazo cyaterwaga n uko urwego rw ubutabera rwari rwarasenyutse bikomeye. Kandi igitekerezo cyo gutanga imbabazi nticyari ku murongo w ibyashobokaga kubera uburemere bw amahano yari yakozwe. Imibare yatanzwe n Urukiko rw Ikirenga 29 mu Ugushyingo 1994, yagaragaje ko hari hasigaye abacamanza 244 kuri 785 bari mu kazi mbere ya Mata 1994 naho abashinjacyaha bakaba bari 12 kuri 70 bari mu kazi mbere ya Mata Ku birebana n abagenzacyaha, abanyamabanga bo mu bushinjacyaha n Abanditsi b Inkiko, umubare wabo wari waragabanutse uva kuri 631 mbere ya Mata 1994 ugera ku 137 mu Ugushyingo Mu Ukuboza 2001, Minisiteri y Ubutegetsi bw Igihugu yatangaje umubare w abahitanywe na Jenoside yakozwe mu gihe cy imyaka ine kuva 01/10/1990 kugeza 31/12/1994 iyo mibare ikaba yarabonetse hashingiwe ku bishwe babashije kumenyekana. Uwo mubare ni ikigereranyo kuko bitoroshye kumenya imibare y abishwe y ukuri kubera ko hari imiryango yazimye bikaba bitoroshye kumenya abari bayigize. 29 République du Rwanda, Cour suprême, Département des Juridictions Gacaca, «Les juridictions Gacaca comme solution alternative au règlement du contentieux du génocide», Kigali, Octobre

39 Ingamba nyinshi Guverinoma yashyizeho ibifashijwemo n abaterankunga mu guhugura abakozi bo mu bucamanza zatumye kugeza mu 1999 hari hamaze gushyirwaho abacamanza 841, umubare w abashinjacyaha wari ugeze kuri 210 naho uw abandi bakozi b inkiko ugeze kuri 910 ni ukuvuga ubwiyongere bw inshuro kuva kuri 3 kugeza kuri 20 ushingiye ku mibare yatanzwe mu Ugushyingo Ni ukuvuga mu gihe cy imyaka itanu. 30 Byumvikane ko kuva hashyirwaho itegeko ngenga ryo ku wa 30 kanama 1996 rigena imiburanishirize y ibyaha bigize icyaha cya Jenoside n ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, abo bakozi batari bashinzwe gusa kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside kuko banaburanishaga n izindi manza zisanzwe. Icyakora, n ubwo habayeho kongerera imbaraga urwego rw ubutabera mu bijyanye n abakozi ndetse n ibikoresho, umusaruro rwagezeho wagaragaje ko ubushobozi bw urwo rwego bwari hasi cyane ugereranyije n ibyo rwasabwaga. Mu by ukuri, umubare w imfungwa wakomezaga kwiyongera buri mwaka. Mu Ukwakira 1994 abagera ku bari bafungiye ibyaha bya Jenoside. Uwo mubare warugeze ku mu Uburyo bwo gutunga abo bafungwa bwari buhenze cyane ku buryo bwashoboraga kubangamira ingamba zo kuzahura ubukungu bw Igihugu. Dufashe urugero, Leta yakoresheje mu 1998 ku ngengo y imari yayo, z amafaranga mu kugurira abafungwa ibiribwa. N ubwo ayo mafaranga yanganaga na 2/3 by ingengo y imari yose ya Minisiteri y Ubutabera, ntiyari ahagije ndetse bigatuma yongerwaho inkunga nini ya Komite Mpuzamahanga y Umuryango Utabara Imbabare (CICR). Mu 1999, iyo ngengo y imari yageraga kuri FRW mu bijyanye no kugura ibiribwa, ni ukuvuga 39,5% by ingengo y Imari yagenerwaga Minisiteri y Ubutabera yageraga kuri Ubwinshi bw ayo mafaranga ugereranyije n ingengo y imari y Igihugu yari nk igitonyanga mu nyanja ugereranyije n ayari akenewe bwatumye Guverinoma idakomeza kubirebera Ibidem. 31 Ibidem. 37

40 Itegeko ngenga ryo ku wa 30 kanama 1996 ryari rigamije ku ruhande rumwe guca umuco wo kudahana no gutanga ubutabera mu buryo bwihuse ku rundi ruhande hagamijwe kubaka umuryango nyarwanda 32. Iryo tegeko ryakanguriraga abaregwaga gufasha ubutabera kugira ngo bagabanyirizwe ibihano. Ni muri urwo rwego ryateganyaga uburyo bwo kwirega no kwemera icyaha byashoboraga gutuma mu gihe byakiriwe uwireze agabanyirizwa ibihano. Hakurikijwe icyiciro, igihano cyashoboraga kuva ku gihano cyo kwicwa kugeza ku gihano cy igifungo cya burundu cyangwa kuva ku gifungo giteganywa n amategeko ahana kugeza kuri 1/3 cy icyo gihano. Imanza za Jenoside zatangiye kuburanishwa n Ingereko zihariye mu Ukuboza Mu rwego rwo kwihutisha imanza hateguwe gahunda yo gukangurira imfungwa kwitabira gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha, bihuzwa n uko urwego rw ubutabera rwari rwongerewe ubushobozi rwatangiye kuburanisha imanza z amatsinda. Izo ngamba zose zagombaga gutuma iburanisha ryihuta, ariko byaje kugaragara ko abantu 1292 aribo bari bamaze kuburanishwa mu 1998 ndetse abacye mu mfungwa aribo bari bamaze kwirega no kwemera icyaha n ubwo Guverinoma yari yakoze ibishoboka byose ngo birege. Mu Ugushyingo 1999, umubare w abari bamaze gucirwa imanza wageraga ku Byaje kugaragara ko hakurikijwe uwo muvuduko, kuburanisha abaregwaga Jenoside bose bari bafungiye mu Rwanda byari kuzatwara imyaka 160. Byagaragaje ko byari ngombwa gushaka izindi nzira zari gukoreshwa kugira ngo imanza za Jenoside zari nyinshi kandi zigoye ziburanishwe 33. Inkiko Gacaca zashyizweho zahuzaga ibitekerezo bya bumwe buryo bwo mu muco wa kinyarwanda bwakoreshwaga mu gukemura amakimbirane n ibitekerezo byo mu butabera busanzwe. Imiburanishirize y izi nkiko yari ishingiye ku ihame rigenga ubutabera gakondo rivuga ko «Byose bikorerwa mu baturage kandi bigakorwa n abaturage». Abaturage, cyane cyane abari aho ibyaha byabereye nobo bacamanza, abatangabuhamya n ababuranyi. 32 Itegeko ngenga n 08/96 ryo ku wa 30/08/1996 rigenga imitunganyirize y ikurikirana ry ibyaha bigize icyaha cy itsembabwoko n itsembatsemba cyangwa ibyaha byibasiye inyoko-muntu byakozwe kuva tanki ya 1 Ukwakira. 33 République du Rwanda, Cour suprême, Département des Juridictions Gacaca, «Les juridictions Gacaca comme solution alternative au règlement du contentieux du génocide», Kigali, octobre

41 Ni cyo cyatumye abaregwa batajyanwa mu cyumba cy iburanisha, ahubwo bakajyanwa aho ibyaha byakorewe, kugira ngo ukuri ku byabaye kugaragare bityo n ubutabera bukore akazi kabwo. Umuntu agereranije yavuga ko Gacaca gakondo yari ifite inshingano yo kubanisha abagiranye ikibazo kandi ntiyakemuraga amakimbirane aturuka ku bugizi bwa nabi ndetse ntiyatangaga ibihano. Naho Gacaca Ivuguruye yashyiriweho kuba urukiko mpanabyaha nk izindi zose ihabwa n inshingano yo gutanga ibihano, iburanisha ryayo rikaba ribera mu ruhame. Inyangamugayo z Inkiko zatowe n abaturage biyobowe na Komisiyo y Igihugu y Amatora. Zari zifite ububasha bwo gukora iperereza, guhamagaza abantu, gufata ibyemezo byo gufata no gufunga by agateganyo ndetse no gutanga ibihano by igifungo cyangwa kugira umwere. Izo nkiko zaravuguruwe ndetse zihabwa ububasha bwose bw inkiko. Icyakora kugira ngo zishobore kugera ku nshingano zazo byari ngombwa ko abaturage bose babigiramo uruhare rugaragara. Uruhare rw abaturage ntirwafashije Inkiko Gacaca kuzuza inshingano zazo gusa ahubwo rwanatumye ibyemezo zifata byemerwa n abaturage. Inkiko Gacaca zari zimaze kuburanisha imanza zigera kuri mu gihe ubu bushakashatsi bwakorwaga Amategeko agamije guca umuco wo kudahana mu birebana na Jenoside Guca umuco wo kudahana nk uko byasobanuwe ndetse bikanakorwa n Inkiko Gacaca, bishingiye ku burenganzira abahohotewe bahabwa n amategeko bwo guhabwa ubutabera no ku burenganzira abaregwa bafite bwo gucirwa imanza mu mucyo. U Rwanda nk Igihugu gifite inshingano zituruka ku masezerano mpuzamahanga rwashyizeho umukono rugomba kubahiriza amahame rusange agenga amategeko mpanabyaha. Mu mategeko y imbere mu gihugu Inkiko Gacaca ziteganywa n Itegeko Nshinga hamwe n Itegeko Ngenga N 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n imikorere y Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana 34 Amakuru yatanzwe na SNJG mu Ukuboza

42 no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n itariki ya 31 Ukuboza 1994, nk uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu. Irangashingiro ryaryo rishyiraho ihame ryo guca umuco wo kudahana mu buryo bukurikira: «Imaze kubona ko ibyo byaha byakozwe ku mugaragaro, mu maso ya rubanda rwose, abaturage babibonye bakaba aribo babihamya, bakerekana ukuri ku byabaye, kandi bakagira uruhare mu gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakekwaho kuba barabigizemo uruhare; Imaze kubona ko gutanga ubuhamya ku byaha byakozwe ari inshingano ya buri munyarwanda ukunda Igihugu cye, akaba nta wemerewe kugira impamvu iyo ari yo yose yitwaza ngo yange kuvuga ibyo yabonye ; Imaze kubona ko ari ngombwa kurandura burundu umuco wo kudahana kugira ngo ubutabera n ubwiyunge bishobore kugerwaho mu Rwanda ( ) ariko hatagamijwe guhana gusa, ahubwo hanagambiriwe kongera kubaka Umuryango Nyarwanda wasenywe n ubuyobozi bubi bwoheje abaturage kurimbura bamwe mu bawugize». Mu by ukuri, amategeko y ingenzi agenga urubanza ruboneye ateganywa n Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika (Ingingo ya 19 n iya 140) ndetse n Itegeko Ngenga rigenga Inkiko Gacaca (ingingo ya 10, 13-16, 23, 33-38, 50, n izindi), uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ibyo umuntu aregwa, uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa umuntu yitabye ndetse n uburenganzira bwo gucibwa urubanza mu ruhame n ubwo guhabwa umwanya wo kwiregura (ingingo ya 21, 29, 31, 70, 80, n izindi), uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk umwere kugeza igihe umuntu ahamwe n icyaha (ingingo ya 39), uburenganzira bwo gucirwa urubanza rugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho (ingingo ya 25, 67, 69), uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa no gucirwa urubanza mu gihe gikwiriye (mu irangashingiro), uburenganzira bwo kubahiriza ihame rigenga ibyaha n ibihano (ingingo ya 72-81), n izindi, yose yarakurikijwe. Icyakora, nk uko byashimangiwe na SNJG (Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca) isubiza raporo ya PRI yashyizwe ahagaragara muri Nyakanga 2007 ku birebana n isesengura ry ibyakozwe n Inkiko Gacaca cyane cyane ku byaha byo kwangiza no gusahura imitungo : «ni ngombwa gushingira 40

43 ku buryo Jenoside yakozwemo ntihagenderwe gusa ku mahame y amategeko yatekerejwe mu buryo rusange akaba adahuye cyane n ibyabaye mu Rwanda bijyanye n amateka mabi Igihugu cyacu cyanyuzemo 35». Ku rwego mpuzamahanga, amategeko y ingenzi akubiye mu ngingo ya 14 y «Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira mu by imbonezamubano na politiki 36» ndetse no mu ngingo ya 7 «y Amasezerano Nyafurika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n ubw Abaturage 37». Nyuma yo gusobanura impamvu zatumye Inkiko Gacaca arizo zemezwa ko zizaburanisha imanza za Jenoside, ni ngombwa gusesengura inyandiko z abahanga kuri iyi gahunda. Turaboneraho umwanya wo gutanga ibisobanuro byaturutse mu bushakashatsi bwacu ku mpaka zirebana n intego y ubushakashatsi bwacu ku Nkiko Gacaca Incamake ku nyandiko z abahanga zirebana n Inkiko Gacaca Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca nk uko iteganyijwe ubu, ni ubutabera burimo ubuhanga bukomeye butabashije kwandikwaho cyane n abahanga b abanyamahanga. N inyandiko zanditswe zishingiye ahanini ku bushakashatsi bw igihe kigufi ndetse zigashingira ku bisobanuro bidahuye n uburyo Jenoside yakozwemo n ingaruka zayo. Hari impamvu enye zisobanura iki kibazo : Iya mbere ni uko n ubwo Gacaca ari bumwe mu buryo bw ingenzi bwakoreshwaga mu gukemura amakimbirane muri sosiyete nyarwanda ya mbere y ubukoloni (bukaba bwaranakomeje gukoreshwa nyuma y ubukoloni), ntiyigeze ikorwaho ubushakashatsi bwinshi mbere ya Jenoside yo 1994, uretse ubwakozwe na Reintjens SNJG, ibaruwa yashyizwe ku mugereka wa raporo ya PRI. 36 Amasezerano mpuzamahanga avugwa hejuru yemejwe na ONU ku wa 19 Ukuboza 1966, yemezwa mu n itegeko-teka N 8/75 ryo ku wa 12 Gashyantara Amasezerano nyafurika avugwa yemejwe n Umuryango w Ubumwe bw Afurika (OUA) ku wa 27 Kamena 1981, ashyirwaho umukono n u Rwanda ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 1981 ndetse yemezwa n itegeko n 10/1983 ryo ku wa 17 Gicurasi Reintjens Philippe, Gacaca ou la justice de gazon,

44 Iya kabiri ni uko Gacaca yavutse biturutse ku bihe Igihugu cyari kirimo ndetse n ibitekerezo byaturutse mu nama zo muri Village Urugwiro kuva mu byaje gutuma ihabwa ububasha bwo kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside, ikaba itaraturutse ku mpaka z abahanga mu mategeko cyangwa mu gukemura amakimbirane, ahubwo yaravutse nk uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cya politiki. Mu by ukuri, Guverinoma y Ubumwe bw Abanyarwanda mu gihe yari ihanganye n ikibazo cy ubwinshi bw imanza cyatewe n ubwinshi bw abakoze Jenoside no kuba urwego rw ubutabera rwari rwasenyutse, yagerageje gushyiraho ubutabera bwihariye bushobora gukoresha uburyo butandukanye n ubusanzwe mu kugera ku kuri hubahirijwe amategeko. Niyo mpamvu ivugurura ry amategeko, imyumvire hamwe n ivugurura ry imikorere, byagiye bishingira ahanini ku byagaragaye mu ngiro aho gushingira ku mpaka z abahanga ziturutse ku bushakashatsi bwo muri za Kaminuza. Impamvu ya gatatu ishingiye ku kuba ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwakozwe ku rwego rw Igihugu cy u Rwanda bwaragiye bwibanda ku mateka ya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Nyamara harebwe ibigenderwaho mu bumenyi bw imibereho y abantu usanga bwari ubushakashatsi bwo kumenya amateka gusa butari bugamije gusuzuma ibibazo runaka. Ku rundi ruhande ubwo bushakashatsi bugereranya ibigenderwaho mu bushakashatsi runaka ndetse bukirinda gusuzuma ibindi bibazo kabone niyo byaba bifite ishingiro ariko bidafite aho bihuriye n ikigenderewe mu bushakashatsi. Ni yo mpamvu bene ubwo bushakashatsi butagaragaza ibipimo nyabyo n imibare bimeze nk ibikoreshwa mu bundi bushakashatsi cyangwa byafasha mu igenzura ricagase ry ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Impamvu ya kane ishingiye ku kuba ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n abanyamahanga usanga bufite inenge eshatu z ingenzi : iya mbere yagaragajwe n inyandiko ya Meyerstein 39 ni iyo mu rwego rw ibisobanuro. Uyu mwanditsi asanga bamwe mu bashakashatsi, cyane cyane abakorera imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, bagendera ahanini ku biterekerezo by imiryango bakorera. 39 Meyerstein, A. (2007), Between Law and Culture: Rwanda s Gacaca and Postcolonial Legality. Law & Social Inquiry, 32:

45 Barongera bakibaza niba gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yujuje ibisabwa biteganywa n amategeko bishyiriyeho ubwabo, bafata nk aho ariyo rugero isi yose ikwiye kureberaho. Ni ukuvuga ko ari nk aho abo bashakashatsi bakabaye bibaza niba imiterere y Inkiko Gacaca ihuje n uko bumva ubutabera bwunga aho kwibaza niba izo nzego zifite ubushobozi bwo kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside. Inenge ya kabiri ishingiye ku kuba bamwe mu bashakashatsi baza mu Rwanda bazanwa no gushaka ibyashyigikira ibivugwa n imiryango bakorera iba yateye inkunga ubwo bushakashatsi aho gusuzuma ibibazo birebana n ubushakashatsi bwabo. Kimwe mu bisobanuro by iki gitekerezo kigaragara mu nyandiko ya Corey na Joireman : «Iyi nyandiko iremeza ko Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca izatuma abanyarwanda bose bagira ikibazo cy umutekano muke mu bihe bizaza, kuko igamije kurenganya, ikazamura umwuka w amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko ndetse ikaba izumvikana nk uburyo bwo kwihorera» 40. Undi mwanditsi witwa Tiemessen 41 yageze n aho avuga ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca izateza imvururu zishingiye ku moko mu gihe yari mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo : «Inkiko Gacaca zagaruwe mu Rwanda nk uburyo bwakoreshwaga n abasangwabutaka mu gukemura amakimbirane. Amahame n amategeko izi nkiko zigenderaho yizeye kuzakosora amakosa y Ubutabera bw Arusha mu mikorere y Urukiko ndetse zikaba zigomba no guhana cyangwa gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe abaregwa Jenoside barenga ibihumbi ijana. Imizi y ubwiyunge muri ubu butabera ishingiye ku kuba abaregwa bagomba kuburanishwa n abaturanyi babo bakanaburanishirizwa aho icyaha cyakorewe. Icyakora kuba byaragaragaye ko Gacaca ari ubutabera bwunga ntibikuraho ko ishobora guteza imvururu zishingiye ku moko mu gihe yaba yifashishijwe nk igikoresho cy ubutegetsi bw abatutsi». 40 Corey & Joireman, Retributive justice: The Gacaca courts in Rwanda, London, 2004, Tiemessen, A.. After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda African Studies Quarterly. 2004, 8(1). Fall. Downloaded 8 March 2005, p.1. 43

46 Hanyuma, umushakashatsikazi, Sarkin 42 we, atanga amasomo y imyitwarire, asaba ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca itari ikwiye no kugerageza gukurikirana abakoze Jenoside kuko byateza ibibazo aho kubikemura, abivuga muri aya magambo: ( ) kuko hashize imyaka myinshi nyuma ya Jenoside yo mu 1994 abayobozi barananiwe, nako batanakwiye kugerageza gukurikirana abaregwa kuba baragize uruhare mu bwicanyi bose, kuko bishobora guteza ibibazo biruta ibyakemuka. Isesengura ryimbitse rya bene izi nyandiko rigaragaza ko ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku myumvire ya politiki bugera ku myanzuro ihabanye n iyo bwaba bwakozwe mu bihe bimwe n ahantu hamwe. Imyanzuro ya Tiemessen 43 n iya Wierzynska 44 igaragaza urugero rufatika kuri iyi ngingo. Mu nyandiko ye, Tiemessen asanga Inkiko Gacaca ari ubutabera bwatekerejwe n agatsiko k abantu bake bari ku butegetsi, mu gihe Wierzynska asanga ari uburyo bwo kwimakaza demokarasi muri aya magambo : «Mbere na mbere, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca ifasha abanyarwanda mu gukemura ibibazo byabo mu mucyo no kubasha kugenzura ubuyobozi bityo bigaca ubutegetsi bw igitugu no kuba Leta yakwikanyiza. Nanone, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca ifasha abaturage gukemura amakimbirane yabo binyuze mu biganiro aho kugira ngo hakoreshwe ubugizi bwa nabi, bityo bikagaragaza ko kutavuga rumwe mu buryo bwa demokarasi bishobora gusembura amakimbirane». Inenge ya gatatu ishingiye ku kibazo kizwe cyane mu bumenyi bw imibereho y abantu kitwa «ubushakashatsi bw iya kure», aho abanditsi bibaza 42 Sarkin J., The tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide, Journal of African Law, Volume 45, 2000, P Tiemessen, A.. After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda African Studies Quarterly, 2004, 8(1). Fall. Downloaded 8 March Wierzynska, A., Consolidating democracy through transitional justice: Rwanda s Gacaca courts, New York University Law Review, 2004, p.1. 44

47 ibibazo bidafite aho bihuriye n ibibazo biri aho ubushakashatsi bubera. Uko kudasobanukirwa n ibintu by aho ubushakashatsi bukorerwa bituma bagera ku myanzuro igaragaza ko hari ibyo batazi ku mwihariko w aho bakorera ubushakashatsi. Ibi bigaragazwa neza n inyandiko ya Schabas 45. Iyo nyandiko yemeza ko umubare munini w abaregwa bagomba kuburanishwa n Inkiko Gacaca waturukaga ku kibazo rusange cy ugushinja ibinyoma cyagaragaye mu cyiciro k icyitegererezo, aho kuba byaratewe n uburyo abaturage benshi bagize uruhare muri Jenoside : «Kubera icyiciro cy icyitegererezo cyakanguriye abaturage kuregana, aho kugira ngo kibakangurire kubabarira ; nibyo byatumye iyi gahunda igaragaza ko abaturage benshi bagize uruhare mu bwicanyi bwo mu Abategetsi b u Rwanda bavuga ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca izaburanisha abaregwa barenga 1, 000,000». Hashingiwe ku kuvuguruzanya kugaragara mu nyandiko zakozwe kuri Gacaca, ntibyoroshye kugira ibisobanuro bifatika byaturuka ku bushakashatsi ku byagezweho n Inkiko Gacaca cyangwa kumenya ibibazo zayuhe na byo mu kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside. Turasanga inenge zagaragaye mu nyandiko zivugwa haruguru zituruka ku isesengura ridahagije no kutagira amakuru ahagije kandi y ukuri y aho Jenoside yabereye Intego n ibyari biteganyijwe kugerwaho n isuzuma rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca Hashingiwe ku ngero z ahandi hamwe n impamvu zatumye Guverinoma y Ubumwe bw Abanyarwanda ihitamo Inkiko Gacaca, usanga ibihe by inzibacyuho byararanzwe n ubushake bwo gutanga ubutabera ndetse n ubushake bwo kubaka amahoro, ubwo bushake bwombi bwagombaga kunyura muri gahunda y ubwiyunge. Ku birebana n ubutabera bwunga hagombaga gusuzumwa igikwiye gukorwa mu gihe bigaragara ko ibiteganyijwe n amategeko ku rwego mpuzamahanga bidashoboka. 45 Schabas W., The U.N. International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone, Cambridge University Press,

48 Hashingiwe ku bivugwa haruguru, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yari yahawe inshingano eshanu z ingenzi : hatekerezwaga ko guha abaturage urubuga rwo kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside bizatuma ukuri ku byabaye kugaragara bityo n uruhare rwa buri muntu rukamenyekana. Uruhare rw abaturage kandi muri izo nkiko rwagombaga gutuma habaho impinduka mu myumvire yabo ku birebana no guhana icyaha cya Jenoside niyo abagikoze baba ari benshi b ingeri zose. Niyo mpamvu, kongera umubare w inteko byari bigamije kwihutisha imanza bitabangamiye iyubahirizwa ry amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y imanza nshinjabyaha n ihame ryo guhabwa umwanya wo kwiregura. Hanyuma, hagamijwe kumenya ukuri binyuze muri gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha yari kuba umusingi wo kwegerana hagati y abacitse ku icumu n abahamwe n ibyaha bemeye kuvuga ibyo bakoze bakanasaba imbabazi abo bahemukiye mu gihe baburanishwa n Inkiko Gacaca. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twasabwe gusuzuma urugero gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagezeho mu kugaragaza ukuri, kwihutisha imanza, kurwanya umuco wo kudahana, guteza imbere ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda ndetse no kugaragaza ubushobozi bw abanyarwanda mu kwikemurira ibibazo byabo. Iyi raporo y isuzuma igabanyijemo imitwe 6 uwa mbere ukaba wibanda mu gutanga ibisobanuro ku buryo bwakoreshejwe mu guhitamo ahantu hakorewe ubu bushakashatsi no gutoranya ababajijwe kuri buri hantu. Umutwe wa kabiri ugaragaza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku birebana no kugaragaza ukuri ku byaha byakozwe muri Jenoside. Umutwe wa gatatu wibanda ku kwihutisha imanza, uwa kane ukibanda ku musanzu w Inkiko Gacaca mu guca umuco wo kudahana naho uwa gatanu ugasuzuma uruhare rw Inkiko Gacaca mu bwiyunge bw abanyarwanda. Hanyuma, umutwe wa nyuma wibanda ku ruhare rw abaturage mu gushaka ibisubizo by ibibazo b ingutu byasizwe na Jenoside (home made mechanisms). Ariko, mbere yo gusuzuma iyi ngingo mu buryo burambuye, ni ngombwa kubanza gusobanura uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi mu guhitamo umubare w ababajijwe n uburyo amaperereza yakozwe nk uko byari byakomojweho mu magambo make haruguru. 46

49 UMUTWE WA I: UBURYO BWAKORESHEJWE MU BUSHAKASHATSI 1.1. Intangiriro Gusobanura uburyo bwakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ni ngombwa kubera impamvu nyinshi. Ubusanzwe uburyo bukoreshwa mu bushakashatsi bwasobanurwa nk igikoresho cy isuzuma cyangwa cy igenzura kiruta ibindi. Mu buryo bwa gihanga icyo gikoresho ni cyo gifasha uwateguye ubushakashatsi utarabashije gukurikirana ibikorwa by anketi cyangwa umusomyi utazi neza aho ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu kubona amakuru y ingirakamaro. Ayo makuru afasha mu gusobanukirwa uko ibikorwa by ubushakashatsi byakozwe, no kumva ireme ryabwo ndetse no kumenya urwego bashyiramo ibyabuvuyemo. Uburyo bukoreshwa mu bushakashatsi ni nabwo bugira uruhare mu guha agaciro ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Bityo, umushakashatsi wese ushaka gusubiramo ubushakashatsi runaka cyangwa zimwe mu ngingo zabwo agamije kugenzura ukuri kw ibyavuyemo cyangwa kwagura imbibi z imyanzuro yabwo abonamo amakuru afite akamaro. Muri uru rwego, gusobanura uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu gutoranya ahakorewe ubushakashatsi bifasha abandi bashakashatsi mu gusuzuma niba hatarabayeho kwitirira imyanzuro imwe ababajijwe bose. Uburyo bwakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bwashingiye ku bintu bitanu : turabanza kugaragaza ko ntawasuzuma uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugera ku kuri, kwihutisha imanza, kurwanya umuco wo kudahana, guteza imbere ubwiyunge nyuma ya Jenoside, guteza imbere uruhare rw abaturage mu kwikemurira ibibazo byasizwe na Jenoside adashingiye ku gipimo cy igihe. 47

50 Mu by ukuri icyo gipimo cy igihe gituma hagaragazwa ibyagiye binozwa biturutse ku ubunararibonye Inyangamugayo zagiye zikura mu byiciro binyuranye bya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Niyo mpamvu twahisemo gukora ubushakashatsi mu buryo «bw isuzumagahunda». Turakomeza twerekana ibyadufashije gusobanura inzego z isesengura hamwe n ibipimo bifatika bya buri rwego mu zo twakoreyeho ubushakashatsi bwacu. Turasoza tugaragaza mu magambo make inkiko zakorewemo ubushakashatsi n abantu babajijwe muri buri rukiko rwatoranyijwe Impamvu zo guhitamo uburyo bw isuzumagahunda mu bushakashatsi Igikorwa cyose cy isuzuma kiba kigamije mu bisanzwe gusuzuma impinduka zazanywe na politiki ya Leta, gahunda y ibikorwa, gahunda yihariye cyangwa umushinga ufite igihe uzamara kizwi ufite n ahantu ukorera hazwi. Ahangaha, twavuga ko ibyagezweho na gahunda ikorerwa isuzuma byasuzumirwa gusa mu mpinduka zabaye mu byiciro byayo. Ubu buryo bushyira isuzuma rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu buryo bw ubushakashatsi bw «isuzumagahunda». Isesengura rigufi ry inyandiko zigaragaza ko ubu buryo bwagaragaje ko bugira umusaruro ushimishije kuva mu myaka ya 1990, cyane cyane mu isesengura ry impinduka zaturutse ku ngamba runaka zizwi 46. Nk uko byanditswe na Petigrew, uburyo bw isuzumagahunda bwibanda ku isano iri hagati y igihe, gahunda n ibyagezweho n urwego rusuzumwa. Niyo mpamvu abashakashatsi bakoresha ubwo buryo bibanda ku ruhererekane rw ibikorwa byabereye aho ubushakashatsi bwakorewe, bakibanda ku isesengura rusange rigaragarira mu nyigo nyagaciro zimbitse. Gukora ubushakashatsi mu buryo bw isuzumagahunda bisa no kwibaza ku bijyanye n ibyagezweho hashingiwe ku bikorwa byakozwe, inshingano y ingenzi y umushakashatsi ikaba ari iyo gusobanukirwa «uruhererekane rw ibyabaye» Pettigrew, A. M, (1997), What is a processual analysis, Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13: Langley, (1997), Organizational Change and Discourse: 48

51 Mu gusuzuma ibyagezweho na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, uburyo bw isuzumagahunda, butuma, nk uko twabigaragaje haruguru, intambwe yagezweho mu byiciro byayo byose igaragara ariko cyane cyane hagasobanuka uko Inkiko Gacaca zageze ku ntego zazo haba ku rwego rw Akagari, urw Umurenge ndetse no ku rwego rw Ubujurire. Haba hasigaye gutoranya ibigereranyo by ingenzi bizakurikiranwa mu gihe cy isuzuma Itoranywa ry ibigeraranyo bizagenderwaho mu isesengura n aho bihurira n ibipimo bisanzwe Hashingiwe ku mabwiriza agenga iri suzuma, twasabwe kugaragaza urugero Inkiko Gacaca zagezeho mu kugaragaza ukuri, kwihutisha imanza, kurwanya umuco wo kudahana, guteza imbere ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda no kugaragaza ubushobozi bw abanyarwanda mu kwikemurira ibibazo. Niyo mpamvu, byari ngombwa kugaragaza ibipimo byagezweho na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugera kuri buri ntego, mu ntego eshanu yari ifite. Ku birebana no kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye twashingiye ku bipimo bikubiye mu gatabo k ikusanyamakuru 48 nk uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira : PapersMgmt/11DeCock.pdf. 48 Gahunda y ikusanyamakuru akoreshwa mu Nkiko Gacaca, SNJG,

52 Imbonerahamwe N 1 : Ibipimo by isuzuma byatoranyijwe ku birebana no kugaragaza ukuri Urugero mu kugaragaza ukuri Kugaragaza abagize uruhare muri Jenoside % 75-50% 50-25% 25-0% Nta gisubizo Abacuze umugambi, abawuteguye n abitabiriye inama zo gutegura Jenoside Abateguye amalisiti y abantu bagombaga kwicwa Abatanze intwaro zakoreshejwe mu bwicanyi Abatanze amabwiriza yo gushyiraho bariyeri «Abakoze» kuri bariyeri 1 Abateguye n abagiye mu bitero byabaye muri serire Abateguye n abagiye mu bitero byavuye mu Kagari bigana ahandi Kugaragaza abishwe Abaturage bo muri serire biciwe muri serire bazize Jenoside n ababishe Abaturage bo muri serire bishwe kubera ko banze gukora Jenoside n ababishe 50

53 Abari batuye muri serire biciwe hanze yayo bazize Jenoside Abari batuye muri serire biciwe hanze yayo bazize kwanga gukora Jenoside n ababishe Abiciwe kuri buri bariyeri n ababishe Abishwe n ibitero byagabwe hanze ya serire n abari batuye muri serire n ababishe Kugaragaza ahajugunywe imirambo y abishwe Kugaragaza imyirondoro y imirambo y abishwe Kugaragaza uburyo buri muntu yishwe n ubushinyaguzi bwakorewe ku murambo we Kugaragaza «abahishe abandi» Kugaragaza aho abarokotse bihishe Kugaragaza abarokokeye muri buri bwihisho Aho byavuye : Byakozwe n abashakashatsi, Kamena 2010 Muri buri rukiko rwasuwe n abashakashatsi bacu twibanze ku kumenya niba kumenya amakuru arebana n ibipimo 19 bivugwa hejuru byaragezweho na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca cyangwa se niba gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca itarabashije kurwanya umuco wa «Ceceka» bityo ikagaragaza uruhare rwa buri muntu muri Jenoside. Ibyavuyemo byahujwe n ibyavuye mu ibazwa. 51

54 Tumaze kuvuga ku birebana no kugaragaza ukuri, twagenzuye niba gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yaragize uruhare mu kwihutisha imanza mu buryo butari gushoborwa n Inkiko zisanzwe. Kugira ngo tubigereho, twashingiye ku mubare w iminsi urubanza rwaburanishijwe ku rwego rw ibanze, mu bujurire ndetse n imanza zo mu rwego rwa gatatu. Icyakora kubera umubare munini w amadosiye twanasuzumye impuzandengo y igihe iburanisha ryamaraga mu rubanza rumwe. Imbonerahamwe N 2 : Ibipimo byo gusuzuma uko intego ya kabiri y Inkiko Gacaca ariyo kwihutisha imanza yagezweho. Ibipimo Impuzandengo y iminsi y iburanisha ku rubanza rwo ku rwego rw ibanze Impuzandengo y iminsi y iburanisha ku rubanza rwo ku rwego rw ubujurire Impuzandengo y iminsi y iburanisha ku rubanza rwo ku rwego rwa gatatu Impuzandengo y igihe cy isubika hagati y iminsi y iburanisha ikurikiranye ku rubanza rwo ku rwego rw ibanze Impuzandengo y igihe cy isubika hagati y iminsi y iburanisha ikurikiranye ku rubanza rwo ku rwego rw ubujurire Impuzandengo y igihe cy isubika hagati y iminsi y iburanisha ikurikiranye ku rubanza rwo mu rwego rwa gatatu Aho byavuye : Byakozwe n abashakashatsi, Kamena 2010 Amakuru arebana n iyi ntego yavuye ahanini ku isesengura ryakozwe ku manza zaciwe. Ku birebana n inzego z imanza (ni ukuvuga urwego rwa mbere, urwego rw ubujurire n imanza z imitungo), twagendeye ku matariki yabereyeho iburanisha atandukanye y imanza kugeza habonetse umubare w impuzandengo z iminsi y iburanisha kuri buri rwego rw urubanza. Turangije, twibanze ku gihe cyashoboraga guhita hagati y iminsi y iburanisha kugira ngo tubone umubare w impuzandengo y iminsi yashoboraga guhita hagati y iminsi y iburanisha ku manza zo mu nzego eshatu zivugwa haruguru. 52

55 Ku birebana n intego ya gatatu yahawe gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yo guca umuco wo kudahana, twibanze ku bipimo bitanu b ingenzi bikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira. Imbonerahamwe N 3 : Ibipimo by isuzuma byatoranyijwe mu birebana n intego ya gatatu ya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yo guca umuco wo kudahana Ibipimo byatoranyijwe - Ikoreshwa ry amakuru yavuye mu ikusanyamakuru mu gukora amadosiye y abaregwa Ikoreshwa ry amakuru yatanzwe n abatangabuhamya mu gihe cy iburanisha Isano hagati y ibyaha byakozwe n ibihano byatanzwe mu rukiko rumwe ndetse no mu nkiko zitandukanye hagamijwe kureba niba byarakurikije amategeko Isano hagati y ibihano byatanzwe n ibihano byarangijwe - Ukuri kw amakuru yabonetse mu cyiciro cy iburanisha yatumye hakorwa amadosiye y abaregwa bashya batari bafunze Aho byavuye : Byateguwe n abanditsi, Kamena 2010 Mbere na mbere, twibanze ku buryo amakuru yakusanyijwe arebana n ibipimo bivugwa haruguru yasesenguwe mu buryo bukurikije amategeko kugira ngo hakorwe amadosiye y abaregwa. Ku birebana no kuba abaturage benshi baritabiriye Jenoside, twashatse kumenya niba Inyangamugayo zitaragize imbogamizi y ubwinshi n imiterere y amakuru yakusanyijwe ku birebana no gucura umugambi, itegura n ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Jenoside. Mu buryo bwihariye, twagerageje kumenya uburyo amakuru arebana n uregwa cyangwa n itsinda ry abaregwa yaturutse ahantu hatandukanye yakoreshejwe mu gukora amadosiye y abaregwa. Nk uko tuza kubibona mu bice bikurikira, amakuru arebana n iki gipimo yuzuzwa n ayavuye mu isesengura ry imanza zaciwe. 53

56 Igipimo cya kabiri ku guca umuco wo kudaha kibanda kuburyo Inyangamugayo zagiye zikoresha amategeko. Kuri buri rubanza rwasesenguwe, twibanze ku kureba isano iri hagati y icyaha cyakozwe n igihano cyatanzwe hagamijwe kumenya niba amategeko ariho yarubahirijwe cyangwa atarubahirijwe. Hanyuma, igipimo cya nyuma kirebana no guca umuco wo kudahana cyarebanaga n irangizwa ry ibihano. Twashatse kumenya niba ibihano byahawe abahamwe n ibyaha byarashizwe mu bikorwa. Ku byerekeye intego ya kane ya Gacaca, yerekeye guteza imbere ubwiyunge, twasuzumye uruhare ukuri kwagaragajwe kwagize mu bwiyunge. Muri uru rwego, twibanze ku gusuzuma ingaruka ubwirege butuzuye cyangwa guhisha amakuru byagize muri iyo gahunda y ubwiyunge. Nk uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira, ibipimo bitatu nibyo byagenzuwe mu isuzuma : Imbonerahamwe N 4 : ibipimo by isuzuma ku ntego ya kane ya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca : guteza imbere ubwiyunge Ibipimo by isuzuma Kugaragaza ingero z amasomo y ubwiyunge zaturutse mu kumenya ukuri kwagaragajwe n Inkiko Gacaca Kugaragaza ingero z amakimbirane yavutse kubera kumenya ukuri mu Nkiko Gacaca mu buryo butunguranye Kugaragaza ingero z amakimbirane yatewe no kwirega ibice, kubeshya na ceceka Aho byavuye: Byakozwe n abanditsi, Kamena 2010 Kuri ibi bipimo hakusanyijwe amakuru nyakuri. Yabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bw ibazwa hifashishijwe urutonde rw ibibazo byanditse. Ubushakashatsi busanzwe bwakozwe hirya no hino bwibanze ahanini ku kugaragaza ingero zifite aho zihurira. Ibi byaturutse ku kugaragaza ukuri, amakimbirane yaturutse ku kumenya ukuri ku byaha byakozwe ndetse no ku makimbirane yaturutse ku bwirege butuzuye, kubeshya no kwanga gutanga amakuru. 54

57 Intego ya gatanu ijyanye n icyerekezo rusange, kirebana no gushingira mbere na mbere ku bushobozi bw abanyarwanda mu kwikemurira ibibazo. Mu by ukuri abanyarwanda bagombaga gushaka umuti w ibibazo byari bibugarije. Ni muri urwo rwego muri ubu bushakashatsi twasesenguye ubushobozi bw abanyarwanda mu kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside. Bityo, ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku bipimo bikurikira: Imbonerahamwe N 5: Uruhare rw abaturage mu gushaka umuti w ikibazo cy imanza za Jenoside Ibipimo ngenderwaho Umwihariko wa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu gukemura ikibazo cy imanza za Jenoside Uruhare rw abaturage mu ikusanyamakuru ku birebana n ibyaha byakozwe Uruhare rwa gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha mu gufasha Inkiko Gacaca kugera ku ntego zari zahawe Ingamba z ubwiyunge zari zatangiwe mu gihugu zashobotse biturutse ku rubuga rw ibiganiro rwashyizweho muri Gacaca Aho byavuye: Byakozwe n abanditsi, Kamena Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora isuzuma bugereranya intego za gahunda n ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwonyine ntibuhagije mu kugaragaza umwihariko n impinduka zagiye zibaho mu byiciro bitandukanye bya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ku isesengura ryerekeye ibipimo bivugwa haruguru twongeyeho isesengura ry amategeko, amabwiriza ndetse na raporo zakozwe n izindi nzego kuri iyo gahunda. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twihatiye kugaragaza inshingano z aba Perezida n Inyangamugayo b Inkiko Gacaca, uburyo bw ikusanyamakuru, igenzura ry ibimenyetso bikoreshwa mu gukora dosiye y uregwa, iburanisha ry imanza n itangwa ry ibihano. Iyi yari ikubiye mu bice bitatu: Mu gice cya mbere, iryo sesengura ryagombaga kudufasha kugaragaza impinduka zabaye mu mategeko agenga Inkiko Gacaca. Mu gice cya kabiri, ryadufashije kugaragaza uburyo iburanisha ry imanza ryakurikije amategeko. Ahangaha, twagombaga gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati y ibyakozwe n ibyari bitegerejwe ku Nkiko Gacaca. Mu gice cya gatatu, twibanze ku gusuzuma impinduka zabaye muri gahunda y izo Nkiko. 55

58 1.4. Itoranywa ry Inkiko Gacaca, iry abantu babajijwe n imanza zasesenguwe Itoranywa ry Inkiko Gacaca zakoreweho isuzuma muri ubu bushakashatsi Mu isesengura ry inyandiko z Inkiko Gacaca twabashije kubona, twasanze Inkiko Gacaca z Akagari 751 zarakoraga mu buryo buhoraho mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo cy ikusanyamakuru, ndetse umubare wazo waje kwiyongera ugera ku 9008 mu gihe cy ikusanyamakuru mu gihugu hose. Muri icyo gihe cy ikusanyamakuru mu gihugu hose nibwo hashyizweho Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca ruhabwa inshingano yo guhuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca z Umurenge, z Ubujurire na z Akagari, zagombaga kuburanisha abantu bakekwagaho kugira uruhare muri Jenoside. Uku kwiyongera kw umubare kwatewe n ifatwa ry abaregwa bashya batari bafunze. Aba bagaragajwe mu gihe iburanisha ryari ririmbanyije ibi bikaba byarajyanye n uguhanagurwaho ibyaha ku bagaragaye ko ari abere. Hanyuma, kuva mu Ukwakira 2007, inshingano yo guhuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca yaje kongerwa kuko hongerewe inteko ku buryo SNJG yagombaga guhuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca z Umurenge n Inkiko Gacaca z ubujurire zaburanishaga mu buryo buhoraho kugira ngo imanza zirangire ku gihe cyari giteganyijwe. Byari biteganyijwe ko izo Nkiko zose zagombaga gukorerwamo ubu bushakashatsi kugira ngo tubashe kugaragaza mu buryo budashidikanywaho uko intego eshanu zari zahawe Inkiko Gacaca zagezweho. Icyakora, uwo murimo ntiwari gushoboka kubera imbogamizi nyinshi zirimo ubugari bw ahagombaga gukorerwa ubushakashatsi n uburyo byari bigoye. Dushingiye ku mwihariko wa buri hantu ku myumvire kuri gahunda y ikusanyamakuru ndetse n iburanisha mu nkiko zitandukanye, twahisemo gukoresha uburyo bwibanda ku gusesengura imikorere y urukiko rumwe, 56

59 mbere yo kurugereranya n «izindi nkiko» 49 hagamijwe kugaragaza ibyo izo nkiko zihuriyeho ndetse n ibyo zitandukaniyeho. Ku birebana n ihitamo ry Inkiko Gacaca zakorewemo ubushakashatsi twahisemo uburyo bwitwa «inyuranya risesuye» 50, kugira ngo ikibazo cy urunyurane rw amakuru aturutse ku babazwa batandukanye cyitabweho. Mu bifatika, ubu buryo bugaragarira mu guhitamo Inkiko Gacaca ebyiri(2) z Akagari muri buri Karere, Inkiko Gacaca ebyiri z Umurenge muri buri Karere n Inkiko Gacaca ebyiri (2) z ubujurire muri buri Karere. Muri rusange, twatoranyije Inkiko Gacaca 60 z Akagari, Inkiko Gacaca 60 z Umurenge n Inkiko Gacaca 60 z Ubujurire mu gihugu hose. Ubu buryo burimo inyungu ikomeye. Birumvikana ko isesengura ry imiterere y Urukiko rumwe bituma umwihariko w aho ruherereye witabwaho ntuburizwemo n ibivugwa ku rwego rw Igihugu. Birazwi kandi ko mu Karere kamwe, inkiko 2 ziherereye mu midugudu niyo yaba ituranye zishobora gukora mu buryo butandukanye nko mu bijyanye no kugaragaza ukuri. Icyakora, igereranywa ry inkiko zitandukanye ryatumye hagaragazwa ibyiza bihuriweho n inkiko n ubwo izo nkiko zaba zikorera mu duce dutandanye. 49 Miles B.& Huberman M. (2003), Expanded-Sourcebook/dp/ , Cuba and Lincoln (2003), An introduction to qualitative research,

60 Ikarita ikurikira iragaragaza ishusho rusange y inkiko zakoreweho ubushakashatsi bwacu: Aho Ikarita yavuye: Yakozwe n abanditsi ba CCM, Kamena Itoranywa ry abantu babajijwe muri buri Murenge Icyiciro cy ikusanyamakuru cy icyitegererezo, icy ikusanyamakuru mu gihugu hose ndetse n icyiciro cy iburanisha byavuzweho ibintu bitandukanye n abantu batandukanye bitewe n inyungu bari babifitemo. Kugira ngo haboneke ibitekerezo bivuye mu byiciro binyuranye, itoranywa ry abantu babajijwe kuri buri rukiko ryubahirije ihame ry ibyiciro bitandukanye by abantu. Ni muri urwo rwego muri buri Murenge watoranyijwe twifuzaga kubaza abantu 63 (ni ukuvuga abantu 21 muri buri rukiko), bahagarariye buri cyiciro mu bikurikira : abacitse ku icumu, abakatiwe n Inkiko Gacaca barangije ibihano bahawe, abatangabuhamya bashinja n abashinjura, Inyangamugayo, abahagarariye ubuyobozi bw ibanze n abahagarariye Polisi y Igihugu muri izo nzego bakurikiranye imigendekere y imanza. 58

61 Twari dufite kandi abahagarariye indorerezi z imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (sosiyete sivile, amadini, Imiryango idaharanira inyungu, n abandi.), abahagarariye abaturage bafite ubumenyi buhagije bw akarere ariko banakurikiranye imigendekere y ikusanyamakuru n iburanisha ry imanza. Ku rwego rw Igihugu twagombaga kubaza abantu 63 wakuba n Imirenge 60 yatoranyijwe bakaba abantu 3780 bagombaga kubazwa. Abo bantu bashubije urutonde rw ibibazo biri ku mugereka. Imbonerahamwe zikurikira ziragaragaza imibare y ababajijwe muri iri suzuma : Imbonerahamwe N 6 : Abantu babajijwe mu Mujyi wa Kigali Akarere Umurenge Umubare Nyarugenge Gasabo Kicukiro Kanyinya 45 Nyakabanda 56 Gikomero 63 Jali 63 Gikondo 61 Nyarugunga 63 Igiteranyo 351 Aho byavuye : Byateguwe n abanditsi b iyi raporo, Kamena

62 Imbonerahamwe N 7 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Amajyepfo Akarere Umurenge Umubare Nyanza Gisagara Nyaruguru Huye Nyamagabe Ruhango Muyira 63 Nyagisozi 56 Kansi 63 Save 63 Kibeho 63 Nyagisozi 63 Kigoma 63 Maraba 53 Gasaka 63 Uwinkingi 63 Kinazi 58 Ruhango 61 Nyamabuye 59 Muhanga Rongi 62 Kayumbu 63 Kamonyi Mugina 63 Igiteranyo 979 Aho byavuye : Byateguwe n abanditsi b iyi raporo, Kamena

63 Imbonerahamwe N 8 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Iburengerazuba Akarere Umurenge Umubare Karongi Rutsiro Rubavu Nyabihu Ngororero Rusizi Nyamasheke Gitesi 62 Rubengera 63 Gihango 63 Rusebeya 44 Bugeshi 63 Gisenyi 63 Kintobo 63 Mukamira 63 Ngororero 60 Sovu 45 Mururu 53 Nkanka 62 Bushekeri 49 Kagano 63 Igiteranyo 816 Aho byavuye : Byateguwe n abanditsi b iyi raporo, Kamena

64 Imbonerahamwe N 9 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Amajyaruguru Akarere Umurenge Umubare Rulindo Rusiga 61 Shyorongi 59 Gakenke Cyabingo 63 Rushashi 63 Musanze Gacaca 60 Muhoza 61 Burera Bungwe 63 Nemba 63 Gicumbi Byumba 63 Mutete 63 Igiteranyo 619 Aho byavuye : Byateguwe n abanditsi b iyi raporo, Kamena

65 Imbonerahamwe N 10 : Abantu babajijwe mu Ntara y Iburasirazuba Akarere Umurenge Umubare Rwamagana Nyagatare Gatsibo Kayonza Kirehe Ngoma Bugesera Musha 60 Nyakariro 63 Kiyombe 42 Matimba 30 Kabarore 50 Kiziguro 55 Gahini 62 Mwiri 35 Kirehe 63 Nyarubuye 52 Rukira 63 Zaza 63 Ntarama 61 Nyarugenge 63 Igiteranyo 762 Aho byavuye : Byateguwe n abanditsi b iyi raporo, Kamena 2010 Kubera ko inyandiko y ibibazo itagaragaza umwihariko w igikorwa gikomeye nk icyo kuburanisha umubare munini w imanza zitandukanye, twifashishije ibiganiro birambuye twagiranye n abagize uruhare muri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca bazi neza uko ibintu byagenze muri buri rukiko. 63

66 Ababajijwe batoranyijwe hakurikijwe uburyo bwitwa «boule de neige ou chaîne», bwahimbwe na Miles & Huberman 51. Ubwo buryo bushyira mu bagomba kubazwa abantu baba bagaragajwe nk abafite amakuru menshi ku bipimo nyamwinshi biri mu nyandiko y ibibazo. Nubwo ibiterekerezo by abagize uruhare muri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca byari bikenewe ku bipimo binyuranye bivugwa haruguru, twasanze bitari bihagije mu kugaragaza urugero Inkiko Gacaca zagezeho mu kugera ku ntego zari zahawe. Mu yandi magambo, ibisobanuro byose byari bikenewe ntibyari kugaragarira mu nyandiko y ibibazo n ibiganiro. Aha umuntu yatanga urugero ku bipimo birebana n intego ya mbere (kugaragaza ukuri), intego ya kabiri (kwihutisha imanza) n intego ya gatatu (guca umuco wo kudahana). Imibare yabonetse hifashishijwe inyandiko y ibibazo n ibiganiro byashyigikiwe n isesengura ry imanza zari mu bubiko bw inyandiko. Urebye umubare w amadosiye yari ashyinguye mu bubiko bw inyandiko bw Ikigo gishinzwe kubika amakuru yavuye mu Nkiko Gacaca, twahisemo gufata urubanza 1 kuri 300, byatumye hatoranywa imanza 1460 zo ku rwego rwa mbere, imanza 201 zo mu rwego rw ubujurire n imanza 1723 z imitungo. Uru rugero (1/300) rwafashwe kuko arirwo rwashoboka kubera ko isesengura ry idosiye y urubanza ari umurimo utoroshye usaba gusuzuma imiterere y icyaha, gusuzuma abagikoze, gusuzuma uburyo bagikoze, gusuzuma uburyo abagikoze bafashwe n uburyo ukuri kwagiye ahagaragara, gusuzuma imikirize y urubanza no gusuzuma isano hagati y igihano cyatanzwe n icyaha cyahamye uregwa. Ku birebana n itoranywa ry amadosiye yasesenguwe, ryakurikije uburyo bw ibyiciro bishingiye ku madosiye aturuka muri buri karere. 51 Miles B.& Huberman M. (2003), Expanded-Sourcebook/dp/

67 UMUTWE WA II URUHARE RWA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA MU KUGARAGAZA UKURI KU BYAHA BYAKOZWE MURI JENOSIDE 2.1. Intangiriro Mu nshingano Inkiko Gacaca zahawe harimo iya mbere yo kugaragaza ukuri ku byaha bya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe kuva ku itariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 kugeza 31 kuboza N ubwo mu ntangiriro benshi mu bakurikiraniraga hafi imikorere y Inkiko Gacaca bemezaga ko zizagira akamaro, hari n abatekerezaga ko izo Nkiko ari ubundi buryo bwo gutanga imbabazi rusange, bikazatuma abaregwa n imiryango yabo banga kugaragaza ukuri. Abandi bavugaga ko izo nkiko z abaturage zizavamo uburyo bwo guhamya abahutu bose icyaha. Kuva mu ntangiriro, hariho gushidikanya ku bushobozi bw Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza ukuri. Mu rwego rwo kuvanaho uko gushidikanya, abatangije gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca bari bafite icyizere ko zizagirwamo uruhare n abaturage bose kandi zigakorera mu ruhame bikazakuraho imbogamizi zo kugaragaza ukuri Igisobanuro cyahawe ijambo «Ukuri» muri ubu bushakashatsi Ubusanzwe, ijambo ukuri (mu kilatini «Veritatem», riva kuri veritas, «vérité» riva kuri verus, «vrai») risobanura imiterere y ikintu kiri cyo. Risobanura isano nyayo iri hagati y igitekerezo n icyo gisobanura. Muri ubu buryo, iri jambo risobanura ibintu biri byo kandi bifitiwe ibimenyetso bifatika byemeza ko byabayeho. 65

68 Ariko nk uko Verdaja 52 abisobanura, kugaragaza ibyaha byakozwe ntibihagije mu gutangiza gahunda y ubwiyunge bivuye ku mutima nyuma y ibihe by intambara n ubugizi bwa nabi kuko abafitanye ikibazo bashobora kubyumva mu buryo butandukanye. Urugero rwagaragaye ubwo gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatangiraga, benshi mu bari barafunguwe by agateganyo bireze bakemera icyaha wasangaga akenshi bashaka kwerekana ko uruhare runini ari urwa Leta kuko ariyo yateguye Jenoside. Iyi mvugo yafatwa n abacitse ku icumu nk ikimenyetso ko abireze batemeye icyaha babikuye ku mutima. Tugendeye ku gitekerezo cy uwo mwanditsi ku birebana cyane cyane na «narrative truth», ijambo ukuri ryasobanurwa nk urwunge rw ibyaturuka mu isuzuma ryimbitse ry umutimanama wa buri muntu, ritagarukira gusa ku kuvuga ukuri kw ibyabaye ahubwo rigera kure bikarema mu barokotse icyizere ko uwabikoze byamuvuye ku mutima ndetse ko yahindutse by ukuri. Ku bwa Verdaja, ukuri gushingira ku kwemera mu ruhame ibyaha wakoze ndetse kugashakira no hirya y ibimenyetso bifatika. Kugizwe n ubuhamya bw abaturage bose baba bahuriye ku mugambi wo kubaka Igihugu bagahangana n ingaruka za Jenoside. Ibipimo by iri jambo bikubiye mu bice by ifishi y ikusanyamakuru igizwe ni ibi bikurikira: umwirondoro w abacuze umugambi wa Jenoside, abayiteguye, abakoze amalisiti y abagomba kwicwa, abatanze intwaro zo gukora icyaha, abashyizeho bariyeri, abagize uruhare mu bwicanyi muri buri Kagari no hanze yako, abishwe kubera ko banze gukora Jenoside, aho imirambo y abishwe yajugunywe, uko buri wese yishwe, n ibindi Kugaragaza ukuri nyuma ya Jenoside Ubumwe n ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda bushingiye ku nkingi y «Ubutabera kuri bose». Nyamara ubu butabera bushoboka mu gihe ukuri ku byabaye kugaragajwe. Ni yo mpamvu kumenya ukuri ku byabaye muri Jenoside 52 Verdeja, E., Unchopping a three. Reconciliation in the aftermath of Political Violence, Philadelphia, Temple University Press,

69 yakorewe Abatusi mu 1994 byari ngombwa kugira ngo hubakwe ubutabera bwashingirwaho n ubumwe n ubwiyunge mu Rwanda. Ni gute ukuri kwari kugerwaho mu gihe ibihumbi by abaturage basanzwe bagize uruhare muri ubu bwicanyi bwayogoje uduce twose tw Igihugu? Ikindi, ntibyashoboka gushingira gusa ku makuru atangwa n abarokotse kuko bari bihishe ubwo Jenoside yakorwaga. Bitewe n uko abicanyi bibikoranaga ishema ku manywa y ihangu, uburyo bwashobokaga bwo kugera ku kuri bwari ubwo gukusanya ubuhamya bw abaturage biboneye ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga aho bari batuye, binyuze mu ikusanyamakuru no mu iburanisha hagamijwe guhinyuza abashobora kubeshya. Kubera amasano yo mu miryango n uburyo Jenoside yitabiriwe n abantu benshi ku buryo imiryango mike ariyo yasigaye itagize umuntu n umwe witabira Jenoside, byagize ingaruka y uko abantu bose n abataragize icyo bakora biyumvaho umugayo w icyaha. Icyabikurikiye ni uguhisha ukuri ku byaha byakozwe n abantu bafitanye amasano. Ni muri iyo myumvire yo guhishira ukuri hatangiye icyiciro cy icyitegererezo cya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abagize uruhare muri Jenoside Kugaraza ukuri ku byabaye muri Jenoside ni imwe mu nshingano zihutirwa zahawe Inkiko Gacaca kuva zigitangira kuko ubumwe n ubwiyunge bitari gushoboka mu gihe uruhare rwa buri muntu ku byaha byakozwe rutagaragajwe. Ni muri uru rwego, inshingano ya mbere y Inkiko Gacaca ku rwego rw Akagari yari iyo kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye hagati y itariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 n iya 31 Ukuboza Ni yo mpamvu itegeko riteganya ko Inama Rusange y Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari ikusanya amakuru kuri ibi bikurikira : (a) Abantu biciwe mu Kagali ; (b) Abantu bari muri buri rugo rwo mu Kagali 67

70 rwatewe, (c) Abantu bagize uruhare muri Jenoside mu Kagali. Hifashishijwe Inkiko Gacaca, hari hategerejwe ukuri ku bakekwaho icyaha, ku bahohotewe, no ku bacitse ku icumu mbese, ku bintu byose byabaye muri Jenoside Icyo amategeko ateganya ku nzego z abaregwa Jenoside Ku birebana n abakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside, ingingo ya 9 y Itegeko Ngenga n 13/2008 ryo kuwa 19/05/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena ububasha n imikorere by Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y itariki ya 1 ukwakira 1990 n iya 31 Ukuboza 1994, iteganya ko umuntu ukurikiranyweho ibyaha ashobora gushyirwa muri rumwe mu nzego zikurikira : - Urwego rwa mbere : 1 umuntu wakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by ubufatanyacyaha bimushyira mu bacuze cyangwa abateguye umugambi wa Jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 2 umuntu wari mu nzego z ubuyobozi ku rwego rw Igihugu n urwa Perefegitura : mu nzego z ubutegetsi bwa Leta, mu mashyaka ya politiki, mu Gisirikare, muri Jandarumori, mu madini cyangwa mu mitwe yitwaraga gisirikari ku buryo butemewe n amategeko, akaba yarakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokumuntu cyangwa akoshya abandi kubikora, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 3 umuntu wakoze ibyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by ubufatanyacyaha bimushyira mu bashishikarije abandi umugambi wa Jenoside, abagenzuye n abayoboye Jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, hamwe n ibyitso bye. 4 umuntu wari mu nzego z ubuyobozi ku rwego rwa Superefegitura n urwa Komini : mu nzego z ubutegetsi bwa Leta, mu mashyaka ya politiki, mu Gisirikare, muri Jandarumori, muri Polisi ya Komini, mu madini cyangwa mu mitwe yitwaraga gisirikari ku buryo butemewe n amategeko, akaba yarakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside cyangwa ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu cyangwa akoshya abandi kubikora, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 68

71 5 umuntu wasambanyije undi ku gahato cyangwa wangije imyanya ndangagitsina, hamwe n ibyitso bye. - Urwego rwa kabiri : 1 umwicanyi ruharwa wamamaye aho yari ari cyangwa aho yanyuze kubera umwete yagize mu bwicanyi cyangwa ubugome bukabije yabukoranye, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 2 umuntu wakoreye abandi ibikorwa by iyicarubozo, kabone n iyo byaba bitarabaviriyemo gupfa, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 3 umuntu wakoze ibikorwa by ubushinyaguzi ku murambo, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 4 Umuntu wakoze icyaha cyangwa ibikorwa by ubufatanyacyaha bimushyira mu mubare w abishe cyangwa wagiriye abandi nabi bikabaviramo gupfa, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 5 umuntu wakomerekeje cyangwa wagiriye abandi nabi agambiriye kubica ariko umugambi we ntawugereho, hamwe n ibyitso bye; 6 umuntu wakoze cyangwa wafashije gukora ibindi byaha byakorewe abantu, atagambiriye kubica, hamwe n ibyitso bye. - Urwego rwa gatatu: Umuntu wakoze gusa ibyaha byerekeranye n umutungo. Nubwo Inkiko Gacaca zitahawe ububasha bwo gucira imanza abaregwa bo mu rwego rwa mbere nk abacuze umugambi wa Jenoside n abayiteguye, ukuri kuri ibyo kwagombaga kumenyekanira muri Gacaca. Ibi byatuma umuntu yibaza urugero Inkiko Gacaca zagezeho mu kugera kuri iyi ntego Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abacuze umugambi wa Jenoside n abayiteguye ku rwego rw Igihugu Ni ngombwa gushimangira ko ku birebana n abacuze umugambi cyangwa abateguye Jenoside, Inkiko Gacaca zagombaga kugarukira gusa ku ikusanyamakuru hanyuma zikohereza amadosiye yabo mu Nkiko zisanzwe cyangwa iza Gisirikare zifite ububasha bwo kubaburanisha. 69

72 Ingingo ya mbere y Itegeko Ngenga n 13/2008 ryo ku wa 19/05/2008 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/6/2004 rigena ububasha n imikorere by Inkiko Gacaca iteganya ko abantu bakoze ibyaha bibashyira mu rwego rwa mbere, agace ka mbere n aka kabiri, nk uko bisobanurwa n ingingo ya 9 y Itegeko Ngenga, baburanishwa n inkiko zisanzwe cyangwa iza gisirikare hakurikijwe imiburanishirize y imanza ikoreshwa mu nkiko zisanzwe. Ni ngombwa kwibutsa ko abacuze umugambi wa Jenoside n abawuteguye bashyizwe mu rwego rwa mbere. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana ibigereranyo nyamwinshi byagaragajwe kuri iki cyiciro: Igishushanyo N 1. Kugaragaza ukuri ku bacuze n abateguye umugambi wa Jenoside ku rwego rw Igihugu 48.90% 26.70% 7% 1.80% 11.50% 4.10% Birahebuje Byiza cyane Byiza Si byiza Ntacyo mbiziho Nta gisubizo Aho byavuye: Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Igishushanyo kiri haruguru kiragaragaza ko 26,7% by ababajijwe basanga Inkiko Gacaca zaragize uruhare ruhebuje mu kugaragaza abacuze umugambi wa Jenoside n abayiteguye naho 48,9% bagasanga zaragize uruhare rushimishije cyane. 7% by ababajijwe bo basanga Inkiko Gacaca zaragize uruhare rushimishije. 70

73 Igiteranyo cya 82.6% basanga Inkiko Gacaca zaragize uruhare rukomeye mu kugaragaza ukuri kuri iki gipimo gikomeye. Mu by ukuri, aha ni ho umusaruro wa gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha ugaragarira mu kugaragaza ibyemezo byagiye bifatwa mu nama zitandukanye zo gutegura Jenoside. 1, 8% bonyine nibo bagaragaza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare rudashimishije, kubera ko bamwe bangaga gutanga amakuru afatika ku mugambi wo gutegura Jenoside. Muri icyi gice usangamo cyane cyane abahoze mu nzego nkuru z ubuyobozi hamwe n abantu bize. 11,5% bemeje ko batazi ko Jenoside yateguwe, naho 4,1% birinze kugira icyo batangaza kuri iyi ngingo. Kugereranya amakuru yagiye atangwa mu nkiko zitandukanye bituma umuntu abasha kurenga imyumvire rusange no kugaragaza ko amakuru yahavuye atandukanye. Hashingiwe kuri ibyo, usanga mu duce dufite umubare muto w abarokotse Jenoside nka Rushashi mu Karere ka Gakenke, na Sovu mu Karere ka Ngororero, abaturage barashoboye guhishira amazina y abantu bateguye ubwicanyi bitabagoye. Wasangaga bagarukira gusa ku kwemeza amakuru yatanzwe n abagororwa bireze bakemera ibyaha. Hanagaragaye kandi kudashaka kugaragaza ukuri ku byo bazi kuri bamwe mu«nyangamugayo» z Inkiko Gacaca. Mu nkiko zo mu Mujyi nka Jali, Gikondo, Kicukiro na Nyakabanda ho mu Mujyi wa Kigali, kugaragaza abacuze umugambi byabaye ingorabahizi ku Nyangamugayo. Ibi byatewe nuko muri utu duce Jenoside yitabiriwe n abayobozi bakuru, abasirikare n abajandarume batari bazwi n abaturage bo muri utu Tugali. Ibi kandi ubisanga no mu duce twiciwemo abantu benshi nko mu Bisesero, Ntarama, Kabgayi na Nyarubuye. Impamvu ni uko ubwicanyi bwategurirwaga kure yaho, noneho abicanyi bakazanwa mu mabisi no mu makamyo bavanywe mu Tugali twa kure. Ibi birashimangira ibyagaragajwe mbere n indorerezi z Umuryango w Abibumbye zari ziyobowe na bwana René Degni-Segui 53 ko Jenoside ari umugambi wateguwe. 53 Réné Degni Sewgui, Report on the situation of human rights in Rwanda submitted by Mr. Rene Degni-Segui, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights, under paragraph 20 of resolution S-3/1 of 25 May

74 Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kwerekana abateguye Jenoside hirya no hino gihugu Abateguye Jenoside mu duce dutandukanye tw Igihugu barimo ibice bitatu : abakoze amalisiti y abagombaga kwicwa, abatanze intwaro zo gukora ubwicanyi n abashyizeho bariyeri. Iyi ngingo igendana n iyayibanjirije kuko ibi bikorwa uko ari bitatu byavuye mu mugambi wari wateguwe mbere. Aha Inkiko Gacaca zagombaga kugaragaza ukuri ku bahagarikiye n abayoboye Jenoside. Ibyagaragajwe mu mibare kuri iyi ngingo biri mu bishushanyo bikurikira : Igishushanyo N 2 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku ikorwa ry amalisiti y abagombaga kwicwa 36.20% 19.90% 24.00% 3.40% 8.10% 8.40% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza 2010 Ku birebana n iyi ngingo, 19,9% y ababajijwe bemeje ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare ruhebuje mu kugaragaza abantu bakoze amalisiti y abantu bagombaga kwicwa. 36,2% bemeza ko zagize uruhare rushimishije cyane naho 24% bagasanga zaragize uruhare rushimishije. 72

75 Igiteranyo cya 80,1% y ababajijwe bemeje ko Inkiko Gacaca zabashije kwerekana abateguye n abayoboye Jenoside mu duce dutandukanye tw Igihugu kubera ko bakoraga ku mugaragaro kandi bakaba bari abantu bazwi muri utwo duce. 3,4% byonyine y ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zahuye n ibibazo byo kwerekana abagize uruhare muri Jenoside muri icyi cyiciro. Uretse mu duce dusa nk aho nta baba baracitse ku icumu rya Jenoside bari bahari ngo babe baratanze ubuhamya bwabo, mu tundi duce twose twakorewe isuzuma, ibisobanuro byatanzwe kuri iyi ngingo ni uko amalisiti y abagombaga kwicwa yakozwe n abayobozi b inzego z ibanze n abayobozi b interahamwe bafashijwe n abaturanyi bari bazi buri wese mu bagize imiryango y abagombaga kwicwa. Ku birebana no kugaragaza abatanze intwaro n abatanze amabwiriza yo gushyiraho za bariyeri, igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana ibyagaragajwe mu mibare : Igishushanyo N 3 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku batanze intwaro 38.00% 22.10% 23.00% 4.00% 2.90% 10.00% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza

76 Nk uko bigaragara ku gishushanyo kiri haruguru, 22,1% by ababajijwe bemeza ko abatanze intwaro zo gukora ibyaha bagaragajwe ku buryo buhebuje. 38% bemeza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yageze ku nshingano zayo ku buryo bushimishije cyane, naho 23% bagasanga yarazigezeho ku buryo bushimishije. Impamvu ifatika itangwa ni uko akenshi iki gikorwa cyaberaga mu ruhame. Igiteranyo cya 83,1% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare mu kugaragaza ukuri ku itangwa ry intwaro zakoreshejwe muri Jenoside. Icyakora 4% by ababajijwe basanga iki gikorwa kitaragezweho ku buryo bushimishije kuko mu itangira rya Jenoside intwaro zatangwaga mu ibanga. 12,9% birinze kugira icyo batangaza kuri iki kibazo cyangwa ntacyo bari babiziho. Igishushanyo N 4 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku batanze amabwiriza yo gushyiraho bariyeri 27.00% 29.80% 25.00% 3.60% 4.90% 9.70% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Nk uko bigaragara muri iki gishushanyo, 27% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare ruhebuje mu kugaragaza abatanze amabwiriza yo gushyiraho bariyeri. 29,8% basanga uyu murimo warakozwe neza cyane, 74

77 naho 25% bo bagasanga warakozwe neza. Igiteranyo cya 81,8% bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zabashije kwerekana abatanze amabwiriza yo gushyiraho bariyeri mu duce dutandukanye tw Igihugu. Ni ngombwa gushimangira ko byari byoroshye kubona aya makuru kuko bariyeri bwari bumwe mu buryo bwo gukora amarondo y ijoro yari ashinzwe ba Konseye na ba Resiponsabule ba Serire. Kuko abaturage benshi bitabiriye ayo marondo mbere no muri Jenoside, abari bashinzwe za bariyeri ndetse n amabwiriza batanze byagaragaye mu gihe cy ikusanyamakuru ku migendekere ya Jenoside muri buri Kagali. Umuntu yakwemeza ko mu gutangiza gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no kwemera icyaha ku bushake Gacaca yatumye ukuri kugaragara. Byari bihagije ko mu gace kamwe, bamwe mu bateguye Jenoside birega bakemera icyaha by ukuri, kugira ngo byorohere Inyangamugayo gucukumbura amakuru yose agendanye n uburyo ubwicanyi bwateguwe muri ako gace. Kuba 3,6% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zitashoboye kugaragaza abatanze amabwiriza yo gushyiraho za bariyeri, biterwa n uko ibanga ryo gutegura Jenoside ryabitswe neza n abayobozi ndetse n ibyegera byabo. Bityo, iyo abayobozi b inzego z ibanze n aba za bariyeri binangiraga ntibirege cyangwa bakicecekera, amakuru y uko Jenoside yateguwe, uko yahagarikiwe n uko yayobowe yabonekaga bigoranye Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abashyize mu bikorwa Jenoside Mu cyiciro cy abagize uruhare muri Jenoside harimo abashyizeho za bariyeri zakoreweho ibyaha, n abagiye mu bitero byo guhiga abatutsi, imbere no hanze ya buri Kagali. Imwe mu nshingano zikomeye Inkiko Gacaca zari zahawe yari iyo kugaragaza abashyize mu bikorwa Jenoside, kuko babarizwa mu byiciro byose bigize umuryango nyarwanda. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana ibyagaragajwe n Inkiko Gacaca ku birebana n abantu bakoreye ibyaha ku mabariyeri yari yashyizweho mu tugari twose tw Igihugu. 75

78 Igishushanyo N 5 : Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abantu bakoreye ibyaha kuri za bariyeri 26.70% 32.60% 23.00% 2.10% 5.10% 10.50% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Iki gishushanyo kirerekana ko 26,7% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zatumye abakoreye ibyaha kuri za bariyeri bamenyekana ku buryo buhebuje, mu gihe 32,6% babona ko zagize uruhare rwiza cyane, naho 23% bemeza ko zagize uruhare rwiza. Igiteranyo cyose cy ababajijwe iki kibazo bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare rugaragara mu kugaragaza ukuri ni 82,3%. Kubera ko abantu bose bari bagejeje ku myaka y ubukure bari batuye muri Selire mu kagali bari bategetswe kurara amarondo no kujya kuri za bariyeri, mu ntangiriro za gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca abaturage bashakaga guhisha amakuru ku byaha byahakorewe batinya ko bafatwa nk abafatanyacyaha. Ariko nyuma y uko Inyangamugayo zibasobanuriye ko abahakoreye ibyaha ari bo bonyine bazakurikiranwa, abaturage basanzwe bitandukanyije n abanyabyaha, bityo ukuri gutangira kujya ahagaragara. Nk uko bigaragara, 2,1% gusa mu babajijwe nibo batekereza ko uruhare rw Inkiko Gacaca kuri iyi ngingo rudahagije. 5,1% bo bemeje ko nta makuru ahagije bafite kuri iyi ngingo, mu gihe 10,5% bifashe. Ku birebana no kugaragaza abitabiriye ibitero byagabwe ku batutsi muri buri Kagali, ibyagaragajwe n Inkiko Gacaca birerekanwa n igishushanyo gikurikira : 76

79 Igishushanyo N 6 : Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abashyize mu bikorwa Jenoside muri buri Kagali 24.20% 32.30% 27.00% 5.50% 6.70% 4.30% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Biragaragara ko 24,2% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare ruhebuje mu kugaragaza abashyize mu bikorwa Jenoside ku rwego rwa buri Kagali, mu gihe 32,3% bemeza ko zagize uruhare rwiza cyane, 27% bo bakemeza ko zagize uruhare ruhagije. Bityo, igiteranyo cya 83,5% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare mu kugaragaza umubare munini w abicanyi batumye ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Jenoside rishoboka mu gihugu hose. Hashingiwe ku bwinshi bw amakuru yakusanyijwe ku byaha byakozwe n umubare w ababigizemo uruhare biragaragara ko ubutabera mu Nkiko Gacaca bwari kugera ku musaruro nk uwo bwagezeho. 5,5% bonyine nibo batekereza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca itashoboye kugaragaza abantu bose bagize uruhare muri Jenoside, kubera ubwinshi bw abaturage bayigizemo uruhare. 6,7% nta makuru afatika bari bafite, mu gihe 4,3 % y ababajijwe birinze kugira icyo batangaza kuri iyi ngingo. 77

80 Nk uko imibare yerekanywe haruguru ibigaragaza, Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugaragaza ukuri ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya Jenoside muri buri Kagali zagaragaje kandi uko Jenoside yakozwe, zinagaragaza uruhare rwa buri muntu wese wagiyizemo uruhare. Uyu musaruro washingiye ahanini ku mpamvu z uko Inkiko zegerejwe abaturage. Mu Nkiko nyinshi zakoreweho isuzuma, amakuru ya mbere yatanzwe n imfungwa zireze zikemera ibyaha. Ku rundi ruhande abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside, abatangabuhamya n abaturage ba buri Kagali bagiye buzuza amakuru yaburaga, n ubwo ahenshi abakoze Jenoside mu tugali batuyemo hafi ya bose bari bazwi. Ibirebana n abakoze Jenoside baturutse mu tundi tugali cyangwa imirenge bihagaze bite? Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana ibyagaragajwe kuri iyi ngingo: Igishushanyo N 7: Kugaragaza ukuri ku bakoze Jenoside mu tundi tugali 32.10% 29% 19.10% 4.50% 5.10% 10.20% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza

81 Iki gishushanyo kirerekana ko 19,1% by ababajijwe bemeza ko uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza ukuri ku bakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside mu tundi tugali ari rwiza bihebuje. 32,1% bemeza ko ukuri kuri iyi ngingo guhagije cyane, mu gihe 29% bo basanga guhagije. Igiteranyo kirerekana ko 80,2% by ababajijwe basanga Inkiko Gacaca zaragaragaje benshi mu banyabyaha bakoreye ibyaha hanze y utugari bakomokamo. Ukuri kuri iyi ngingo kwagaragajwe n imanza z amatsinda, ni ukuvuga imanza zahurizwagamo abaregwa benshi bakoreye icyaha hamwe. 4,5% by ababajijwe bonyine nibo bemeza ko uruhare rw Inkiko Gacaca kuri iyi ngingo rudahagije, mu gihe 5,1% by ababajijwe bemeza ko nta makuru afatika babifiteho, naho 10,2% ntibabashije gusubiza iki kibazo Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abahohotewe muri Jenoside Inkiko Gacaca zagombaga kugaragaza ukuri ku bakoze Jenoside bityo hakamenyekana ukuri ku buryo abantu bose bishwe muri Jenoside haba muri buri Kagali cyangwa hanze yako, uko bishwe n aho imirambo yabo yajugunywe. Ibyagaragajwe kuri iyi ngingo biraboneka mu bika bikurikira : Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abiciwe mu Kagali bakomokamo 79

82 Igishushanyo N 8: Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abahohotewe muri Jenoside 39.40% 24.20% 18% 7.30% 5.20% 5.70% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Isesengura ry amakuru yakusanyijwe rigaragaza ko 39,4% by ababajijwe basanga gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yarabashije kugaragaza ku buryo buhebuje abahigwaga biciwe mu tugali bakomokamo. 24,2% basanga iyi nshingano yaragezweho ku buryo bushimishije cyane naho 18,2% bo bagasanga yaragezweho ku buryo bushimishije. Igiteranyo cya 81,8% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zashohoje ku buryo bushimishije inshingano yo kugaragaza abazize Jenoside biciwe mu Tugali bakomokamo. 7,3% basanga iyi nshingano itaragezweho ku buryo bushimishije, kuko ukuri kose ku bahohotewe kutagaragajwe bitewe n uko bamwe mu baregwaga banze gutanga amakuru kuri iyi ngingo. 5,2% by ababajijwe bemeje ko nta makuru afatika bafite kuri iyi ngingo, naho 5,7% ntibagize igisubizo bayitangaho. Uretse kugaragaza abagize uruhare mu bwicanyi bwakorewe muri buri Kagari, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yanagaragaje abishwe muri Jenoside n aho imirambo yabo yajugunywe. Ni ngombwa gushimangira ko ibi bitashobotse mu duce twegereye amazi nk ibiyaga, imigezi minini nka Nyabarongo, 80

83 Akanyaru n Akagera bishingiye ku miterere y aha hantu. Mu by ukuri, imirambo y abishwe yajugunywe mu mazi ndetse imwe ijyanwa nayo mu bihugu bihana imbibi n u Rwanda nka Uganda Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abiciwe hanze y utugari bakomokamo Abahigwaga bamaze kubona ko kwicwa kwabo byari byarateguwe, bamwe bagerageje kujya gushakira ubuhungiro muri bene wabo cyangwa inshuti zabo batuye kure yabo. Abandi bakoze ibishoboka byose ngo bagere ahantu bakekaga ko abicanyi bakubaha nko ku nsengero na za Kiliziya. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twagerageje gushaka kumenya niba gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yarafashije mu kumenya ukuri ku bantu biciwe kure y aho bakomoka. Ibyagezweho kuri iyi ngingo biragaragara mu gishushanyo gikurikira: Igishushanyo N 9: Kugaragaza ukuri ku bishwe muri Jenoside biciwe hanze y Akagari bari batuyemo 28.00% 33% 19.10% 5.80% 5.00% 9.10% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza

84 Igishushanyo kiri hejuru kiragaragaza ko 19,1% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare ruhebuje mu kugaragaza abantu bishwe muri Jenoside biciwe hanze y utugari bari batuyemo, mu gihe 28% basanga zaragize uruhare rushimishije cyane, naho 33% bagasanga zaragize uruhare rushimishije. Bityo, igiteranyo cya 80,1% by ababajijwe bemeza ko izi Nkiko zagize uruhare mu kugaragaza ukuri ku bishwe muri Jenoside biciwe hanze y utugari bari batuyemo. Icyakora 5,8% y ababajijwe bavuga ko Inkiko Gacaca zitashoboye kugaragaza umusaruro zari zitezweho kuri iyi ngingo. 5% gusa y ababajijwe ni bo bemeza ko ntacyo babiziho, mu gihe 9,1% bo birinze kugira icyo batangaza. Ni ngombwa gushimangira ko aya makuru yavuye ahanini mu bwirege bw imfungwa, kubera ko abishwe baguye ahantu abaturage batari basanzwe babazi. Ahagiye habura ubwirege bwuzuye cyangwa hakabura abandi batanga ubuhamya, abaregwaga bafunzwe bagiye bahisha ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bakirega «ibyaha byoroheje» kugira ngo bagabanyirizwe ibihano Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abiciwe kuri bariyeri Nk uko bigaragara mu isesengura rya gahunda y ikusanyamakuru, Inkiko Gacaca zari zitezweho na none kugaragaza abiciwe kuri bariyeri zitandukanye zashyizweho mu gihe cya Jenoside. Ibyo zagaragaje biraboneka mu gishushanyo gikurikira : 82

85 Igishushanyo N 10: Kugaragaza abiciwe kuri bariyeri 17.70% 35.60% 27% 3.80% 10.30% 5.60% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Iki gishushanyo kiragaragaza ko 17,7% by ababajijwe bemeza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagize uruhare ruhebuje mu kugaragaza abantu biciwe kuri bariyeri. 35,6% basanga yaragize uruhare rushimishije cyane, naho 27% bo bagasanga izi Nkiko zaragize uruhare rushimishije. Igiteranyo cya 80,3% by ababajijwe basanga gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yaragize uruhare mu kugaragaza ukuri ku bantu biciwe kuri bariyeri. Igishushanyo kiri haruguru kandi kiragaragaza ko 3,8% by ababajijwe basanga Inkiko Gacaca zitaragize uruhare rushimishije mu kugaragaza abiciwe kuri bariyeri. 10,3% y ababajijwe bemeza ko ntacyo bazi kuri iyi ngingo mu gihe 5,6% birinze kugira icyo batangaza. Bariyeri ntizafashije gusa mu gutangatanga abahigwaga batuye mu kagali, ahubwo zanagize uruhare mu guhagarika abagihigwaga babaga babashije kurokoka ubwicanyi mu Tugali bari batuyemo. 83

86 Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abishwe bazira kwanga gukora Jenoside Hamwe no kugaragaza ukuri ku Batutsi bishwe, Inkiko Gacaca zagombaga no kugira uruhare mu kugaragaza ukuri ku bandi bishwe batari Abatutsi ahubwo bazize ko banze gukora Jenoside cyangwa bazira ko bahishe Abatutsi. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana ibyagaragajwe kuri iyi ngingo : Igishushanyo N 11: Kugaragaza ukuri ku bishwe bazira ko banze gukora Jenoside 52% 16.40% 12.90% 3.60% 9.30% 5.80% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza 2010 Iki gishushanyo kirerekana ko 16,4% y ababajijwe bemeza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yerekanye ku buryo buhebuje ukuri ku bantu bishwe kubera ko banze kugira uruhare mu bikorwa bya Jenoside, mu gihe 12,9% na 52% bagaragaje ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagize uruhare mu kwerekana iki cyiciro cy abahohotewe. Mu giteranyo, 81,3% y ababajijwe basanga gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yaragize uruhare mu kwerekana ukuri ku bishwe bazira ko banze kugira uruhare muri Jenoside. 3,6% by ababajijwe bavuga ko uru ruhare rutagaragajwe neza, mu gihe 9,3% by ababajijwe bemeza ko badafite ingero z abantu batari Abatutsi 84

87 bishwe bazira ko banze kugira uruhare muri Jenoside. Bivuze ko hari abantu bake cyane bagaragaje ko badashyigikiye uwo mugambi. Bamwe mu batari bashyigikiye umugambi wo gutsemba abatutsi bahitagamo gukorera mu ibanga, bagahisha abatutsi bahigwaga uko bari babishoboye, bakanatanga rimwe na rimwe amafaranga kugira ngo abicanyi bataza kubasaka Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza aho ubwicanyi bwakorewe n aho imirambo y abishwe yajugunywe Ukuri ku hantu hakorewe ubwicanyi n aho imirambo y abishwe yajugunywe kwagombaga kugaragazwa n Inkiko Gacaca. Ibishushanyo bibiri bikurikira birerekana ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi. Igishushanyo N 12 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku hantu hakorewe ubwicanyi 38.60% 23.00% 25% 2.70% 5.60% 5.10% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Iki gishushanyo kiragaragaza ko 23% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zashoboye kugaragaza ku buryo buhebuje ahantu hakorewe ubwicanyi, mu gihe 38,6% by ababajijwe basanga zarakoze uyu murimo ku buryo bushimishije cyane. 25% bo basanga zarakoze uwo murimo ku buryo bushimishije. Bityo igiteranyo cya 86,6% by ababajijwe basanga Inkiko Gacaca zaragize uruhare 85

88 mu kugaragaza ukuri ku hantu hakorewe ubwicanyi. Icyakora 2,7% ni bo batekereza ko uwo murimo utakozwe neza, mu gihe 5,6% by ababajijwe bemeza ko ntacyo babiziho, naho 5,1% birinze kugira icyo batangaza. Igishushanyo N 13 : Kugaragaza aho imirambo yajugunywe 36.0% 22.7% 23.6% 13.0% 3.1% 1.6% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza 2010 Iki gishushanyo kirerekana ko 22,7% by ababajijwe bemeza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagaragaje ukuri ku buryo buhebuje aho imirambo y abishwe yajugunywe. 23,6% basanga gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yarakoze neza cyane uyu murimo ukomeye, mu gihe 36% basanga uyu murimo warakozwe mu rugero rushimishije. Biragaragara ko igiteranyo cya 82,3% by ababajijwe basanga gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yaragize uruhare mu kugaragaza ukuri ku hantu hajugunywe imirambo y abishwe. 3,1% by ababajijwe bavuga ko uwo murimo utakozwe neza, mu gihe 1,6% by ababajijwe bemeza ko ntacyo bazi kuri iyi ngingo, naho 13% birinze kugira icyo basubiza. 86

89 Ibyagaragajwe n Inkiko Gacaca ku hantu hakorewe ubwicanyi n aho imirambo y abishwe yajugunywe byagize uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma Abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside babasha gushyingura ababo mu cyubahiro. Hashingiwe ku byavuzwe haruguru, twakwemeza ko kugaragaza ahantu hajugunywe imirambo y abishwe ari kimwe mu bintu by ingenzi Inkiko Gacaca zagizemo uruhare. Ni ngombwa gushimangira ariko ko ukuri kutigeze kumenyekana mu duce tutagaragayemo ubuhamya. Ni kimwe kandi no mu duce twegereye ibiyaga n imigezi minini nk uko byagaragajwe hejuru. Ku birebana no kugaragaza uko abazize Jenoside bishwe n ibikoresho byakoreshejwe, ibyagaragajwe kuri iyi ngingo biboneka mu gishushanyo gikirikira : Igishushanyo N 14: Uko abazize Jenoside bishwe 29.40% 24.00% 28% 8.90% 4.00% 5.70% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza

90 Iki gishushanyo kiragaragaza ko 29,40% y ababajijwe basanga gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yarasohoje inshingano zayo zo kugaragaza ukuri mu buryo buhebuje ku birebana no kugaragaza uko abahohotewe bishwe. Iri janisha rirareba kandi ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu bikorwa bya kinyamaswa abicanyi bakoreye abahigwaga. 24% bemeza ko uyu murimo wakozwe neza cyane, mu gihe 28% bo bemeza ko wakozwe neza. Biragaragara ko igiteranyo cya 81,4% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare rushimishije mu kugaragaza ukuri kuri iyi ngingo ikomeye. 8,9% bemeza ko uyu murimo utakozwe neza, 4% basubije ko ntacyo babiziho, mu gihe 5,7% bo birinze kugira icyo batangaza. Twakwibutsa ko amakuru arebana n urupfu rwa buri muntu yatanzwe n ibaza hongerwaho ubuhamya bw ababyiboneye n ubw abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside. Aya makuru ni ingenzi cyane kuko kumenya ukuri ku bikorwa bya kinyamaswa abicanyi bakoreye abahohotewe bifasha mu kumva neza umubabaro wabishwe muri Jenoside n ubugome yakoranywe Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kugaragaza abarokoye abahigwaga Mu itangizwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, umuryango nyarwanda wifuzaga kumenya abahohotewe hamwe n abahishe abahigwaga mu gihe cya Jenoside nk uko bigaragara mu bika bikurikira : 88

91 Igishushanyo N 15 : Kugaragaza ukuri ku bahishe abahigwaga 30.90% 27.00% 21.50% 5.00% 10.60% 5.00% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Iki gishushanyo kiragaragaza ko 30,9% by ababajijwe basanga ko Inkiko Gacaca zarakoze umurimo uhebuje mu kugaragaza ukuri ku bantu bahishe abahigwaga, 27% basanga ko uwo murimo zarawukoze neza cyane, mu gihe 21,5% bo bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zakoze uwo murimo ku buryo bugereranyije. Bityo, igiteranyo cya 79,4% by ababajijwe basanga Inkiko Gacaca zaragize uruhare mu kugaragaza ukuri ku bantu bahishe abahigwaga. Aba ni abantu bemeye gushyira ubuzima bwabo n ubw imiryango yabo mu kaga bahisha abahigwaga. Amakuru kuri iyi ngingo yaturutse ahanini mu buhamya bw abarokotse Jenoside aho bavuga inzira y umusaraba baciyemo ngo babashe kurokoka ubwicanyi. 5% by ababajijwe bemeza ko uwo murimo utakozwe neza, mu gihe 10,6% by ababajijwe bemeza ko ntacyo babiziho, naho 5% birinze kugira icyo batangaza. Aya makuru ni ingenzi cyane kuko agaragaza akaga abahishe abatutsi babaga bishyizemo n ibyago bamwe bagiye bahura nabyo. Kwitangaho 89

92 igitambo bigereranywa nk igikorwa cy ubutwari kuko uwatahurwaga abikora yashoboraga no kwicwa. Ibyagaragajwe ku bahishe abahigwaga rero ni umusingi ukomeye w ubwiyunge kuko bituma abatarahigwaga bose badafatwa nk abicanyi. Nyuma yo kugaragaza ukuri ku bantu bahishe abahigwaga, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagombaga kugaragaza ahantu abahigwaga bihishe. Igishushanyo gikurikira kirabyerekana : Igishushanyo N 16 : Kugaragaza ahantu abahigwaga bihishe 27.60% 25.60% 26% 3.20% 9.50% 8.10% Aho byavuye : Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Igishushanyo n 16 kerekana ko 27,6% by ababajijwe bemeza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare ruhebuje mu kwerekana ukuri ku hantu abahigwaga bari bihishe, 25,6% basanga uwo murimo zarawukoze ku buryo bushimishije cyane. 26% bo basanga uwo murimo zarawukoze mu buryo bugereranyije. Igiteranyo cya 79,2% by ababajijwe bemeza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yafashije mu kugaragaza ahantu abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside bari bihishe. 3,2% bemeza ko uwo murimo zitawukoze neza, mu gihe 9,5% basubije ko ntacyo babiziho naho 8,1% bo birinze kugira icyo batangaza. 90

93 Bitewe n uko abaturage benshi bagize uruhare muri Jenoside, kubona ubwihisho byagereranywaga nko kubona amazi mu butayu. Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatumye hamenyekana «ko utwo tuziba tw amazi mu butayu» twabayeho n ubwo abari bahishe abahigwaga bari ku nkeke yagaragariraga mu mvugo nk iyi «Iyo inzoka yizingiye ku gisabo urakimena» bivuga ngo niba inzoka (ikigereranyo cy Abatutsi kigamije kwerekana ko atari abantu ahubwo ari inyamaswa) yizingiye ku kintu cyiza gifite agaciro, byaba byiza kuyicana n icyo kintu kiza gifite agaciro aho kuyireka ngo yidegembye. Aha ikintu cyiza gifite agaciro kirashushanya Abahutu bageragezaga gukiza abatutsi Umwanzuro w ibanze Mu mwanzuro w ibanze twavuga ko ku birebana no kugaragaza ukuri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagize uruhare rukomeye rugaragara mu buryo butatu bukurikira : Muburyo bwa mbere, Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare rukomeye mu kwerekana abacuze umugambi wa Jenoside, abayiteguye n abayishyize mu bikorwa, ni ukuvuga abatumye umugambi wa Jenoside ushyirwa mu bikorwa. Mu Nkiko Gacaca nyinshi zakoreweho ubushakashatsi, amakuru ya mbere yaturutse ku bantu bireze bakemera icyaha. Hanyuma Abarokotse Jenoside, abatangabuhamya n abaturage ba buri Kagali bagenda buzuza ayo amakuru, ku buryo imigendekere ya Jenoside muri buri Kagali yamenyekanye. Mu buryo bwa kabiri, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugaragaza abishwe n aho imirambo yabo yajugunywe. Ibi byashobotse kubera ubuhamya bw abireze bakemera icyaha, hamwe n ubw abarokotse Jenoside. Nta wakwirengafiza ariko ko ibi bitashobotse mu duce twegereye amazi nk ibiyaga n imigezi minini. Ku birebana n abantu baguye kure y aho bari batuye, amakuru yabonetse ashingiye gusa ku buhamya bw abafungwa bireze bakemera icyaha kubera ko abaturage b aho biciwe batari babazi. Icyagaragaye ni uko mu duce tutarimo abacitse ku icumu benshi ngo babe baratanze amakuru hari byinshi 91

94 birebana n iyi ngingo bitamenyekanye kuko abafungwa bacecetse kubera ko bari bahangayikishijwe gusa no kwemera icyaha kugira ngo bagabanyirizwe ibihano. Mu buryo bwa gatatu, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatumye aho ibyaha byakorewe hamenyekana, n aho imibiri y abishwe yajugunywe n urupfu abapfuye bishwemo. Ibi byafashije cyane Abacitse ku icumu mu gushyingura mu cyubahiro ababo bishwe muri Jenoside. 92

95 UMUTWE WA III URUHARE RWA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA MU KWIHUTISHA IMANZA ZA JENOSIDE 3.1. Intangiriro Inshingano yo kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside yari yahawe Inkiko Gacaca yagezweho hitabwaho kubahiriza amategeko agenga urubanza ruburanishijwe mu buryo buboneye Kugira ngo ibi bigerweho, hakoreshejwe imiburanishirize igizwe n ibyiciro binyuranye kugira ngo hatangwe ubutabera bwihuse kandi bukurikije amategeko bigizwemo uruhare n inzego z ubutabera hamwe n iz ubutegetsi. Ni yo mpamvu nk urwego rw Ubushinjacyaha (ubu bwitwa Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe ikurikirana ry ibyaha) rwujuje inshingano zimwe na zimwe zagize uruhare rukomeye mu kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside, mu gihe ingamba zirebana n izi nshingano zari zarafashwe na Guverinoma mbere y uko imanza zitangira. Ubwo bufatanye kandi ni bwo bwagiye bugaragara mu gihe cy iburanisha mu Nkiko Gacaca, haba ku nyangamugayo, abayobozi b inzego z ibanze, abaturage, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca Ni yo mpamvu tugaragaza muri iyi raporo bimwe mu bikorwa byagize uruhare mu iburanisha ry imanza mu nkiko Gacaca muri iki gice. Mu by ukuri, iyo bidakorwa gutyo kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside ntibyari gushoboka ku rugero byakozweho. Mu rwego rw amategeko, inshingano yo kwihutisha imanza yahawe Inkiko Gacaca yari igamije kubahiriza uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa mu gihe gito. Icyakora, gushaka gutanga ubutabera mu gihe gito ntibyagombaga gutuma habaho kutubahiriza amahame agenga urubanza ruboneye ateganywa n Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono. 93

96 Ayo Masezerano Mpuzamahanga ni yo avugwa yasuzumwe mu gice kirebana no guca umuco wo kudahana. Mu rwego rw amategeko mpuzamahanga, amahame y ingenzi akubiye mu ngingo ya 14 y amasezerano mpuzamahanga arebana n uburenganzira mu by imbonezamubano na politiki no mu ngingo ya 7 y amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n ubw abaturage. Ingingo ya 14 y amasezerano mpuzamahanga igika cya 3 mu gace c ishyiraho uburenganzira ku muntu wese uregwa «bwo kuburanishwa mu gihe kitarambiranye». Na none, ingingo ya 7 y igika cya 1 cy amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n ubw abaturage mu gace d, iteganya ubwo burenganzira ikanateganya ko umuntu wese ukurikiranyweho icyaha «afite uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa mu gihe kitarambiranye n Urukiko rutabogamye». U Rwanda kubera ko rwashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano mpuzamahanga rwagombaga kuyubahiriza mu iburanisha ry imanza za Jenoside. Ku birebana n amategeko y Igihugu, ingingo zigenderwaho ni iziteganyijwe mu Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y u Rwanda hamwe n Itegeko Ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rigena ububasha n imikorere by Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y itariki ya mbere ukwakira 1990 n iya 31 Ukuboza 1994, nk uko ryujujwe kandi ryahinduwe kugeza ubu. Irangashingiro ry iri Tegeko rigaragaza neza ko iburanisha ry amadosiye ryari mu bikorwa byihutirwa, bivugwa muri aya magambo: «Bimaze kugaragara ko ari ngombwa ( ) gushyiraho amategeko arebana n ikurikirana n iburanisha ryihuse ry abakoze Jenoside n ibyitso byabo» Imiburanishirize n uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu kwihutisha imanza Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yateganije yahisemo ko abaturage aribo bazatorwamo Inyangamugayo zizakora imirimo yose y Inkiko Gacaca, zitowe n Inteko rusange nayo igizwe n abaturage. Mu gufata uwo mwanzuro, Inteko 94

97 Ishinga Amategeko yari igamije gutuma haboneka amakuru aturutse mu baturage yatuma hamenyekana byinshi ku buryo Jenoside yakozwe, bigafasha kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri wese mu bayikoze bityo abakurikiranywe bakaburanishwa bidatinze. Ibi biri mu byatumye hari bamwe bafataga Inkiko Gacaca nk aho zidakurikiza amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y imanza nk agenga Inkiko zisanzwe. Bityo inzego z ubutabera mu Rwanda zari zifite mu nshingano zazo amadosiye ya Jenoside, cyane cyane Ubushinjacyaha n Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca bafatanyije n abayobozi bireba, bakoresheje uburyo butandukanye bareba uko iyi gahunda yashyirwa mu bikorwa. Igihe Guverinoma y u Rwanda yafataga icyemezo cyo gushyiraho uburyo bwihariye bwo gukurikirana ibyaha bya Jenoside, nta rundi rugero rwariho ku rwego mpuzamahanga yari gushingiraho; bwari uburyo bushya bw umwimerere. Ibi bisobanura impamvu Guverinoma yafashe icyemezo cyo gutangirira iyi gahunda ku cyiciro cy icyitegererezo. Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu baturage mu iri suzuma bwagaragaje ko impurirane y ingamba zinyuranye iri mu byatumye imanza zihuta. Ibitekerezo byavuye mu biganiro byakoranywe n abaturage bikubiye mu nshamake iri mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: Imbonerahamwe: Ibyagiye bigaruka mu bisubizo by ababajijwe ku ruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside Ubufatanye bw inzego zose zirimo : inzego z ubuyobozi, Inyangamugayo, abaturage muri rusange n abatangabuhamya by umwihariko ; Gahunda yo kwirega, kwemera icyaha no gusaba imbabazi ; Ubwitange bw Inyangamugayo zo mu nkiko Gacaca zagiye zikora iminsi myinshi mu cyumweru; Kugabanya imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca mu byiciro cyane cyane icyiciro cy ikusanyamakuru n icy iburanisha; 95

98 Aho ikusanyamakuru ryakozwe neza, kwihutisha imanza byaroroshye; Inyangamugayo zahawe amahugurwa ahagije; Umubare uhagije w Inyangamugayo zigize inteko watumaga umubare wa ngombwa wuzura bigatuma hatabaho isubikwa ry imanza rya hato na hato ; Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca abaturage bayigize iyabo; Kuburanishiriza imanza aho ibyaha byakorewe kandi mu ruhame ; Inyangamugayo z Inkiko Gacaca nka bamwe mu bagize umuryango nyarwanda bari bafite uburyo bwo kubona amakuru aganisha ku kuri kandi abaregwa bari babizi neza ; Umutekano mu gihe cy iburanisha wabaga ucunzwe neza n inzego zibishinzwe ; Kwegereza Inkiko Gacaca abaturage zigakorera ku rwego rw Akagari n Imirenge ; Kuburanishiriza hamwe abaregwa ko bakoze icyaha kimwe; Gukangurira abaturage kwitabira gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca binyujijwe mu itangamakuru. Hashingiwe ku ncamake y ibi bitekerezo byavuzwe haruguru, igice gikurikira kiribanda ku byakozwe byagize uruhare mu kwihutisha imanza ariko hubahirizwa amategeko agenga imanza ziciwe mu mucyo Ubufatanye bw inzego zitandukanye mu gutegura amadosiye ya Jenoside Kuva muri Nyakanga 1997, Ubushinjacyaha bwatangiye icyiciro gikomeye cyo gukora amadosiye y abaregwa. Icyi cyiciro cyari kigamije kuzuza amadosiye atuzuye no gukora amadosiye mashya aho byagaragaraga ko atakozwe kugira ngo hubarizwe amategeko. Bamwe mu bafungwa bagejejwe imbere y abaturage ku mirenge aho bashinjwaga kuba barakoreye icyaha kugira ngo abaturage babatangeho ubuhamya bubashinja cyangwa bubashinjura. RCN Justice & Démocratie yagenzuye ikanatera inkunga iki gikorwa yagaragaje ko hari abafungwa Ubushinjacyaha bwari butarabonera ibimenyetso 96

99 bigaragaza uruhare rwabo muri Jenoside bagejejwe imbere y abaturage mu Ukuboza Nyuma y iki gikorwa abaregwa 2721, bahwanye na 23,3% bafunguwe by agateganyo kuko nta bimenyetso byagaragaye bibashinja uruhare muri Jenoside. Abafungwa batafunguwe muri icyi cyiciro bagombaga gutegereza kuburanishwa n Inkiko Gacaca 54. Muri iki cyiciro cya mbere cy iki gikorwa, amadosiye ibihumbi atari yuzuye n atari yakorwa yarakozwe andi arakosorwa bituma huzuzwa ibiteganywa n amategeko agenga ifungwa ry agateganyo ku bafungwa benshi bari bategereje kuburanishwa n inkiko zisanzwe ( abo mu rwego rwa 1) ndetse n abari bategereje kuburanishwa n Inkiko Gacaca (urwego rwa kabiri n urwa gatatu) 55. Ikorwa ry aya madosiye n Ubushinjacyaha ryafashije Inkiko Gacaca kwihutisha imanza. Icyi cyiciro cyagize uruhare rukomeye mu kugera ku makuru yagaragaje ibimenyetso bishinja n ibishinjura bikenerwa mu iburanisha Uruhare rwo kwirega, kwemera icyaha, kwicuza no gusaba imbabazi mu kwihutisha imanza Kwirega no kwemera icyaha mu magereza byagize akamaro kanini mu kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside. Mu mpera z umwaka wa 2000, abafungwa bashatse kwitabira gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha ngo bagabanyirizwe ibihano, babikanguriwe mu gihe abakozi b Ubushinjacyaha buzuzaga amadosiye. Mu madosiye yagaragajwe, yujujwe cyangwa yakozwe icyo gihe, abafungwa 2600 bitabiriye gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha. Aba bari ku kigereranyo cya 13% by ayo madosiye, bigaragara ko uwo mubare wari ushimishije mu cyiciro cyo gukora amadosiye. Ntawabura kwibutsa ko kuva mu mwaka wa 1998, hari abafungwa bari baratangiye ibikorwa byo gukangurira bagenzi babo kwirega no kwemera icyaha muri gereza zimwe na zimwe harimo n iya Rilima. Abafungwa bateguye Gacaca yabo mu buryo bw amakomite, bakajya bakusanya ubwirege bwa bagenzi babo bakabwandika neza. Banakoze urutonde rurambuye rw abahohotewe, abagize uruhare muri Jenoside n aho ibyaha 54 RCN, Tableau général des présentations , Kigali, Janvier Klaas De Jong, Recherche sur la pré-gacaca, PRI, Kigali, février

100 byakorewe. Muri Gereza Nkuru ya Kigali, Komite Gacaca yaho yakiriye mu gihe cy imyaka itatu ubwirege bw abafungwa bageraga ku 1127 ku 8000 bari bayifungiwemo. Abafungwa bihurizaga mu matsinda hashingiwe ku mirenge bakomokamo, kandi umusaruro wagezweho wari ushimishije. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri Komini Kacyiru n iya Bicumbi ku ireme ry ibyavuye mu bwirege bwagaragaje ko ubwo bwirege bwari burimo ukuri nyako. Hashingiwe ku bwirege bw abagororwa, urutonde rw amazina y abahohotewe, n ay abishwe muri izo komini ebyiri yarakozwe. Izo ntonde zari zikubiyemo amakuru agaragaza uko ibintu byagenze, akanagaragaza amazina y abantu bakomerekejwe cyangwa bafashwe ku ngufu mu gihe cya Jenoside. Yagaragazaga kandi amazina y abakekwaho Jenoside, akanerekana imitwe ya Politiki babarizwagamo, abayobozi bayo, amazina y abana bari muri iyo mitwe n ahantu abakoze ibyaha baherereye hamwe n amazina y abashobora gutanga amakuru y inyongera 56. Mu mpera z Ukuboza 2002, kimwe cya gatatu cy abafungwa bitabiriye gahunda yo kwirega. Itangizwa ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca mu mirenge 12 y icyitegererezo (Kamena 2002) naryo ryatumye abafungwa bamwe bitabira gahunda yo kwirega kuko 65% by abireze babikoze mu mezi atandatu ya nyuma y umwaka wa Uku kwiyongera kwaturutse ku bukangurambaga buhoraho bwakozwe n Ubushinjacyaha hagamijwe kumenyesha abafungwa inyungu bazakura mu kwirega no kwemera icyaha. Ubu bukangurambaga bwongerewe imbaraga n itangazo rya Perezidansi ya Repubulika ryo ku itariki ya mbere Mutarama Iryo tangazo ryategetse irekurwa ry agateganyo ku bafungwa bari baremeye ibyaha byabo, abari barwaye indwara zidakira, abasaza n abari batarageza ku myaka y ubukure ubwo bakoraga ibyaha. Kubera iki cyemezo, abafungwa barenga bararekuwe boherezwa mu ngando, bahamara ukwezi mbere yo gusubira iwabo. 56 PRI, Rapport de Synthèse Gacaca-Phase pilote 2002/2004, p

101 Mu byumweru byakurikiye itangazo rya Perezidansi ya Repubulika, inkuru y ibindi byiciro byari hafi gufungurwa by agateganyo yatumye umubare munini w abafungwa birega. Ibi byatumye hakusanywa amakuru akenewe ku byaha n ababikoze mu bice bitandukanye by Igihugu. Ubu bwirege bwatumye Inkiko Gacaca zibona ibimenyetso byazifashije mu kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside. Hifashishijwe amakuru yatangajwe na «RCN Justice & Démocratie», imbonerahamwe zikurikira zirerekana uko ubwirege bwagendaga bwiyongera mu mezi atandatu ya nyuma y umwaka wa 2002: Imbonerahamwe N 11: Umubare w ubwirege U b w i r e g e mu mwaka wa 2001 Ubwirege mu mwaka wa 2002 Mutarama- Kamena Ubushinjacyaha Nyakanga- Ukuboza Mutarama- Ukuboza Igiteranyo mu mwaka wa 2002 Kigali Nyabisindu Ruhengeri Cyangugu Igiteranyo % 16,3 18,4 65,3 83,7 100,0 Aho byavuye : RCN Justice & Démocratie, Imbonerahamwe rusange y ubwirege , Kigali, Mutarama, 2003 Imbonerahamwe N 12: Umubare w abafungwa bitabiriye gahunda yo kwirega muri buri ntara 57 Intara Umubare w abafungwa muri Mutarama 2003 Umubare w abafungwa bireze ku wa 31 Ukuboza 2002 % Umujyi wa Kigali ,3 Kigali Ngali ,6 57 PRI, Rapport de la Recherche sur la Gacaca, Rapport IV. 99

102 Gitarama ,9 Butare ,4 Gikongoro ,7 Cyangugu ,7 Kibuye ,8 Gisenyi ,8 Ruhengeri ,0 Byumba et Mutara ,4 Kibungo ,1 Igiteranyo ,0 Aho byavuye : RCN Justice & Démocratie, Imbonerahamwe rusange y ubwirege , Kigali, Mutarama Uruhare ubwirege bwagize mu kwihutisha imanza rwagiye rwerekanwa mu nkiko zose zakoreweho isuzuma : «kwirega no kwemera icyaha ku bushake, cyane cyane ubwirege bw abafungwa, byihutishije imanza ku bireze ubwabo ndetse no ku bandi, kuko babaga batanze amakuru no ku banze kwirega» Ibyiciro bitandukanye by ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca n uruhare rwabyo mu kwihutisha imanza Kwihutisha imanza byaturutse ku bushake n ingamba byashyizwe mu byiciro bitandukanye bya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Ibyo byiciro byatumye habaho ivugururwa ry amategeko yakurikizwaga ndetse bituma umusaruro wari witezwe ku Nkiko Gacaca mu kwihutisha iburanisha ry amadosiye ugerwaho Ibyakozwe mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo n amasomo yavuyemo Guverinoma yabanje icyiciro cy icyitegererezo, cyatangijwe ku mugaragaro ku itariki ya 18 Kamena Icyi cyiciro cyari nk igerageza rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Ibikorwa byo muri icyi cyiciro byakorewe mu mirenge 12, 100

103 nyuma yongerwaho indi 106 ku itariki ya 25 Ugushyingo muri uwo mwaka. Icyari kigamijwe cy ingenzi kwari ukwigira ku bibazo byari kuzagaragara kugira ngo gahunda izagere ku musaruro itegerejweho. Itoranywa ry imirenge yakorewe icyo cyiciro ryashingiye ku bintu bibiri byagombaga gutuma igerageza rigenda neza. Icya mbere, ni uko iyo segiteri yagombaga kuba ifite hashingiwe ku tugali twari dufite umubare munini w abireze ugereranyije n utundi. Icya kabiri, hibanzwe ku hantu hari ibikorwa remezo bya ngombwa ku birebana no gukora inama hamwe n ububiko bw inyandiko. Guhuza ibi bintu byombi byatumye hakorwa icyiciro cy icyitegererezo kigenda neza. Icyiciro cy icyitegererezo cyakorewe mu Nkiko Gacaca z Utugari 751. Izi Nkiko nizo zagombaga gukora umurimo w ibanze wo gukusanya amakuru no gukora amadosiye ya mbere. Mu mwaka wa 2004, nyuma y imyaka ibiri n igice y ikusanyamakuru, Inkiko Gacaca z icyitegererezo zari zimaze kurangiza akazi zari zahawe. Amasomo yavuye muri iki cyiciro yatumye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ivugurura gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca kugira ngo ayihuze n ukuri kwari kumaze kugaragara kuva aho Inkiko zari zatangiriye imirimo yazo. Ni muri uru rwego hashyizweho Itegeko n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 rihindura irya mbere ryo mu mwaka wa Inzego enye z abaregwa zari mu itegeko rya mbere rya Gacaca ryo mu mwaka wa 2001 zahinduweho gato. Urwego rwa kabiri n urwa gatatu zarahujwe, hasigara inzego eshatu z abaregwa aho kuba enye. Nyuma y icyiciro cy icyitegererezo hari ikibazo cyo kugena uburyo bwo gukora ikusanyamakuru mu gihugu hose no gutangira iburanisha ry amadosiye yo mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo kuko ahangaha ikusanyamakuru ryari ryararangiye. Hari uburyo bubiri bwashobokaga : gutegereza ko Inkiko Gacaca zirangiza ikusanyamakuru no gukora amadosiye ku rwego rw Igihugu kugira ngo ibunisha ritangirire rimwe mu gihugu hose, cyangwa se gukora ikusanyamakuru mu gihugu hose hanaburanishwa n imanza mu Nkiko zo mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo. 101

104 Uburyo bwa kabiri ni nabwo bwaje gutoranywa, bityo ikusanyamakuru ritangizwa mu gihugu hose ku wa 15 Mutarama 2005 naho iburanisha mu Nkiko Gacaca zo mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo ritangizwa ku wa 10 Werurwe Iburanisha ryatangiriye ku madosiye yakorewe mu mirenge 118 yabereyemo icyiciro cy icyitegererezo, ni ukuvuga mu Nkiko Gacaca z Imirenge 118 no mu Nkiko Gacaca z Ubujurire 118. Impamvu y iryo hitamo yari ishingiye ku bushake bwo kwihutisha imanza nk uko byashimangiwe haruguru. Mu by ukuri Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwasanze ubu buryo ari bwo bwahaga abaturage bagize uruhare mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo amahirwe yo kudategereza itangizwa ry imanza igihe kirekire cyane ko byari bigoye kumenya igihe ikusanyamakuru mu gihugu hose ryari gufata. Kugira ngo ibyo bigende neza, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwateguriye Inyangamugayo andi mahugurwa ku cyiciro cy iburanisha, aza yuzuza ayo zari zahawe mu mwaka wa 2002 nyuma yo gushyiraho Inkiko Gacaca. Icyiciro cy ikusanyamakuru mu gihugu hose cyatangijwe muri Mutarama 2005 gisozwa muri Kamena 2006 mu Nkiko Gacaca z Utugari. Icyiciro cy iburanisha cyatangijwe ku itariki ya 15 Nyakanga 2006 ku rwego rw Igihugu. Hagati y itariki ya 10 Werurwe 2005 n iya 14 Nyakanga 2006, imanza nizo zari zimaze gucibwa n Inkiko Gacaca z Imirenge n iz Ubujurire zo mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo 58. Uyu musaruro wagezweho mu gihe cy umwaka n igice wari ushimishije ugereranyije n ubushobozi bw Inkiko Gacaca bwo kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside, mu gihe Inkiko zisanzwe zaburanishaga gusa abantu 1000 ku mwaka Uruhare rw ikusanyamakuru ku rwego rw Igihugu mu kwihutisha imanza Ababajijwe hafi ya bose bemeje ko aho icyiciro cy ikusanyamakuru cyakozwe neza, imanza zaho ntizagoranye kandi zaciwe mu buryo bwihuse. Icyiciro cy ikusanyamakuru nk imwe mu nshingano y Ubutabera z Inkiko Gacaca cyabaye ingirakamaro cyane. Cyatumye hegeranywa ibimenyetso 58 SNJG, Rapport de la phase pilote,

105 mu buryo bwihuse hanakorwa amadosiye. Iburanisha rikaba ritari gushobora bitabonetse. Icyari kigamijwe n uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu ikusanyamakururu ni ukwirinda ko hagira amakuru n amwe asigara. Hakoreshejwe ingamba yo gushishikariza abantu benshi kwitabira no kugira uruhare mu nama z ikusanyamakuru. Ibi byongereye amahirwe yo kubona ubuhamya bwuzuye kugira ngo habashe gukorwa amadosiye ashingiye ku bimenyetso bifatika, hagamijwe kuburanisha abaregwa mu gihe gikwiye. Ahangaha, turashimangira ko mu gihe cy ikusanyamakuru, Inyangamugayo arizo zakusanyaga amakuru. Icyagaragaye ni uko ubwitabire bw abaturage bwari hasi, bigasaba kongera imbaraga mu bukangurambaga 59. Mbere yo gutangiza ikusanyamakuru ku rwego rw Igihugu muri Mutarama 2005, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwavuguruye gahunda yakoreshwaga hashingiwe ku bibazo byari byaragaragajwe mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo 60. Ni muri urwo rwego hemejwe ko abayobozi b inzego z ibanze barushaho kugira uruhare muri iyi gahunda kuva ku rwego rw ibanze rwo hasi rwitwaga «Nyumbakumi», hamwe n abahuzabikorwa b utugari n ab imirenge. Aba bayobozi basabwe gukangurira abaturage kugira uruhare rufatika mu ikusanyamakuru no kuba intangarugero mu gutanga amakuru y ukuri, no gukangurira abakekwaho ibyaha kwirega. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa ubu buryo bushya, za «Nyumbakumi», zibifashijwemo n abahuzabikorwa b utugari zahawe akazi ko gukusanya amakuru atangwa n abaturage bazituyemo. Aya makuru yandikwaga mu makayi yagenewe iki gikorwa. Nyuma yaho «Nyumbakumi», zahitaga zoherereza Perezida w Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari ayo makayi. Kwemeza amakuru byakorerwaga mu nama rusange y Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari. Ubu buryo bwahaga abayobozi b inzego z ibanze ububasha bwo kunganira abahuzabikorwa b Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca mu tugali 59 SNJG, Rapport annuel 2003 et Rapport annuel SNJG, Rapport annuel d activités Janvier Novembre 2005 ; Rapport semestriel d activités Janvier Juin

106 no mu mirenge bwanenzwe n imwe mu miryango idaharanira inyungu. Iyi miryango yavugaga ko ubu buryo butakurikije amategeko kuko Itegeko ryo ku wa 19 Kamena 2004 ridateganya ukwivanga kw abayobozi b inzego z ibanze mu mirimo y Inkiko Gacaca yo gukusanya amakuru. Icyakora twe twasanze ko iyo abayobozi b inzego z ibanze badatanga umusanzu wabo ku rwego rwa «Nyumbakumi», icyiciro cy ikusanyamakuru nticyari kugera ku nshingano cyari gitegerejweho, arizo zo gukusanyiriza ibimenyetso aho icyaha cyakorewe. Hari aho kwivanga kwabo kwari gutuma hari ibintu bitagenda neza cyane cyane mu ntangiriro z Inkiko Gacaca, ariko Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwagiye rukumira ibibazo nk ibyo. Ikindi kibazo cyagaragaye cyari gishingiye ku buryo bwakoreshwaga mu gukangurira abaturage kwitabira imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Mu by ukuri, bitewe nuko abaturage batitabiraga inama rusange, aho umubare wa ngombwa w abantu 100 kugira ngo ibashe guterana wabonekaga bigoranye mu duce tumwe na tumwe, inama nyinshi zarasubikwaga. Rimwe na rimwe abayobozi b inzego z ibanze bafataga icyemezo cyo guhagarika imirimo imwe n imwe (iy ubuyobozi, iy ubucuruzi, n indi) ku minsi Inkiko Gacaca zakoreragaho nk uko biteganywa n ingingo ya 29 y Itegeko Ngenga rigenga izi Nkiko. Uruhare rw ubuyobozi bw ibanze rwatanze umusaruro ugaragara. Mu by ukuri rwatumye haboneka umusaruro ufatika ku birebana n ikusanyamakuru ibi bikaba byarihutishije imanza 61. «Penal Reform International» nayo yabonye ko uruhare rw abayobozi b inzego z ibanze rwabaye ingirakamaro ishingiye ku bintu byinshi byagaragajwe mu gihe gito cyane 62. Muri make, iyo abayobozi b inzego z ibanze batagira uruhare mu bukanguramba bw abaturage, mu ntangiriro Inkiko Gacaca zari guhura n ikibazo cy ubwitabire bw abaturage. Mu gusoza, twavuga ko mu gihe cy ikusanyamakuru, Inyangamugayo z Inkiko Gacaca nta gikorwa na kimwe cy iburanisha zigeze zikora. Ibi byatumaga abaturage badatinya kwitabira imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca kuko iburanisha ryari ritaratangira. 61 PRI, Rapport de Monitoring et de recherche sur la Gacaca : la récolte d informations en phase nationale, juin PRI, Rapport de monitoring et de recherche sur la Gacaca, juin 2006, p

107 Muri rusange icyi cyiciro cyabaye ingirakamaro kuri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca kubera ko cyahaye abaturage urubuga rwo kwicarana no kugerageza kuganira mbere y icyiciro gikomeye cy iburanisha Uruhare rw igikorwa cyo kwemeza amakuru mu kwihutisha ry imanza Gahunda yashyizweho n Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca yo kwemeza amakuru yakusanyijwe yagize uruhare mu kwihutisha imanza. Urwo rwego kandi rwashyizeho uburyo busobanutse bwo kwemeza amakuru. Bitewe n uko bwashyizwe mu bikorwa habonetse amakuru y ukuri yari akenewe mu iburanisha. Twakwibutsa uko ubwo buryo bwari buteganyijwe muri iki gice cy ubushakashatsi. Agatabo gakubiyemo gahunda y ikusanyamakuru kashyizwe ahagaragara n Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca mu Ugushyingo 2004, kagaragazaga ibigomba gukurikizwa mu kwemeza amakuru yakusanyijwe, hagamijwe kugabanya ku buryo bushoboka amakosa yari gushyirwamo. Ako gatabo kasobanuraga ko nyuma yo gukusanya amakuru muri za «Nyumbakumi», ayo makuru yagombaga guhabwa agaciro nyuma yo kwemezwa n Inama Rusange y Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari. Igikorwa nyirizina cyo kwemeza amakuru cyari gishingiye ku guhuza amakuru yanditse mu makayi n ubuhamya bwatanzwe n abaturage mu gihe cy ikusanyamakuru. Amakuru yanditswe mu makayi na «Nyumbakumi» yasomerwaga abaturage mu ruhame uko yakabaye noneho inteko igaha ijambo abitabiriye Inama Rusange. Iyo byabaga ngombwa ko hari ibikwiye kongerwamo cyangwa guhindurwa, uyu murimo wakorwaga n abanyamabanga b inteko y Urukiko. Nyuma y iki gikorwa ni bwo amakuru yanditse mu ikayi yabaga ahawe agaciro bivuze ko aribwo yabaga yemejwe. Hakurikiragaho umurimo wo kuyandukura neza muri za regisitire zabugenewe. Ibyaha buri muntu uregwa byagaragazwaga hashingiwe ku makuru ari muri izo regisitire. Ibyo birego byagombaga gushingira ku bimenyetso bihari no ku buhamya bushinja n ubushinjura abakekwaho ibyaha Ingingo ya 33 y Itegeko Ngenga rigenga Inkiko Gacaca nk uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu. 105

108 Igihe cyo gukora amadosiye y abaregwa cyamaraga umunsi umwe gusa ku Nkiko zabaga zifite amadosiye make yo gukora. Urugero ni nko mu Murenge wa Cyabingo mu Karere ka Gakenke. Ku mirenge yabaga ifite amadosiye menshi, iki gikorwa cyashoboraga kumara hafi amezi atatu. Ibi byabaye cyane cyane mu Majyepfo y Igihugu, nko mu mirenge ya Ngoma, Kinazi, n ahandi. Byaragaragaye ko gukora amadosiye byashoboraga gutwara umwanya munini mu mirenge y Umujyi aho Inyangamugayo z Inkiko Gacaca zakoraga mu mpera z icyumweru (Week-ends) gusa. Ibyo ari byo byose gahunda yashyizweho yihutishije ikorwa ry amadosiye kuko mu gihe cy amezi atatu hakozwe amadosiye asaga Kuvugurura itegeko no kwihutisha imanza Gukora amadosiye byajyanaga n igikorwa cyo gushyira abaregwa mu nzego. Ku itariki ya 31 Gicurasi 2006, hari amadosiye y abaregwa bo mu rwego rwa mbere banganaga na 9,4%, amadosiye y abaregwa bo mu rwego rwa kabiri banganaga na 51,8%, n amadosiye y abaregwa bo mu rwego rwa gatatu banganaga na 38,8%. Inzego eshatu zari zifite igiteranyo cy amadosiye y abaregwaga kugira uruhare muri Jenoside 64. Hashingiwe ku bwinshi bw ayo madosiye, byaragaragaraga ko icibwa ry imanza ritarikuba mu gihe gikwiriye niba nta cyari kuba cyahindutse. Birumvikana ko inshingano yo kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside itari bugerweho Itegeko ritavuguruwe. Nicyo cyatumye, Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ihindura itegeko N o 16/2004 ryo mu mwaka wa 2004 yongera gusuzuma ibyaha bishyira abaregwa mu nzego n ibihano abo bihamye bakatirwa 65. Mu itegeko rishya, bamwe mu baregwaga bo mu rwego rwa mbere bashyizwe mu rwego rwa kabiri, abo ni nk abicanyi ruharwa, abakoze ibyaha by ubushinyaguzi cyangwa abashinyaguriye imirambo. Impinduka zo muri iri tegeko zongereye inshingano Inkiko Gacaca zinagabanya umubare w amadosiye atari yafatwaho umwanzuro ku rwego rwa nyuma n inkiko zisanzwe. 64 SNJG, Le processus des juridictions Gacaca : Genèse et réalisations, p Itegeko Ngenga N 10/2007 rihindura kandi ryuzuza ingingo ya 51 y Itegeko Ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/

109 Hagamijwe kwihutisha imanza, mu itegeko ryo mu mwaka wa 2007 hashyizwemo ikindi kintu gishya kirebana no kongera umubare w inteko mu Nkiko Gacaca z Umirenge n iz Ubujurire. Mu by ukuri, izi Nkiko zahuraga n ibibazo bishingiye ku mubare munini w amadosiye. Naho ku birebana n umubare w Inyangamugayo wari Inyangamugayo 9 n abasimbura 5 mu itegeko ryo mu mwaka wa 2004, waragabanyijwe ushyirwa ku nyangamugayo 7 n abasimbura 2. Umubare wa ngombwa w Inyangamugayo nawo waragabanyijwe. Muri rusange, kongera inteko byakorwaga mu Rukiko rufite amadosiye arenze 150 rugomba kuburanisha 66. Hashyizweho inteko 1803 ku rwego rw umurenge, ziyongereye ku zari zisanzwe 1545 hamwe n Inteko 412 ziyongera ku nteko 1545 zari zisanzwe zikora mu Nkiko Gacaca z ubujurire. Muri icyo gihe, Inkiko Gacaca 9013 zakomeje umurimo wazo wo kuburanisha ibyaha birebana n umutungo. 67 Twakwibutsa ko mu rwego rwo kunoza imikorere y Inkiko Gacaca, ishyirwaho ry inteko z inyongera ryakurikiwe no kongera umubare w abahuzabikorwa b Inkiko Gacaca ku rwego rw Uturere no kongera abanyamategeko bari bashinzwe kugira inama Inyangamugayo 68. Iki gikorwa cyo gushyiraho inteko z inyongera cyatumye amadosiye aburanishwa mu buryo bwihuse. Hashyizweho kandi amabwiriza n 11/07 yo ku wa 02/03/2007 y Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca asobanura uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa izi ngamba zo kongera inteko. Itegeko ryo muri Werurwe 2007 ryazanye uburyo bushya bwo kugena ibihano, hamwe n uburyo bushya bwo kubirangiza nk uko zasobanuwe mu mabwiriza n 15 yo ku wa 1 Kamena 2007 y Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca. Aya mabwiriza yashingiye ku mubare munini w abafungwa. Yateganyaga ko abaregwa bo mu rwego rwa kabiri bakatiwe bagombaga kumara kimwe cya kabiri cy igihano cyabo muri gereza na kimwe cya kabiri mu mirimo nsimburagifungo ifitiye Igihugu akamaro (TIG) bagombaga gutangirira kuri TIG, hanyuma bakabona kujya 66 SNJG, Rapport annuel d activités 2007 et SNJG, «Observations au Rapport de Penal Reform International sur les infractions contre les biens», non daté. 67 SNJG, Rapport annuel d activités Ibidem. 107

110 kurangiza igihano cyabo cy igifungo, ndetse bagahabwa isimburagifungo 69. Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, ku itariki ya 16 Kamena 2007 rwandikiye ibaruwa Inkiko Gacaca z umurenge n iz ubujurire ruzisaba gukora ibyemezo byo gufungura abagororwa bireze bikemerwa bari bategereje kuzakora imirimo nsimburagifungo. Mu rwego rwo kurangiza iburanisha ry amadosiye ya Jenoside mu gihe kidatinze, Itegeko Ngenga N 13/2008 ryo ku wa 19 Gicurasi 2008 ryongereye ububasha Inkiko Gacaca, riziha ububasha bwo kuburanisha amadosiye menshi yo mu rwego rwa mbere 70. Bityo, imanza z ibyaha byo gusambanya ku gahato no kwangiza imyanya ndangagitsina zihabwa Inkiko Gacaca, hamwe n imanza z abantu bari mu nzego z ubuyobozi ku rwego rwa Superefegitura n urwa Komini, mu nzego z ubutegetsi bwa Leta, mu mashyaka ya politiki, mu Gisirikare, muri Jandarumori, muri Polisi ya Komini, mu madini cyangwa mu mitwe yitwaraga gisirikari ku buryo butemewe n amategeko. Hashingiwe kuri izi mpinduka z Itegeko, Inkiko Gacaca zakiriye amadosiye 1282 y inyongera aturutse mu Nkiko Zisumbuye, mu Rukiko Rukuru, mu Rukiko rw Ikirenga no mu Nkiko za Gisirikare zakiriye kandi amadosiye 671 aturutse muri Bushinjacyaha 71. Mu kuburanisha imanza zo mu rwego rwa mbere ntihagaragayemo ibibazo bikomeye kuko, izo manza zitari nyinshi, kandi zikaburanishwa n Inyangamugayo z Inkiko Gacaca zari zaragaragaje ubushobozi, ubunyangamugayo n ubumenyi mu manza zari zaraburanishije mbere Ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera ahantu hiciwe abantu benshi Uko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagendaga yigira imbere, hagaragaye ko hari amakuru mashya yari akenewe bityo hakorwa ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera hagamijwe kugenzura ukuri kw ibyaha byayavugwagamo no gukurikirana ababikoze. Kwihutisha imanza ntibyagombaga kubangamira uburenganzira 69 Irangashingiro n ingingo ya mbere y amabwiriza n 15/2007 ryo ku wa 01 kamena 2007 ya SNJG. 70 Yatangajwe mu Igazeti ya Repubulika y u Rwanda n 11 yo ku wa 01/06/ SNJG, Rapport annuel d activités 2008, p Ikiganiro n Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa SNJG cyabereye i Kigali, ku wa 18 Nyakanga

111 bwa Muntu. Niyo mpamvu igihe cyose amakuru y ingenzi yabonekaga, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwashyiragaho ingamba zo gukora ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera. Imbaraga zashyirwaga cyane cyane ahantu hiciwe abantu benshi. Mbere y uko Inkiko zabaga zatoranyijwe zoherezwa gukusanya amakuru, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwakoraga ubukangurambaga bwimbitse bwo kumenyesha abaturage ko hazakorwa iki cyiciro cyo gukusanya amakuru y inyongera, rukabararikira kuzagira uruhare rufatika muri icyo gikorwa. Hagati y umwaka wa 2008 na 2009, amatangazo makumyabiri n atanu yohererejwe Abanyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa b Imirenge yagombaga gukorerwamo ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera. Ibi birashimangirwa n ingero zimwe na zimwe. Ku birebana n Ibyaha bya Jenoside byakorewe i Kabgayi, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwateguye inama mirongo itandatu n eshanu zo gukusanya amakuru y inyongera mu Turere cumi na kamwe 73 kugira ngo hakusanywe amakuru ku bahohotewe, ababigizemo uruhare n ibyaha byakorewe i Kabgayi 74. Izi nama zakozwe hagati y itariki ya 10 Ugushyingo 2008 n iya 24 Ukuboza Impamvu y iri kusanyamakuru ryimbitse yashingiye ku mpamvu z uko i Kabgayi mu gihe cya Jenoside hahungiye abantu benshi cyane baturutse imihanda yose. Igitangaje ariko ni uko abahahungiye bakurikiranywe n abicanyi bo mu makomini bakomokamo baza kuhabicira. Ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera nk iri ryakorewe kandi i Nyabikenke ku itariki ya 1 ukwakira , muri Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda mu gihe cy iminsi cumi n umunani ni ukuvuga kuva ku itariki ya 27 Mata kugeza ku ya 8 Gicurasi no kuva ku itariki ya 11 kugeza ku ya 15 Gicurasi ; 73 Kamonyi, Muhanga, Nyarugenge, Kicukiro, Gasabo, Ngororero, Bugesera, Nyanza, Nyamagabe, Karongi, Ruhango. 74 SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 3 Ugushyingo 2008, 12 Ugushyingo 2008, 20 Ugushyingo 2008, 26 Ugushyingo 2008, 10 Ukuboza 2008 na 17 Ukuboza SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 23 Nzeri SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 15 Mata SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 06 Gicurasi

112 kuri Paruwasi Gatorika ya Nyamasheke kuva ku itariki ya 26 kugeza ku ya 27 kanama ; kuri Paruwasi za Karama na Simbi, ku Iseminari Nkuru ya Nyakibanda, i Kabakobwa, kuri Sitade ya Byiza, i Rwaniro, i Bunazi n i Muboni kuva ku itariki ya 26 kugeza ku ya 31 kanama ; kuri Paruwasi Muhororo kuva ku itariki ya 6 kugeza ku ya 9 Mutarama , kuri Sainte Famille i Kigali ku itariki ya 28 Kamena ; kuri Paruwasi ya Musha ku itariki ya 25 n iya 26 kanama ; mu Gatsata no ku Muhima, ku Kimisagara ku byaha byakorewe Nyabugogo ku itariki ya 09 kanama ; muri Groupe Scolaire Marie Merci i Kibeho ku itariki ya 06 kanama ; ku musozi wa Kabuye mu Karere ka Gisagara ku itariki ya 27 Nyakanga ; i Mamba mu Karere ka Gisagara ku itariki ya 28 Nyakanga ; kuri Paruwasi Gatorika ya Mugina ku itariki ya 28 Nyakanga ; mu tugali twa Kivugiza, Mumena n Agatare mu murenge wa Nyamirambo ku itariki ya 28 Kamena ; kuri Paruwasi ya Gishaka iherereye mu yahoze ari komini Gikomero no mu murenge wa Nkuzuzu ku itariki ya 6 Kamena ; i Kaduha ku itariki ya 8 Kamena ; muri ISAR Rubona hagati y amatariki ya 20 na 23 Gicurasi ; kuri Kiliziya ya Ntarama mu Karere ka Bugesera ku itariki ya 02 Kamena ; i Nyamata ku itariki ya 03 Kamena ; kuri kiliziya ya Midiho mu karere ka Kayonza 94 ; ku Mukamira ku itariki ya 27 Gashyantare ; i Musange mu karere ka Nyamagabe ku itariki ya 24 Gashyantare ; no kuri Paruwasi Gatorika ya Nyundo ku itariki ya 21 kanama SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 17 Kanama 2009 na 26 Gashyantare SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 19 Kanama SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 24 Ukuboza SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 16 Kamena SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 21 Kanama SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 04 Kanama SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 16 Nyakanga SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 17Nyakanga SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 29 Kamena SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 22 Nyakanga SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 17 Kamena SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 04 Kamena SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 29 Gicurasi SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 18 Gicurasi SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 22 Gicurasi SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 22 Gicurasi SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 04 Gicurasi SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 20 Gashyantare SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 12 Gashyantare SNJG, Itangazo ryo ku wa 14 Kanama

113 Kurondora aha hantu havuzwe haruguru ni ukwerekana ubushake bw Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca bwo gutegura ikusanyamakuru ricukumbuye, hagamijwe kumenya neza uko ibyaha byakozwe n ababigizemo uruhare kugira ngo bashyikirizwe Inkiko Gacaca zibaburanishe. Mu gihe iri kusanyamakuru ry aho ibyaha byakorewe ryabaga, twibajije niba aka kazi k inyongera katarabangamiye gahunda yo kwihutisha imanza. Aho byari bigoye nk i Kabgayi, hashyizweho Inkiko z inyongera kugira ngo ziburanishe amadosiye y inyongera. Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwifashishije kandi Inyangamugayo zari zaragaragaje ubumenyi mu guca manza. Nta wabura kwibutsa mu gusoza ko ayo madosiye y inyongera yaburanishijwe mu gihe amadosiye ya mbere yari amaze kurangira Ingamba zerekeye imiburanishirize zagize uruhare mu kwihutisha imanza mu gihe cy iburanisha Muri iki gice, turagaruka ahanini ku itegurwa ry agatabo ka gahunda y iburanisha mu Nkiko Gacaca, uko amadosiye yagombaga kuburanishwa n umusaruro mu mibare wavuye mu kwihutisha imanza Agatabo k imfashanyigisho ka gahunda y iburanisha ry imanza Mu gihe cyo gutangira icyiciro cy iburanisha, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwateguye agatabo kari gakubiyemo ingingo z ingenzi z amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y imanza za Jenoside mu Nkiko Gacaca 98. Aka gatabo kakozwe nk igikoresho gisanzwe kandi cyoroshye gukoresha gakubiyemo amakuru arebana n uburyo bwo gutegura no kuyobora iburanisha mu Nkiko Gacaca, amahame agenga umwiherero n isomwa ry urubanza, uburyo bwo kujurira, gusubirishamo no gusaba ko urubanza rusubirwamo ndetse n ibirebana n irangizwa ry ibihano. 98 SNJG, Gahunda y iburanisha mu Nkiko Gacaca, Kigali, Mutarama

114 Aka gatabo gafite kandi imigereka irimo kopi y inyandiko y urubanza igaragaza ibiyigize birimo: nomero y ifishi y uregwa, izina ry Urukiko Gacaca rwaburanishije dosiye, umwirondoro w uregwa, urwego arimo, kugaragaza ko yireze hamwe no kugaragaza ko ubwirege bwe bwakiriwe cyangwa butakiriwe, igihano cyatanzwe, itariki y iburanisha, icyemezo cyo gufata no gufunga, icyemezo cyo gufungura ako kanya, imenyesharubanza, urutonde rw abantu bishwe cyangwa abahohotewe no kugaragaza mu buryo budashidikanywaho uruhare rw uregwa, umukono cyangwa igikumwe by uregwa, abagize Urukiko Gacaca, ubujurire, gusubiramo urubanza n icyemezo cya nyuma cy Urukiko. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko abari bagenewe aka gatabo bakumvaga nta kibazo kandi bagakoreshaga neza. Ibi bikaba byarafashije mu kuburanisha no kwihutisha imanza Ibyashingirwagaho mu kuburanisha amadosiye Itegeko rigena imitunganyirize, ububasha n imikorere by Inkiko Gacaca riteganya ko iyo Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari rumaze gushyira abaregwa mu nzego, ruburanisha amadosiye yo mu rwego rwa gatatu, andi rukayashyikiriza Inkiko Gacaca zifite ububasha bwo kuyaburanisha. Mu ntangiriro za buri kwezi, Perezida wa buri Rukiko yatumizaga inama ya komite mpuzabikorwa kugira ngo bategure gahunda y iburanisha y ukwezi gukurikiyeho. Hagamijwe koroshya ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry aya mategeko, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwashyizeho ingingo ngenderwaho umunani zigaragaza uko amadosiye akurikirana mu kuyaburanisha. Hagombaga kubanza amadosiye y abaregwa bireze bakemera icyaha bafunguwe by agateganyo. Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwabonaga ko kuburanisha abo bantu byafasha mu kumenya ukuri ku byabaye n ababigizemo uruhare, ibi bigafasha mu kuburanisha imanza. Kuri gahunda, hakurikiragaho amadosiye y abaregwaga bari barireze bakemera icyaha ariko bagifunze n ay abaregwaga bari barireze bakemera icyaha bari hanze. Mu rwego rwo kwita ku mibereho y abaregwa bafunze, hakurikiragaho amadosiye y abantu barwaye indwara zidakira, hagakurikiraho amadosiye y abana bari bafite kuva imyaka 14 ariko bataragira 18 ubwo bakoraga 112

115 ibyaha, n ay abantu bafite imyaka kuva kuri 70 kujyana hejuru. Nyuma y ibi byiciro hakurikiragaho imanza z abaregwa bafunze batireze. Muri ibi bice byose, amadosiye yaburanishwaga hakurikijwe uko Urukiko rwagendaga ruyashyikirizwa. Mu gihe cyo gukora gahunda y iburanisha, abagize komite mpuzabikorwa basabwaga gutegura amadosiye yashoboraga kuburanishwa mu gihe cy ukwezi, buri dosiye bakayiha itariki izaburanishirizwaho. Iyi ngengabihe yamenyeshwaga abaturage binyujijwe mu matangazo yanyuzwaga ku bahuzabikorwa b utugari. Komite mpuzabikorwa yigaga dosiye ikareba abantu bagomba guhamagazwa baba abaregwa, abatangaguhamya n abahohotewe. Ababaga batuye hafi batumirwaga mu magambo, ariko bagashyira umukono cyangwa igikumwe mu ikayi yabugenewe nk ikimenyetso cy uko bahamagajwe. Ababaga batuye kure batumirwaga mu nyandiko. Ibyo bikorwa byose byatumye imanza zihutishwa ku buryo bushimishije nk uko imibare ikurikira ibyerekana 99. Mu rwego rw imibare, umubare w amadosiye yo mu rwego rwa kabiri n ayo mu rwego rwa gatatu yaburanishijwe kuva ku itariki ya 15/07/2006 kugeza ku ya 15/06/2009 yari ateye ku buryo bukurikira: Imbonerahamwe N 13 : Umubare w amadosiye yo mu rwego rwa kabiri n ayo mu rwego rwa gatatu yaburanishijwe kuva ku itariki ya 15/07/2006 kugeza ku ya 15/06/2009 Inkiko Gacaca A m a d o s i y e yakiriwe A m a d o s i y e yaburanishijwe Umurenge Ubujurire Akagari Igiteranyo Amadosiye yari asigaye Byavuye : Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca, Raporo y ibikorwa by amezi atandatu, Mutarama-Kamena 2009, urupapuro rwa SNJG, Rapport semestriel d activités janvier - juin 2009, p

116 Kugeza muri Mutarama 2010 ubwo twakoraga ubu bushakashatsi, umubare w amadosiye yakiriwe yari yariyongereye ageze kuri , naho ayaburanishijwe ageze kuri , hasigaye gusa amadosiye Ku birebana n urwego rwa mbere, hari hasigaye amadosiye Umubare mununi w amadosiye yashoboraga kurangira mu iburanisha rimwe igihe abaturage babaga bagize uruhare mu kugaragaza ibyaha byakozwe cyangwa habayeho ubwirege. Imanza zaburanishijwe inshuro nyinshi ni izari zikomeye bitewe ahanini n imiterere yazo, abatangabuhamya babuze cyangwa batari bahagije, cyangwa imanza zaburanishirijwe mu matsinda zasabaga ubushishozi bwihariye kugira ngo impande zose zihabwe umwanya wo kwisobanura. Mu kwezi kwa Nyakanga 2011, nibwo twatangiye ibarura n isesengura ry imanza zaciwe ku rwego rwa nyuma zari mu bubiko bw Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca. Kugira ngo tubone impuzandengo y igihe imanza zimara, twafashe imanza 607 zaciwe n Inkiko Gacaca z umurenge ku rwego rwa mbere, dufata imanza 446 ku rwego rw ubujurire. Ibyagezweho bigaragaza ko ku rwego rwa mbere. Imanza zihutishijwe ku rugero rushimishije kuko imanza 498 zaburanishijwe zirarangira mu iburanisha rimwe, bingana na 82% ; imanza 99 zaburanishijwe zirangira ku iburanisha rya kabiri, bingana na 1,5% ; naho imanza 3 zaburanishijwe zirangira nibura nyuma y iburanisha rya kane, bingana na 0,5%. Ku rwego rw ubujurire, imanza 446 nizo zasuzumwe zigaragaza ko amadosiye 344 yaburanishijwe arangira mu iburanisha rimwe, bingana na 77% ; imanza 83 zarangiye ku iburanisha rya kabiri, bingana na 18% ; amadosiye 17 yarangiye kuburanishwa ku iburanisha rya gatatu, bingana na 4% naho amadosiye 2 yasabye nibura iminsi 4 y iburanisha, bingana na 0,4%. Ibyagaragajwe mu mibare biri mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: 114

117 Imbonerahamwe N 14 : Igihe imanza zamaze ku rwego rwa mbere Umubare w imanza % Iburanisha % Iminsi 2 y iburanisha 99 16% Iminsi 3 y iburanisha 7 1,5 % Iminsi 4 y iburanisha 3 0,5% Aho byavuye :Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM : Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane (Isuzuma rya kabiri ry amadosiye yashyinguwe), Nyakanga Igishushanyo N 17: Inshuro imanza zaburanishijwe ku ntera ya mbere Umubare w imanza ku ntera ya mbere umunsi 1 Iminsi 2 w'iburanisha y iburanisha Iminsi 3 y iburanisha Iminsi 4 y iburanisha Umubare w imanza zasesenguwe Aho byavuye :Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM : Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane (Isuzuma rya kabiri ry amadosiye yashyinguwe), Nyakanga

118 Imbonerahamwe N 15 : Igihe imanza zamaze mu bujurire Nombre de séances Umubare w imanza % Iburanisha % Iminsi 2 y iburanisha % Iminsi 3 y iburanisha 17 4% Iminsi 4 y iburanisha 2 0,4% Aho byavuye :Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM : Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane (Isuzuma rya kabiri ry amadosiye yashyinguwe), Nyakanga Igishushanyo N 18: Inshuro imanza zaburanishijwe mu bujurire Umubare w imanza ku ntera y'ubujurire umunsi 1 Iminsi 2 w'iburanisha y iburanisha Iminsi 3 y iburanisha Iminsi 4 y iburanisha Umubare w imanza zasesenguwe Aho byavuye :Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM : Ikigo cya Kaminuza y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane (Isuzuma rya kabiri ry amadosiye yashyinguwe), Nyakanga Iyi mibare hamwe n ibiganiro twagiranye n abantu batandukanye byagaragaje ko inyinshi mu manza zihutishijwe na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, bituma ubutabera butangwa mu gihe gikwiriye haba ku baregwa bari bategereje kuburanishwa, ndetse no ku bahohotewe bifuzaga guhabwa ubutabera. 116

119 Birumvikana ko kwihutisha imanza byashobotse bitagoranye mu nkiko zagize ikusanyamakuru ryari ryarakozwe neza n aho ukuri ku byabaye kwari kwaragaragajwe. Gutinda kw imanza zimwe na zimwe byagiye biterwa no gutanga ibirego bishya, abaregwa bashya kandi byasabaga ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera. Muri iki gice, hagiye habonekamo imanza zigoranye zaburanishwagamo abantu bahoze bakomeye kandi bari barabashije gushyiraho uburyo bwo guhisha ukuri. Indi mpamvu ikomeye yatumye imanza zimwe na zimwe zitinda yabaye iyo kuburanishiriza hamwe abantu benshi. Abo bantu basabaga amaperereza acukumbuye ku batangabuhamya rimwe na rimwe babaga batuye ahantu hatandukanye Kwihutisha imanza ugereranyije n iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo gucibwa urubanza ruboneye Ku birebana n iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo gucirwa urubanza ruboneye, impungenge ya mbere yari ukutubahirizwa kw amategeko agenga urubanza ruboneye. Byari ngombwa na none kwirinda guhungabanya uburenganzira bwo kwisobanura kuko ari imwe mu ntwaro zirinda akarengane. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwagaragaje ko na nyuma y itangizwa rya gahunda yo kwihutisha imanza muri 2007 aho wasangaga Inyangamugayo zimaze kugira uburambe mu iyubahirizwa ry amategeko agenga imiburanishirize, Inkiko Gacaca zatanze ubutabera buca imanza ziboneye. 87% y abantu babajijwe bemeje ko Inkiko Gacaca zashoboye kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside mu buryo bukwiye kandi zikurikiza amahame y ubutabera busaranganyijwe kuri bose. Na none 75% basanga Inyangamugayo z Inkiko Gacaca zaragiye ziyungura ubumenyi n uburambe bwa ngombwa. Ibi byabafashije guca imanza neza kandi mu gihe gikwiye. Naho 75% basanga kwihutisha imanza bitarabaye imbogamizi ku itangwa ry ubutabera. 117

120 Hashingiwe ku mibare imaze kuvugwa, biragaragara ko benshi mu banyarwanda bashima ibyagezweho muri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca ku birebana no kwihutisha imanza. Abaturage babajijwe bemeza ko nta kwirengagiza amakuru kwabayeho ku ruhande rw inyangamugayo nk uko ibitekerezo bikurikira bibigaragaza : Ikadere : Amakuru yabonetse agomba kwitabwabo bitabujije ko imanza zihutishwa Inyangamugayo zafataga umwanya uhagije wo gutega amatwi abantu bafite icyo bazi ku kibazo gisuzumwa ; Inyangamugayo zakurikizaga gahunda y iburanisha, amategeko ndetse n amabwiriza y Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca nubwo zabaga zifite akazi kenshi ; Inyangamugayo zakoraga amasaha/iminsi y ikirenga aho gukora inshuro imwe mu cyumweru kugira ngo zibone amakuru n umwanya wo kuyasesengura ; Inyangamugayo zasangiraga ubumenyi burebana no gusuzuma amadosiye na bagenzi babo bo mu zindi Nkiko hagamijwe kwihutisha imanza no guca imanza mu buryo bukwiye. Benshi mu babajijwe basanga ikusanyamakuru ryarabaye iperereza nyakuri, ryatumye hegeranywa ibimenyetso, hagaragazwa abahohotewe n abatangabuhamya bashinja n abashinjura. Abenshi mu babajijwe bemeza ko mu gihe cy imanza Inyangamugayo zubahirije ihame ryo guhabwa umwanya wo kwisobanura ziha umwanya uhagije abatangabuhamya bashinjaga n abashinjuraga. Mu ngero zatanzwe, abantu benshi babajijwe basanga Inyangamugayo zaritwararitse gukurikiza itegeko, cyane cyane mu gukurikirana abantu batanze amakuru y ibinyoma babigendereye cyangwa abanze gutanga amakuru. Izi ngingo zose zashyizwe mu bikorwa n Inkiko Gacaca mu rwego rwo gushaka ibimenyetso zatumye hubahirizwa uburenganzira bwo kwisobanura no mu gihe cyo kwihutisha imanza. Ni ngombwa kongeraho ko byatumaga 118

121 ababuranyi bose bahabwa uburenganzira bungana hamwe no kubahiriza ihame ryo gufata uregwa nk umwere kugeza ahamwe n icyaha, kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho mu icibwa ry urubanza ibyo byose bikaba bisanzwe biri mu by ingenzi biranga urubanza ruboneye Imbogamizi zagaragaye mu kwihutisha imanza n ingamba zafashwe mu kuzikemura Ibisobanuro bikubiye muri iyi nyandiko bigaragaza ko Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare mu kwihutisha imanza za Jenoside zinubahiriza amahame agenga urubanza ruboneye. Icyakora hari imbogamizi zagaragaye zimwe na zimwe mu buryo bw imikorere bwashyizweho. Muri izo mbogamizi, twavuga iz ingenzi zikurikira : Ikadere : Imbogamizi mu kwihutisha imanza Bamwe mu batangabuhamya cyangwa mu baburanyi batabashije kwitaba mu manza nyinshi kuko zaburanishwaga mu gihe kimwe ; Hari amakuru mashya yabonetse mu gihe cyo gusoza yatumye isozwa ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca ritinda (urugero : ubuhamya/mugina) Abantu benshi basabaga ko imanza zabo zisubirwamo n abasabaga inyandiko z urubanza mu gihe isozwa ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca ryari ryegereje. Nyuma y ivugururwa ry Itegeko ryo muri Werurwe 2007, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwashyizeho amabwiriza yongera inteko hagamijwe kwihutisha imanza nk uko byavuzwe haruguru 100. Urukiko Gacaca rw Umurenge cyangwa urw Ubujurire rwari rufite amadosiye arenga 150 yo kuburanisha rwagombaga kugira inteko z inyongera. Icyagaragaye muri ubu bushakashatsi nk uko byavuzwe mu mbonerehamwe iri haruguru ni uko ishyirwaho ry inteko z inyongera ryatumye inkiko zimwe na zimwe 100 SNJG, Amabwiriza n 15/2007 yo ku wa 01/06/

122 zibasha kuburanisha imanza nyinshi icyarimwe bitera ikibazo ku bagombaga kwitabira izo manza mu gihe izo bafitemo inyungu cyangwa icyo bavuga zabereye icyarimwe. Mu gukemura iki kibazo, hagiye hafatwa ingamba zo kugira inama ababuranyi gusaba ko zisubirishwamo nubwo byagiye bidindiza imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Indi mbogamizi ikomeye yagaragajwe n ababajijwe ni uko hari amakuru mashya yabonetse mu gihe cyo gusoza imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca atarabashije gukorerwa iperereza rihagije kubera ko Inyangamugayo zashakaga kurangiza imanza ku gihe. Ibi byagaragajwe n ababajijwe bo ku Mugina mu Karere ka Kamonyi. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twabonye ko igihe ikibazo nk iki cyagaragaraga, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwihutiraga kohereza Urukiko ruturutse mu yindi fasi kugira ngo rusuzume amakuru kandi ruburanishe imanza zirebana nayo. Urugero ku makuru yagaragaye ku Mugina, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwoherejeyo Urukiko Gacaca rwa Gahogo rukaba rwaraciye urubanza ruturutse kuri ayo makuru ku itariki ya 15 Nzeri Indi mbogamizi ikomeye mu kwihutisha imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca, yabaye ubwiyongere bw abasabaga ko imanza zabo zisubirwamo bwagaragaye igihe isozwa ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca ryari ryegereje. Abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside nabo basabaga inyandiko z urubanza ku mitungo yabo yononwe batari barasabye igihe izo manza zacibwaga. Bamaze kumenya ko isozwa ry Inkiko Gacaca ryegereje, bihutiye kugana ku cyicaro cy Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca gusaba inyandiko z irangizarubanza kugira ngo zizabafashe mu irangizwa ryazo Ku birebana n abasabaga ko imanza zabo zisubirwamo, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwagennye Inkiko Gacaca zibifitiye ububasha kugira ngo zige ishingiro ryabyo, zinaburanishe imanza zabaga zagaragaje ibimenyetso bishya n izo basangaga hataratanzwe ibihano bidahuye n ibyaha byahamye uregwa nk uko amategeko abiteganya. 120

123 Ku birebana n abasabaga inyandiko z urubanza ku manza zo mu rwego rwa gatatu, bitewe n uko amakayi y ibikorwa yari yaramaze kubikwa, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwafashe icyemezo kitoroshye cyo kujonjora amakayi n amakashi y Inkiko Gacaca bireba hanyuma ruyoherereza Inyangamugayo kugira ngo zuzuze inyandiko z urubanza zasabwe. Uyu murimo wari uwo kwitondera kandi usaba uburyo buhenze no gufata ingamba z umutekano uhagije. Ibyo byatumye isozwa ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca ryimurwa inshuro nyinshi Umwanzuro w ibanze Iri sesengura riragaragaza ko mu manza nyinshi, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yafashije mu kwihutisha ku buryo bugaragara iburanisha ry imanza za Jenoside kandi ishobora no gutanga ubutabera mu gihe gikwiye, haba ku baregwa bari bategereje kuburanishwa, haba no ku bahohotewe bari bategereje guhabwa ubutabera. Mu mibare, 82% by imanza zaburanishijwe umunsi umwe (inshuro1), 16% ziburanishwa iminsi 2 ( inshuro 2), 1,5% ziburanishwa iminsi 3 (inshuro 3 ), 0,5% ziburanishwa iminsi irenga 4 ( inshuro zirenga 4). Na none, 87% by ababajijwe basanga Inkiko Gacaca zarabashije kwihutisha imanza ari nako zubahiriza amahame agenga urubanza ruboneye. Icyakora gahunda yo kwihutisha imanza yahuye n imbogamizi z ingenzi eshatu zirimo kuba hari ababuranyi n abatangabuhamya batashoboye kugira uruhare mu manza zose bafitemo inyungu kuko hari igihe zaberaga igihe kimwe. Ikindi hari amakuru mashya yabonetse mu gihe cyo kwitegura gusoza, bityo bitinza isoza nyirizina ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Icya nyuma, ubwinshi bw abasabaga ko imanza zabo zisubirwamo n abasabaga inyandiko y urubanza mu gihe cyo kwitegura gusoza imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca bwatumye habaho gusubika inshuro nyinshi isozwa ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Mu gukemura ibi bibazo, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwafashe ingamba yo kugira inama ababuranyi gusubirishamo imanza zaciwe umwe mu baburanyi adahari, no kugena Inkiko Gacaca zibifitiye ububasha kugira ngo zisuzume imanza zasabiwe gusubirwamo, ndetse ziburanishe n izabonewe ibimenyetso bishya n izagaragaje ko ibihano byatanzwe binyuranyije n Itegeko. Naho ku birebana no gusaba inyandiko y urubanza ku manza zo mu rwego rwa gatatu, Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca rwatoranije amakayi n amakashi y Inkiko Gacaca bireba rubyoherereza Inyangamugayo kugira ngo zuzuze inyandiko z urubanza zasabwaga. 121

124 UMUTWE WA IV URUHARE RW INKIKO GACACA MU KURWANYA UMUCO WO KUDAHANA 4.1. Intangiriro Ku birebana n intego ya gatatu yo kurwanya umuco wo kudahana, Inkiko Gacaca zari zifite inshingano yo gutanga ubutabera bwubahiriza amahame agenga urubanza ruboneye. Ni muri urwo rwego, Leta y u Rwanda ishingiye ku nshingano zikubiye mu masezerano mpuzamahanga yo ku rwego mpanabyaha avugwa haruguru, yagombaga kurwanya umuco wo kudahana binyuze mu nkiko Gacaca. Ibice bikurikira birasesengura amahame y amategeko agenga urubanza ruboneye muri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca n uburyo akoreshwa. Hakubiyemo isesengura ry ihame ryo kutabogama, ubwigenge bw Inkiko Gacaca, kubahiriza uburenganzira bwo kwiregura, bwo gufatwa nk umwere kugeza igihe uregwa ahamwe n icyaha, uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa impamvu icyemezo cy urukiko cyashingiyeho n irangizwa ry imanza zaciwe Kutabogama n ubwigenge bw Inyangamugayo mu Nkiko Gacaca Kimwe mu by ingenzi biranga ubwigenge mu butabera ni uburyo abacamanza bakora imirimo yabo badashyizweho igitutu n ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko cyangwa abayobozi mu nzego z ubuyobozi 101. Mu mategeko y u Rwanda, ubwigenge bw ubutabera buteganywa n ingingo ya 140 y Itegeko Nshinga. Itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca naryo rifite ingingo zitari nke ziteganya ubwigenge no kutabogama by Inyangamugayo. 101 Bizimana Jean Damascène, «L absence de procès équitable devant les tribunaux rwandais : fait réel ou procès d intention?», Dialogue n 187, Kigali, Novembre-mars 2009, pp

125 Ni muri urwo rwego, byemewe kwihana Inyangamugayo mu gihe hari gihamya (ishingiye ku byabaye cyangwa ku masano), y ibyahungabanya kutabogama mu rubanza runaka. Ni nako bibujijwe ku bagize inteko y Urukiko Gacaca kuburanisha no gufata ibyemezo mu rubanza bafitemo inyungu cyangwa rukurikiranywemo abo mu miryango yabo cyangwa undi muntu wese bafitanye ubucuti cyangwa urwango rukomeye rwabangamira ubwisanzure mu gufata icyemezo 102. Mu bice bikurikira, turasesengura uburyo izi ngingo zubahirijwe n Inkiko Gacaca mu gihe cy iburanisha Ibiranga ubwigenge no kutabogama by Inyangamugayo Hari ibipimo biranga ubwigenge no kutabogama by Inyamugayo kuva zitorwa no mu gihe zimara zuzuza inshingano zazo z abacamanza. Ibyo bipimo biteganywa n itegeko ndetse iyubahirizwa ryabyo ryagenzuwe n Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca (SNJG), mu rwego rw inshingano rufite zo kugira inama, gufasha no guhuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca Ibisabwa mu itorwa n isimburwa ry Inyangamugayo Uburyo Inyangamugayo zatowe bwashingiye ahanini ku iyubahirizwa ry ubwigenge no kutabogama. Mu by ukuri, amatora ya mbere y Inyangamugayo yabaye hagati y itariki ya 4 n iya 7 Ukwakira 2001 hatorwa Inyangamugayo zirenga Ayo matora yateguwe na Komisiyo y Igihugu y Amatora kandi ubwitabire bwageze kuri 87% 103. Ku ruhande rumwe ibi bigaragaza uburyo abaturage bashyigikiye Inkiko Gacaca, ku rundi ruhande bikagaragaza ko ubukangurambaga bwo kwitabira amatora bwakozwe neza. Ku birebana n imigendekere y amatora, abakandida batanzwe n abaturage batuye Akagari bujuje imyaka yo gutora, banasabwe ndetse kugira icyo bavuga ku bakandida. 102 Ku birebana n ingingo zigenga kutabogama n ubwigenge bw Inyangamugayo reba ingingo 10, 13-15, 18, 23, 33 z itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca nk uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu. 103 Penal Reform International (PRI), «Huit ans après : le point sur le monitoring de la Gacaca au Rwanda»,

126 Mu gihe abaturage bagaragazaga impamvu zikomeye zituma ubunyangamugayo bw umukandida runaka bukemangwa, Inteko yatangaga undi wo kumusimbura. Muri izo mpamvu harimo : ubusinzi, ubusambanyi, ubuhemu bugaragarira mu kutishyura imyenda, ubugizi bwa nabi burangwa no kuba yaragize uruhare muri Jenoside, n ibindi. Ibyo bikorwa binyuranye ni indangagaciro z ingenzi zo mu muco wa Kinyarwanda. Twibutse ko aya matora yakozwe mu buryo buziguye. Ku birebana n uburyo ayo matora yakozwe, abayobozi b itora basabaga abaje gutora guhagarara inyuma y umuntu batoye noneho uwo muntu akabona amajwi ahwanye n umubare w abantu bamugiye inyuma. Abakandida batowe ku rwego rw Akagari nibo bitoragamo abagize Komite Mpuzabikorwa y Akagari. Abayigize nibo bagombaga kujya mu Rukiko Gacaca rw Umurenge. Ubwo buryo ni nabwo bwakoreshejwe ku rwego rw Umurenge, ku rw Akarere no ku rwego rw Intara. Ubu buryo bugaragaza ko Inyangamugayo zatowe mu bwisanzure nta mabwiriza aturutse hanze ahawe abaturage yo gutora umukandida uyu n uyu. Umuntu yavuga ko ubwigenge no kutabogama mu mirimo yo guca imanza mu Nkiko Gacaca bitahungabanyijwe. Ibi kandi byagiye bishimangirwa n ibitekerezo by abayobozi bakuru b Igihugu. Ni muri urwo rwego, ku munsi ubanziriza amatora mu ijambo yagejeje ku banyarwanda, Perezida wa Repubulika, Nyakubahwa Paul Kagame yabakanguriye gutora : «abantu b abanyakuri, b Inyangamugayo kandi bakunda umurimo kandi bagatora nta vangura iryo ari ryo ryose» 104. Muri icyo gikorwa gikomeye cyo gutanga ubutabera nyuma ya Jenoside, kubera icyizere abaturage bari bafitiye Inyangamugayo cyari gishingiye ku bunyangamugayo, hari bamwe muri zo bagiye basimbuzwa uko imyitwarire yabo yagendaga ikemangwa n abaturage. Imibare yatanzwe na SNJG igaragaza ko muri 2004, n ubwo hari mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo, 9% y Inyangamugayo bangana na ku Nyangamugayo bakuwe ku mirimo yabo. Kimwe cya kabiri cyabo barasimbujwe nyuma yo gukekwaho 104 Ijambo rya Nyakubahwa Perezida wa Repubulika mu muhango wo gutangiza ku mugaragaro imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca, ku wa 18 Kamena

127 kugira uruhare muri Jenoside, abandi kimwe cya kabiri basimbuzwa kubera impamvu zitandukanye zatumye ubunyamugayo bwabo bukemangwa Amahugurwa y Inyangamugayo Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca (SNJG) rwashyizeho gahunda y amahugurwa n iyo gukurikirana imigendekere yayo hagamijwe gufasha Inyangamugayo kongera ubumenyi mu bijyanye n itegeko. SNJG kandi ntiyahwemye kubagezaho ibikoresho byo kubafasha gutanga ubutabera bwigenga kandi butabogamye. Ni muri urwo rwego agatabo ka mbere kagenewe Inyangamugayo kakozwe mu Ukwakira Hakurikiyeho amahugurwa y icyumweru yakozwe kuri iyo mfashanyigisho yabaye muri Gicurasi 2002 mu gihe cyo kwitegura itangizwa ry Inkiko Gacaca 106. Ayo mahugurwa yarebanaga ahanini n itegeko ngenga ryo muri 2001 rishyiraho Inkiko Gacaca rikanagena imiburanishirize y imanza muri izo Nkiko. Nyuma y ivugururwa ry iryo tegeko ryo muri 2004, ibindi byiciro by amahugurwa byarateguwe. Ayo mahugurwa yafashije Inyangamugayo kwongera ubumenyi mu bijyanye n itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca. Nk uko byari byagenze muri 2001, SNJG yashyize ahagaragara udutabo turebana n itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca, hagamijwe korohereza Inyangamugayo mu gusobanukirwa amahame agenga imiburanishirize n icibwa ry imanza. Hakurikiyeho ishyirwaho ry abahuzabikorwa b Inkiko Gacaca boherezwa mu gihugu hose, bafite inshingano yo kugira inama no gufasha Inyangamugayo mu mirimo yazo. Hari inyandiko ya SNJG igaragaza ko mu gihe cyo kwitegura itangizwa ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca ku rwego rw Igihugu, hakozwe amahugurwa mu byiciro bibiri : ay abagombaga guhugura n ay Inyangamugayo 107. Na none, raporo y ibikorwa bya SNJG yo muri 2004 igaragaza umwihariko w amahugurwa yahawe Inyangamugayo ku nsanganyamatsiko zitari nke 105 SNJG, Document sur l état d avancement des activités des juridictions Gacaca des cellules opérationnelles et programmes d activités à venir, Kigali, 21 janvier SNJG, Manuel explicatif sur la loi organique portant création des juridictions Gacaca, Kigali, Octobre 2001 ; Rapports annuels des années 2003 et Document sur l état d avancement des activités des juridictions Gacaca des Cellules opérationnelles et programmes d activités à venir, SNJG, 21 janvier

128 zirimo : ibitekerezo bishya bikubiye mu itegeko ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004, iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo gucirwa urubanza ruboneye, uruhare rw Inkiko Gacaca mu bwiyunge bw abanyarwanda, ihungabana, ibibazo by umutekano w abatangabuhamya, n ibindi. Kugira ngo aya mahugurwa agende neza, SNJG yiyambaje abahanga bo mu nzego zitandukanye. Muri izo nzego zagize uruhare mu mahugurwa harimo : Minisiteri y Ubuzima, Minisiteri y Umutekano na Polisi y Igihugu, Komisiyo y Igihugu y Ubumwe n Ubwiyunge, Komisiyo y Igihugu ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, Ubunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa bushinzwe Imirimo Nsimburagifungo ifitiye Igihugu Akamaro. Hari kandi n Imiryango idaharanira inyungu nka International Rescue Committee n umushinga PAPG 108 byagize uruhare muri iki gikorwa. Ku birebana n amahugurwa y abagombaga guhugura Inyangamugayo, habaruwe Inyangamugayo zagombaga guhugurirwa mu Tugari twari gutangiramo imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Iki gikorwa cyasabaga nibura abahugura 842. Bityo, ku bakozi 342 ba SNJG, hashyizweho abandi bantu bo guhugura 500 kugira ngo bafashe abo bakozi. Mu gutegura ayo mahugurwa, ihame ryagendeweho mu gutoranya abahugura ryari uguhitamo umuntu ufite ubumenyi buhagije bwatuma akurikirana amahugurwa yarangiza agahugura abandi. Ni muri ubwo buryo hari Inyangamugayo zakurikiye amahugurwa y abazahugura hamwe n abahuzabikorwa b Inkiko Gacaca mu Turere n Umujyi wa Kigali. Ayo mahugurwa yatewe inkunga na Coopération Technique Belge yakozwe mu byiciro 2 by icyumweru kimwe buri cyiciro kuva ku wa 12 kugeza ku wa 17 no kuva ku wa 18 kugeza ku wa 23 Nyakanga Yabereye mu Kigo cy amahugurwa cya Murambi (RIAM) no muri CEPAF ya Muhanga. Umubare w abahuguwe ni abantu 551. Ku birebana n amahugurwa y Inyangamugayo, zari zarahuguwe ariko ntizashyira mu bikorwa ibyo zari zigishijwe. Byabaye ngombwa kongera kuzihugura mbere y uko zoherezwa mu Mirenge zakomokagamo kugira ngo 108 SNJG, Rapport d activités de l année 2004, p

129 zihugure bagenzi bazo mu Nkiko Gacaca z Utugari Abanyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa b Imirenge nabo bahuguriwe hamwe n Inyangamugayo kuko bari kugira uruhare mu gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, cyane cyane mu cyiciro cy ikusanyamakuru no mu irangizwa ry imanza. Ayo mahugurwa yamaze amezi 2 kandi yabaye hagati y itariki ya 26 Nyakanga na 09 Nzeri Ubwitabire bwari bushimishije cyane, uhereye ku mibare ikurikira 109 : Imbonerahamwe N 16 : Amahugurwa ku gikorwa cyo gukurikirana ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca Intara Umujyi Kigali wa I g i t e r a n y o c y I n k i k o Gacaca zahawe amahugurwa U m u b a r e w abazahugura 109 SNJG, Raporo y Umwaka 2004, pp U m u b a r e w abazahugura abandi bahuguwe % Kigali Ngali % Gitarama % Butare % Gikongoro % Cyangugu % Kibuye % Gisenyi % Ruhengeri % Byumba % Umutara % Kibungo % Aho byavuye : SNJG, Raporo y Umwaka wa 2004, pp %

130 Aya mahugurwa yakurikiwe n andi yari agenewe Inyangamugayo zo mu Nkiko Gacaca z Umurenge, z Ubujurire n iz Akagari 751 z icyitegererezo. Ayo mahugurwa yateguwe na SNJG ku nkunga ya ASF Belgique yari agamije gufasha Inyangamugayo zo muri izo Nkiko guhita zitangira kuburanisha imanza nyuma y ikusanyamakuru 110. Mu by ingenzi byasuzumwe hari: Gusobanura icyaha cya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu, amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y imanza nshinjabyaha, ibihano n irangizwa ryabyo, ibirebana n ubujurire, ibirebana no kwishyura imitungo yangijwe ndetse n ubundi burenganzira bw abahohotewe, ibisobanuro ku mahame y ubwigenge no kutabogama ku Nyangamugayo hamwe n imikoranire yazo n izindi nzego, amategeko agenga gahunda yo kwirega, kwemera icyaha no gusaba imbabazi. Hateguwe kandi andi mahugurwa ajyanye n iby imirimo yo mu biro, nko kwakira no kubika inyandiko z urukiko, gutegura raporo hamwe n ajyanye n imikorere y Inkiko Gacaca. Hari nanone amahugurwa yateguwe na MINISANTE ku bijyanye n ihungabana, nkuko bigaragazwa n imibare y ubwitabire bw Inyangamugayo ikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira 111 : Imbonerahamwe N 17: Uko amahugurwa arebana na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yitabiriwe Intara I g i t e r a n y o I g i t e r a n y o U m u b a r e c y I n k i k o cy abagombaga w abahuguye Gacaca z aho g u h u g u r a kuri buri a m a h g u r w a a b a n d i mahugurwa yakorewe bahuguwe % Umujyi wa Kigali % Kigali-Ngali % Gitarama % Butare % Gikongoro % Cyangugu % Kibuye % Gisenyi % Ruhengeri % Byumba % Umutara % Kibungo % Aho byavuye : SNJG, Raporo y umwaka y ibikorwa, 2007, pp SNJG, Raporo y Umwaka, 2004, p Ibidem, pp

131 Nyuma y ivugururwa ry Itegeko Ngenga n 16/2004 ryo ku wa 19/06/2004 hateguwe andi mahugurwa agenewe abahuzabikorwa b Inkiko Gacaca n Inyangamugayo kuva tariki ya 12/03/2007 kugeza tariki ya 05/04/ SNJG yashyizeho amabwiriza 113 agamije gufasha Inyangamugayo gusobanukirwa no gushyira mu bikorwa neza itegeko ryari rimaze kujyaho. Hateguwe inama nyunguranabitekerezo mu gihugu hose 114 zahuje Inyangamugayo, abayobozi ku nzego z ibanze, abavuga rikijyana 115, abafungwa 116, abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside 117 ndetse n abaturage muri rusange 118. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twashatse kumenya niba amahugurwa yateguwe na SNJG yarafashije Inyangamugayo kongera ubumenyi burebana n itegeko ndetse no kuburanisha hubahirizwa amahame agenga urubanza ruboneye. 112 SNJG, Raporo y umwaka, 2007, p Amabwiriza N 11/07 du 02/03/2007 y Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe Inkiko Gacaca arebana n ishyirwaho ry inteko nyinshi mu Rukiko Gacaca n imikoranire yazo ; Amabwiriza n o 12/2007 yo ku wa 15/03/2007 arebana no gusubiramo imanza zaciwe n Inkiko Gacaca; Amabwiriza n o 13/2007 yo ku wa 20/03/2007 agamije gufasha Inkiko Gacaca gushyira mu bikorwa ibiteganywa n Itegeko Ngenga n 10/2007 ryo kuwa 01/03/2007 rihindura kandi ryuzuza Itegeko Ngenga n 16/2004 ryo kuwa 19/6/2004 rigena imiterere, ububasha n imikorere by Inkiko Gacaca zishinzwe gukurikirana no gucira imanza abakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n iya 31 Ukuboza 1994 nk uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu; Amabwiriza n o 14/2007 yo ku wa 30/03/2007 arebana no kuriha umutungo wononwe mu gihe cya Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y itariki ya mbere Ukwakira 1990 n iya 31 Ukuboza Amabwiriza n o 15/2007 yo ku wa 01/06/2007 y Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa arebana n irangizwa ry ibihano bihabwa umuntu wireze, akemera icyaha, akicuza agasaba imbabazi bikemerwa n Urukiko Gacaca. 114 Kuva tariki ya 10/09/2007 kugeza tariki ya 10/10/2007, SNJG yafashije Inyangamugayo mu gikorwa cyo kujonjora amadosiye yo mu rwego rwa mbere cyabaye mu gihgu hose nyuma y ivugururwa ry itegeko. 115 Kuva tariki ya 18/ kugeza tariki ya 30/06/2007 habaye inama mu Turere zakurikiwe n izo mu Mirenge no muri Gereza. 116 Raporo y umwaka y ibikorwa bya SNJG muri 2007 igaragaza ko habaye inama muri Gereza zose zo mu Rwanda zo gusobanurira abafungwa ibijyanye n ivugururwa ry itegeko no kubakangurira kwirega, kwemera icyaha no kugisabira imbabazi (reba p. 25). 117 Kuva tariki ya 06/02/2007 kugeza tariki ya 16/02/2007, SNJG yateguye inama n abahagarariye abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside mu gihugu hose hamwe n abafasha mu by amategeko ba IBUKA hagamijwe kubasobanurira ibijyanye n ivugururwa ry itegeko hamwe n uruhare rwabo mu migendekere myiza ya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Izo nama zari ziyobowe n Abanyamategeko ba SNJG. Nanone kuva tariki ya 29/07 kugeza ku ya 16/08/2007, habaye inama zahuje abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside mu Mirenge yose y u Rwanda zigamije kubasobanurira impinduka zo mu itegeko. 118 Muri urwo rwego, mu mwaka wa 2007, hateguwe ibiganiro bya radiyo byakorwa na SNJG buri wa mbere kuri Radiyo Rwanda hakanakorwa kandi mu gihe bibaye ngombwa ibiganiro ku zindi Radiyo. Hagiye haba kandi inama zitandukanye ku rwego rw Uturere zagiye zitabirwa n Abanyamategeko ba SNJG (reba raporo y umwaka 2007). 129

132 87% y ababajijwe bemeje ko Inyangamugayo zujuje inshingano zazo neza nubwo zitari abacamanza b umwuga. Bongeyeho ko izo Nkiko zageze ku ntego ikomeye yo gutanga igisubizo cyatekerejwe n abanyarwanda ku bibazo byatewe na Jenoside. Hanyuma, twibajije niba Inyangamugayo zaragiye zongererwa ubushobozi zinanoza imikorere uko zagendaga zigira uburambe. Kuri iki kibazo ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu bigaragaza ko 74,8% by ababajijwe bemeje ko ubutabera bwatanzwe n Inyangamugayo bwagiye butera imbere uko zagiraga ubunararibonye zinahabwa amahugurwa. Iyi mibare igaragaza ko mu by ukuri, Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare rufatika mu gukemura ikibazo cy imanza za Jenoside ndetse bikorwa mu buryo bwubahiriza amahame agenga urubanza ruboneye, akubiye mu itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca no mu masezerano mpuzamahanga u Rwanda rwashyizeho umukono Ubwigenge bw Inyangamugayo Imikoranire hagati y Inkiko Gacaca, SNJG n inzego z ubuyobozi ku rwego rw Igihugu no ku rwego rw Ibanze iteganywa n ingingo ya 49 na 50 z itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca. Ibikubiye muri izo ngingo bigaragaza uburyo Itegeko ryahaye Inkiko Gacaca ubwigenge busesuye. Ni nayo mpamvu imikoranire hagati y Inkiko Gacaca n izo nzego zitandukanye igarukira gusa ku bufasha mu bya tekiniki buhabwa Inkiko Gacaca. Ingingo ya 49 iteganya ko : «Abayobozi b inzego z ubutegetsi Inkiko Gacaca zikoreramo bazigenera aho zikorera, bakanashishikariza abaturage kuzitabira. Bakurikiranira hafi imikorere y Inkiko Gacaca bakanazigezaho ibya ngombwa zikeneye, bafatanyije n Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe gukurikirana, kugenzura no guhuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca». Mu gushimangira ubwo bwigenge, ingingo ya 50 igaragaza uruhare rwa SNJG ndetse ikanayibuza mu buryo bugaragara kwivanga mu ifatwa ry ibyemezo 130

133 mu Nkiko Gacaca. Iki ni ikimenyetso gifatika cy ubwigenge :«Urwego rw Igihugu rushinzwe gukurikirana, kugenzura no guhuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca, rukurikirana, rukagenzura kandi rugahuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca mu Gihugu. Rushyiraho kandi amabwiriza ajyanye n imikorere myiza y Inkiko Gacaca, kimwe n imyitwarire y Inyangamugayo, ariko ntirwemerewe gutegeka izo nkiko uburyo zica imanza». Ibiteganywa n amategeko birasobanutse kandi bigaragaza neza ubushake bw Umushingamategeko ku birebana n ubwigenge bw Inyangamugayo mu kuzuza inshingano zazo. Raporo z ibikorwa zinyuranye za SNJG nazo zigaragaza ko uruhare rw uru rwego rwagarukiraga ku bufasha mu bya tekiniki bukubiye mu byiciro bine 119. Mbere na mbere ku birebana n iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira, SNJG yari ishinzwe kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry amategeko mu Nkiko Gacaca no kuzigira inama mu by amategeko kugira ngo zirusheho kunoza imikorere yazo no guca imanza ziboneye. Ikindi, SNJG yagize uruhare mu gukusanya inyandiko z ihererekanya ry amadosiye yaturutse mu Nkiko zisanzwe no mu Nkiko za Gisirikare ashyikirizwa Inkiko Gacaca. Yagize kandi uruhare mu itegurwa ry amafishi y ihererekanya ry amadosiye yakozwe n Inkiko Gacaca yagombaga gushyikirizwa Ubushinjacyaha, inagira uruhare mu gukurikirana ibikorwa by ikusanyamakuru ry inyongera. Na none, ku birebana n ubukangurambaga habayeho inama zitandukanye mu Mirenge yose y Igihugu hagamijwe gukangurira abaturage kwitabira imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. SNJG yakomeje kumenyekanisha amakuru no guhuza ibikorwa birebana n imikoranire n izindi nzego harimo no gutangaza aho imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca igeze, gutanga impushya zo kujya gukurikirana imanza ku ndorerezi, kwakira ibibazo by abaturage birebana n Inkiko Gacaca, n ibindi 120. Abayobozi b inzego z ubutegetsi, bari bafite uruhare rwo guha Inkiko Gacaca ubufasha buteganywa n itegeko. Ni yo mpamvu inzego zinyuranye zagiye 119 Reba raporo z umwaka zitandukanye z ibikorwa bya SNJG mu myaka ya 2008, 2009 na Ibidem ; Ikiganiro na Madamu Mukantaganzwa Domitilla, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa SNJG, Kigali, 18 Nyakanga

134 zitanga umusanzu wazo mu migendekere myiza y amahugurwa yagiye ahabwa Inyangamugayo. Twavuga cyane cyane Minisiteri y Ubutabera mu gutegura imishinga y itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca n izindi nkunga, Minisiteri y Ubuzima mu gutanga ubufasha mu bijyanye n ihungabana, Minisiteri y Umutekano mu gihugu ku bibazo birebana n umutekano mu gihe cy iburanisha ry imanza. Ntawabura kuvuga kandi ko Minisiteri y Ubutegetsi bw Igihugu yagize uruhare rukomeye mu bikorwa birebana no gutanga ibikoresho no gukangurira abaturage kwitabira imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Komisiyo y Igihugu y Uburenganzira bwa Muntu nayo yatanze umusanzu wayo mu kubaka ubushobozi bw inzego zakurikiranaga imikorere y Inkiko Gacaca. Hanyuma, Komisiyo y Igihugu y Ubumwe n Ubwiyunge yagize uruhare runini mu gufasha Inkiko mu kunoza ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry intego y ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda 121. Mu kuzuza inshingano zayo zo gukurikirana, kugira inama no guhuza ibikorwa by Inkiko Gacaca, SNJG ntiyahwemye guhwitura bamwe mu bayobozi b inzego z ubutegetsi bageragezaga kwivanga mu mikorere y Inkiko Gacaca hagamajwe kubibutsa inshingano zabo. Ni yo mpamvu muri raporo y imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca z Akagari no kuri gahunda zo mu gihe kiri imbere, SNJG yagaragaje ko hari aho abahuzabikorwa b Akagari n ab Umurenge bagerageje gukoresha inama z Inyangamugayo ku nyungu zabo bwite. Iyo raporo igaragaza ko bene abo bayobozi bibwiraga ko uruhare rwabo rutagarukira gusa ku bukangurambaga. Iyo myitwarire yagaragaye cyane cyane mu ntangiriro za gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yanenzwe n Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta nka IBUKA 122 na PRI 123. Muri ubu bushakashatsi twabonye ko iyo imyitwarire nk iyo yatahurwaga, SNJG yagiraga uruhare mu gusobanurira abayobozi banyuranye uruhare rwa buri wese mu rwego rwo kurengera ubwigenge bw Inyangamugayo. 121 Ibidem ; reba nanone SNJG, Raporo y Ibikorwa y Umwaka 2004, pp IBUKA, Raporo igaragaza bimwe mu bibazo biri mu nkiko Gacaca, Kigali, Ugushyingo PRI, Rapport de Monitoring et de recherche sur la Gacaca : le témoignage et la preuve devant les juridictions Gacaca, 2008, p

135 Kutabogama n ubwigenge by Inyangamugayo mu kuzuza inshingano zazo z ubucamanza Twibutse ko icyiciro cy iburanisha mu Nkiko Gacaca cyatangiye tariki ya 10 Werurwe 2005 mu Nkiko 118 z Umurenge z icyitegererezo n Inkiko 118 z Ubujurire z icyitegererezo. Mu ntangiriro, zimwe muri izo Nkiko zagiye zirangwa no guhuzagurika. Icyakora ababikurikiraniraga hafi bagaragaje ko zagiye zirangwa n ubwitange bukomeye. Ibyo byatumye zinoza imikorere yazo no kubahiriza amahame agenga iburanisha ry imanza. Bimwe mu byagiye binonosorwa harimo kubahiriza amategeko agenga imiburanishirize, ubushake bw Inyangamugayo bwo kuzuza neza inshingano zazo z ubucamanza, no gukora imirimo yazo mu bushishozi n ubwitange 124. Ubushakashatsi bwacu bugaragaza ko 92% y ababajijwe basanga Inyangamugayo zarashoboye kubahiriza amategeko mu bwigenge busesuye. Twakwanzura tuvuga ko muri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, Inyangamugayo zakoze imirimo yazo mu bwigenge busesuye no kutabogama bisabwa mu mirimo y iburanisha ry imanza mu buryo buboneye. Kuba ubutabera bwaratanzwe mu buryo bwiza byaturutse ahanini ku bunararibonye Inyangamugayo zagiye zigira ndetse no ku masomo zavanye mu mahugurwa yagiye ategurwa na SNJG ifatanyije n izindi nzego. Ayo mahugurwa yafashije Inyangamugayo gusobanukirwa n amategeko agenga imiburanishirize n uburyo bwo kuyobora iburanisha 125 anazongerera ubushobozi mu bijyanye n itegeko bukenerwa mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho mu guca urubanza bukanakoreshwa mu kugena ibihano. Muri raporo yayo ya 2007, Umuryango CLADHO wagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwagiye bwiyongera ku Nyangamugayo nyinshi bikaba byaragiye bigaragazwa n ibimenyetso birimo : «kumenya itegeko n ibijyanye n imiburanishirize, kuburanisha imanza umwe mu baburanyi adahari, kohereza amadosiye mu zindi Nkiko ziyafitiye ububasha n ibindi. Urugero mu Karere ka Nyamagabe 124 ASF, Monitoring des Juridictions Gacaca, phase de jugement, Rapport analytique N 1 mars-septembre 2005, p.8 ; ASF, Rapport analytique n 2, pp ASF, Rapport analytique n 2, p

136 na Nyaruguru Inyangamugayo zisobanukiwe itegeko ngenga, kandi zibasha gutandukanya ubuhamya bw ukuri n ubw ibinyoma 126». Ku ruhande rwayo, SNJG yagiye yibanda ku kubungabunga ubwigenge no kutabogama mu Nyangamugayo. Ni muri urwo rwego zimwe mu Nyangamugayo zaranzwe no kubogama mu guca imanza zagiye zisimbuzwa izindi zigakurwa ku mirimo yabo. Urugero, mu Murenge wa Mamba, Akarere ka Gisagara, Inyangamugayo 6 zarasimbuwe nyuma yo kubogama bikabije mu manza baburanishije mu kwezi kw Ugushyingo Mu rukiko Gacaca rw Akagari ka Mulinja, Umurenge wa Gahanga wo mu Karere ka Kicukiro, hagaragaye ikibazo cy uko abagize urwo rukiko hafi ya bose bari bafitanye amasano yo mu miryango bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku byemezo bafashe mu manza baciye. Mu gukemura icyo kibazo, Inama Rusange yemeje iseswa ry iyo Nteko iyisimbuza indi igizwe n izindi Nyangamugayo 128. Mu bindi bibazo byabangamiye ubwigenge no kutabogama mu Nyangamugayo byasabaga iperereza ryimbitse, SNJG yagiye yiyambaza inzego zibifitiye ububasha kugira ngo zibikurikirane. Nko mu Murenge wa Kiyumba, mu Rukiko Gacaca rw Akagari ka Remera, amadosiye atatu y abantu bari bakurikiranyweho uruhare mu rupfu rw abana batatu na se yararigishijwe kandi yari yakozwe n urwo rukiko. Iki kibazo cyashyikirijwe inzego z Ubugenzacyaha kugira ngo zigikurikirane 129. Izi ni ingero zigaragaza uburyo ingamba zagiye zifatwa na SNJG zagize akamaro mu kubungabunga ubwigenge no kutabogama mu Nyangamugayo. Hari ikindi kibazo cyari kuba imbogamizi ku bwigenge no kutabogama mu Nyangamugayo cyagaragaye mu ntangiriro z imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Icyo kibazo cyerekeye ku Nyangamugayo zagiye zikekwaho kugira uruhare muri Jenoside nyuma yo gutorerwa kuba Inyangamugayo 130. Icyo kibazo cyatangiye kugaragara mu Ikusanyamakuru cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gukora urutonde rw abaregwa no kubashyira mu nzego. 126 CLADHO, Rapport d activités des juridictions Gacaca, octobre-décembre 2007, p SNJG, Raporo y umwaka 2007, p SNJG, Raporo y igihembwe Mutarama-Kamena 2006, p SNJG, Raporo y umwaka 2007, p Reba raporo y umwaka y ibikorwa bya SNJG,

137 Kuva tariki ya 15 Mutarama 2005 kugeza tariki ya 30 Kamena 2006 hari hamaze kugaragara Inyangamugayo zigera ku zikekwaho uruhare muri Jenoside 131. Mu rwego rwo guhangana n iki kibazo, SNJG yagiye ikangurira Inkiko Gacaca gusimbuza Inyangamugayo ziketsweho Jenoside kugira ngo bitabangamira ubwigenge no kutabogama mu butabera bw Inkiko Gacaca. Birumvikana ko abantu nk abo iyo bakomeza kuburanisha bashoboraga gukoresha ububasha bwabo mu guhisha bimwe mu byaha bakoze cyangwa abafatanyacyaha babo bigatuma ubutabera butagenda neza. Ingamba zose twasobanuye zatumye Inyangamugayo zongera ubushobozi bwazo mu isesengura ry ibyabaye n ubushishozi mu gufata ibyemezo. Iki ni ikimenyetso gifatika kigaragaza ubwigenge no kutabogama byaranze ubutabera bwatanzwe n Inkiko Gacaca Iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo kwiregura Nk uko biteganywa n amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira mu by imbonezamubano na politiki, uburenganzira bwo kwiregura bukubiyemo ibintu 3 by ingenzi : uburenganzira bwo kuburanishwa uhari 132, uburenganzira bwo kugira umwunganizi wihitiyemo n uburenganzira bwo guhabwa uburyo bungana mu kwiregura no kwisobanura Ibyerekeye uburenganzira bwo kunganirwa n Umwunganizi wihitiyemo mu Nkiko Gacaca Ingingo ya 18 igika cya 3 cy Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003 nk uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu igira iti : «Kumenyeshwa imiterere n impamvu z icyaha ukurikiranyweho, kwiregura no kunganirwa ni uburenganzira budahungabanywa mu bihe byose, ahantu hose, mu nzego zose z ubutegetsi, iz ubucamanza n izindi zose zifata ibyemezo». 131 SNJG, Rapooro y igihembwe Mutarama Kamena 2006, p Twasesenguye iyi ngingo mu gice kirebana no kwihutisha imanza. 135

138 Ibivugwa haruguru bigaragaza ko uburenganzira bwo kwiregura buteganywa n amategeko harimo n irigenga Inkiko Gacaca, nko mu ngingo ya 64 (d) riteganya ko «uregwa ahabwa umwanya wo kwisobanura». Itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca ntiribuza kunganirwa n Abavoka. Icyakora, birumvikana ko gushyiraho ubwo buryo bwo kunganirwa mu iburanisha ry amadosiye arenga miliyoni bitari gushoboka. Twibutse kandi ko Urugaga rw Abavoka rwa Kigali, ari narwo rwonyine mu Rwanda, rwari rugizwe n Abavoka 131 muri 2005 igihe iburanisha mu cyiciro cy icyitegererezo ryatangiraga rukaba rwari rugizwe n Abavoka 269 mu gihe cyo gutangiza iburanisha mu gihugu hose muri Icyakora, Abavoka bagiye bunganira bamwe mu baregwa nko mu rubanza rwa Padiri Guy Theunis. Uyu mupadiri yitabye Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari k Ubumwe mu Karere Nyarugenge mu mwaka wa 2005 ; yari aherekejwe n Avoka we Me Protais Mutembe, wamugiraga inama ku bisubizo yatangaga mu gihe cyo kwisobanura. Ni nako byagenze mu rubanza rwa Kalikumutima, urwa Byuma François, urwa Ntawangundi Jean Bosco n izindi. Itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca rikubiyemo ingingo zubahiriza amahame shingiro arengera uburenganzira bwo kwiregura. Niyo mpamvu Inkiko Gacaca zubahiriza by umwihariko uburyo bwo gufata ijambo mu iburanisha, abacamanza bakaba bafite inshingano yo gusesengura ubuhamya bushinja n ubushinjura no kugaragaza impamvu zumvikana mu bimenyetso no mu mategeko bashingiyeho baca urubanza. Zubahirije kandi uburenganzira bwo kwiregura zihamagara abaregwa kuburanishwa mu ruhame kugira ngo bumve ibyo baregwa bityo babashe kwisobanura. Ibyo byatumye ababuranyi bose bahabwa amahirwe angana yo gutanga ibimenyetso byabo. Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko 82% by ababajijwe basanga ubwitabire bw abaturage n Inyangamugayo bwaratumye imanza ziburanishwa mu buryo bukurikije amategeko harimo no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwo kwiregura. Uyu mubare ugaragaza ko igice kinini cy abanyarwanda bemeza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yageze ku ntego yayo yo gutanga ubutabera mu kubahiriza amahame arengera uburenganzira bwo kwiregura. 136

139 Ubwo burenganzira bwarubahirijwe kuko buri muntu wese uregwa yari yemerewe gutanga ibimenyetso bimushinjura n abatangabuhamya ashaka bose. Nko mu rubanza rwaregwagamo Buzizi Gratien, habonetsemo abatangabuhamya 39 bashinjura Guhabwa amahirwe angana no kubahiriza ihame ryo kuvuguruzanya Guhabwa amahirwe angana bisobanura ko buri muburanyi mu rubanza afite uburenganzira bwo guha umucamanza ibimenyetso hatabayemo guha umuburanyi uyu n uyu amahirwe aruta ay urundi. Nta muburanyi ukwiye kubuzwa amahirwe yo gusobanura ingingo aburanisha. Bityo, uregwa agomba guhabwa uburyo bungana n ubw urega. Uburenganzira bwo kuvuguruzanya busobanuye ko buri ruhande rushobora kwisobanura, kuvuguruza ibimenyetso by urundi, kubaza cyangwa gusaba ko abatangabuhamya bashinja cyangwa bashinjura bagira ibyo babazwa. Kubera ko Inkiko Gacaca zica imanza zishingiye ahanini ku buhamya, Inyangamugayo zigomba kugenzura ibivugwa n ababuranyi no gushakisha amakuru mu iburanisha mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ihame ryo guha ababuranyi amahirwe angana no kuvuguruzanya. Kugira ngo bigerweho, Inyangamugayo zigomba kugereranya amakuru atanzwe n ababuranyi, abatangabuhamya n ay abaturage bitabiriye iburanisha kugira ngo zimenye ukuri kw ibimenyetso byatanzwe. Nk uko twabigaragaje haruguru, ibyinshi mu bimenyetso Inyangamugayo zishingiraho mu iburanisha bigizwe n ubuhamya bw abahohotewe, abatangabuhamya, abaturage muri rusange hamwe n ubwirege cyangwa kwiregura by abaregwa. Kuri iyi ngingo, 90% y abantu twabajije bemeza ko Inyangamugayo zaburanishije mu buryo buha ababuranyi amahirwe angana, kuko zagerageje kugenzura ukuri kw amakuru yavuye mu ikusanyamakuru hakoreshejwe kuyahuza n ubuhamya bushinjura. 133 Ikiganiro na Madamu Mukantaganzwa Domitilla, Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa SNJG, Kigali 18 Nyakanga

140 Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba ababajijwe bazi ingero z aho Inyangamugayo zitubahirije ihame ryo gutanga amahirwe angana ku baburanyi, 71% basubije ko bene izo ngero ntazo bazi. Duhereye ku bisubizo byavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi, twakwemeza ko muri rusange Inyangamugayo zayoboye iburanisha ku buryo zashoboye kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri wese mu baregwa haba mu bikorwa no mu mugambi yari afite wo gukora icyaha. Zashoboye kandi kugaragaza ko ibikubiye mu bwirege ari ibyaha biteganywa n amategeko cyangwa ko ubwo bwirege bwuzuye. Hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca, Inyangamugayo zagombaga kuburanisha abaregwa bose mu buryo bumwe. Zagombaga kandi gukora amaperereza yose akenewe kugira ngo ukuri kumenyekane, bityo uruhare rwa buri wese rugaragare. Amakuru yavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi yagaragaje ko muri rusange kwakira amakuru yatanzwe n abatangabuhamya n abaregwa mu iburanisha byakozwe hubahirizwa ingingo ya 39 y itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca, igira iti : «Inkiko Gacaca zifite ububasha bw Inkiko zisanzwe bwo gucira imanza abakurikiranyweho ibyaha, zishingiye ku buhamya bw abashinja n abashinjura, n ibindi bimenyetso byatangwa». Icyakora hari aho iyi ngingo itubahirijwe cyane cyane mu duce twari turimo abacitse ku icumu bake, wasangaga bashyirwaho ibikangisho cyangwa se bagatotezwa, ibi bigatuma batinya gutanga ubuhamya ku byo bazi. Aha twakwibutsa urugero rw urubanza rwaregwagamo Nsabimana Prudence (Urukiko Gacaca rw Umurenge wa Buringa) aho wasangaga ijambo ryihariwe n abo ku ruhande rw uregwa. Mu rwego rwo guhangana n ibyo bibazo, imanza nk izo zagiye zisubirwamo n Inkiko Gacaca ziturutse ahandi. Ubu buryo bwatanze umusaruro ushimishije kuko wasangaga Inyangamugayo ziturutse ahandi zitabogama kubera ko ntaho zihuriye n ibibazo by aho urubanza rubera. Icyakora hari n aho Inyangamugayo zarangwaga no kubogama zagiye zisimbuzwa. Ku birebana n iburanisha ry imanza z ibyaha byo gusambanya ku gahato, hagiye hibazwa ikibazo kirebana n iburanisha ryo mu muhezo. 138

141 Kuri iyi ngingo, hari imiryango mpuzamahanga yagiye igaragaza ko iburanisha ryo mu muhezo ribangamiye uburenganzira bwo kuburanishizwa mu ruhame bigatuma abaturage batamenya uburyo impaka zo mu rubanza zagenze 134. Ku rwego rw amategeko iby iyo miryango yavugaga nta shingiro bifite kuko Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003 nk uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu mu ngingo yaryo ya 141 igika cya 1 igira iti : «Imanza ziburanishirizwa mu ruhame keretse iyo urukiko rwemeje ko habaho umuhezo mu gihe kuburanishiriza mu ruhame byagira ingaruka mbi ku ituze rusange rya rubanda cyangwa bigatera urukozasoni». Na none, hashingiwe ku biteganywa n Amategeko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha yerekeye ibyaha byo gusambanya ku gahato n ibisanzwe bikorwa mu nkiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga, biremewe kwakira mu muhezo ubuhamya burebana n iburanisha ry ibyo byaha 135. Iyo miryango kandi yemera ko abahohotewe muri ibyo byaha bababazwa cyane no kongera kubivugaho kubera ikimwaro bumva bafite no kwicira urubanza bigatuma bumva akenshi bakwicecekera 136. Ikindi, ku rwego rw umuco n imibanire y abanyarwanda ntibyakumvikana ukuntu ibyaha birebana n ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina byavugirwa mu ruhame bitabangamiye abahohotewe n abatangabuhamya Iyubahirizwa ry ihame ryo gufatwa nk umwere Uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk umwere busobanura ko umuntu wese uregwa agomba gufatwa nk umwere igihe cyose icyaha aregwa kitaramuhama. Urega afite inshingano yo guha urukiko ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko icyaha cyakozwe n uregwa. Igisobanuro cy iri hame ni uko mu gihe hatabonetse ibimenyetso cyangwa habonetse ibidahagije, uko gushidikanya kuvamo inyungu k uregwa. 134 ASF, Monitoring des juridictions Gacaca, Rapport n 4, Op. Cit., p Ibi bigaragara mu manza zaciwe n Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda n urwashyiriwe icyahoze ari Yougoslavie mu iburanisha ry imanza zirebana n ihohotera rishingiye ku gitsina. Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga narwo rukurikiza iryo hame ry umuhezo. 136 ASF, Monitoring des juridictions Gacaca, Rapport analytique n 2, octobre 2005 septembre 2006, p

142 Ingingo ya 19 y Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y u Rwanda ryo ku wa 04 Kamena 2003 nk uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu iteganya ubwo burenganzira muri aya magambo: «Umuntu wese afatwa nk umwere ku cyaha aregwa igihe cyose kitaramuhama burundu mu buryo bukurikije amategeko, mu rubanza rwabereye mu ruhame kandi ruboneye, yahawe uburyo bwose bwa ngombwa bwo kwiregura». Nk uko twabisobanuye haruguru, mu iburanisha ry imanza mu Nkiko Gacaca ryatangiye nyuma y imyaka 14 Jenoside ibaye, Inyangamugayo zishingira ahanini ku buhamya butangwa n abaregwa, abahohotewe n abaturage muri rusange. Kubahiriza uburenganzira bwo gufatwa nk umwere, bisaba ko umucamanza aburanisha mu buryo bufite intego kandi bwamufasha kugaragaza uruhare rwa buri muntu mu bikorwa bigize icyaha no mu mugambi wo kugikora. Agomba kandi mu gihe uregwa yireze kugenzura niba ubwirege bwujuje ibisabwa n amategeko burimo n ukuri 137. Twibutse ko abaregwa biregeye imbere y Urukiko Gacaca bakomeza gufatwa nk abere n iyo baba bireze bakemera icyaha. Iyo bimeze bityo, urukiko rubaburanisha rugomba kugenzura ko kwirega no kwemera icyaha byakozwe ku bushake. Inkiko Gacaca zari zifite inshingano ikomeye yo kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside zubahiriza ihame ryo gufata abaregwa nk abere. Mu itangira ry imirimo yazo, iyubahirizwa ry iryo hame ryagiye rikurikiranwa na benshi mu bayobozi b inzego za Leta zari zifite inshingano yo gukurikirana imigendekere ya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Nk uko twabigaragaje haruguru, mbere y itangizwa nyirizina ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca (kuva 2001), Ubushinjacyaha 138 bwateguye gahunda yo kujyana abaregwa mu nama z abaturage kugira ngo bakusanye ibimenyetso byatuma ukuri ku byakozwe n abaregwa kumenyekana hagamijwe kuzuza amadosiye yabo. 137 Ingingo ya 63 n iya 64 z Itegeko Ngenga rigenga Inkiko Gacaca. 138 Yahoze yitwa Parike Nkuru ya Repubulika 140

143 Ibyo byari byatewe n uko mu minsi yakurikiye ihagarikwa rya Jenoside, hafunzwe abantu benshi mu buryo butakurikije amategeko agenga ifungwa. Abo bari bafashwe bashinjwa kugira uruhare muri Jenoside nyamara bafatwa batabanje gukorerwa amadosiye. Iki kibazo cyatewe n ibihe bidasanzwe bya nyuma ya Jenoside byatumye ihame ryo gufatwa nk umwere ritubahirizwa, icyakora byaje gukosorwa mbere gato y itangizwa ry Inkiko Gacaca. Kugeza abafungwa imbere y abaturage byari bigamije kubahiriza iryo hame kandi byatumye bamwe mu baregwa b abere bamenyekana. Nk uko twabigaragaje mu mutwe ubanziriza uyu, kunyuza abafungwa imbere y abaturage byabereye aho ibyaha baregwa byakorewe kandi abaturage basabwaga kuvuga ibyo bazi kuri buri mufungwa mu ruhame. Nyuma y icyo gikorwa abafungwa bashinjuwe bahise bafungurwa by agateganyo, naho abandi amadosiye yabo aruzuzwa. Nk uko byatangajwe na PRI : «abaturage bafashe icyo gikorwa nk ikimenyetso cy uko kugaragaza uburyozwacyaha gatozi byari bitangiye bikazanakomeza muri Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca 139». Iki gikorwa kandi cyagize akamaro kuko cyatumye ihame ryo gufatwa nk umwere ryubahirizwa ndetse binagaragaza uburyo abaturage bazitabira imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca mu gihe cy iburanisha. Ku birebana n ubushobozi bw Inkiko Gacaca mu kubahiriza ihame ryo gufatwa nk umwere, ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko 90% by ababajijwe basanga Inyangamugayo zarayoboye neza iburanisha binyuze mu kugenzura ukuri kw amakuru yabaga akubiye muri dosiye y uregwa cyangwa ayatangiwe mu rukiko mu gihe cy iburanisha. Naho 55% batanga ingero zifatika biboneye aho Inyangamugayo zagiye zikora iperereza ry inyongera mu rwego rwo kumenya neza niba ukuri kose n uruhare rw uregwa byagaragaye mu buryo budashikanywaho. Hashingiwe ku byavuye muri ubu bushakashatsi, twakwanzura ko amategeko arengera ihame ryo gufatwa nk umwere ryubahirijwe n Inkiko Gacaca. 139 PRI, Rapport de synthèse de monitoring et de recherche sur la Gacaca, janvier 2002 décembre

144 4.5. Iyubahirizwa ry uburenganzira bwo gucirwa urubanza rugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho Inshingano yo kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho ivuga ko umucamanza agomba kugaragariza rubanda impamvu zo mu rwego rw amategeko no mu bimenyetso yashingiyeho afata icyemezo. Iyo nshingano niyo ituma hatabaho akarengane. Mu Nkiko Gacaca ku nshingano yo kugaragaza impamvu yashingiweho hiyongeraho inshingano yo gusobanura impamvu zashingiweho mu kwemera cyangwa kwanga ubwirege bwakozwe n uregwa. Inshingano abacamanza bafite yo kugaragaza impamvu bashingiyeho baca urubanza ishingiye ku ngingo ya 141 igika cya 1 n icya 2 by Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubuika y u Rwanda nk uko ryavuguruwe kugeza ubu. Iyo ngingo iteganya ko «Urubanza rwose rwaciwe rugomba kugaragaza impamvu rushingiyeho kandi rukandikwa mu ngingo zarwo zose; rugomba gusomerwa mu ruhame hamwe n impamvu zose uko zakabaye n icyemezo cyafashwe». Ubwo burenganzira kandi buteganywa n itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca nk uko ryahinduwe kandi ryujujwe kugeza ubu cyane cyane mu ngingo yaryo ya 25 ibivuga muri ubu buryo : «Imanza zigomba gusobanura impamvu z imikirize yazo. Zishyirwaho umukono cyangwa igikumwe n abagize Inteko y Urukiko Gacaca bose baziburanishije bakanazica». Naho ingingo ya 67 igaragaza ibigomba kugaragara mu manza zicibwa n Inkiko Gacaca birimo : izina ry urukiko rwaciye urubanza, amazina y abagize inteko barufashemo icyemezo, umwirondoro w ababuranyi, ibyaha uregwa ashinjwa, ingingo zatanzwe n ababuranyi, impamvu Inyangamugayo zashingiyeho zica urubanza, buri cyaha ushinjwa yahamijwe n urukiko, ibihano byemejwe n Urukiko, umwirondoro w abahohotewe n urutonde rw ibyaha bakorewe, kuba ababuranyi bari bahari cyangwa batari bahari, kuba rwaraburanishirijwe kandi rugasomerwa mu ruhame, umunsi n aho rwaciriwe, ingingo z Itegeko Ngenga zashingiweho mu ikiza ryarwo n igihe cyateganyirijwe ijurira. Muri rusange, Inkiko Gacaca zujuje iyi nshingano mu buryo bushimishije. Ku gipimo cya 92% by imanza zasesenguwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, Inyangamugayo zagaragaje impamvu zashingiye ku rwego rw amategeko 142

145 no ku rwego rw ibimenyetso. Ibi bigaragaza ko abaturage basobanukiwe kandi bakemera ko ibyemezo byafashwe byaturutse ku makuru yatanzwe n ababuranyi, cyangwa abatangabuhamya cyangwa abaturage muri rusange mu gihe cy iburanisha. Ikindi kandi 84% by ababajijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bagaragaje ko banyuzwe n uburyo ubutabera bwo mu Nkiko Gacaca bwatanzwe. Bemeje kandi ko banyuzwe n ubushobozi Inyangamugayo zagaragaje mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiyeho zifata ibyemezo. Mu kuzuza ibyavuzwe n ababajijwe, isesengura ry imanza ryagaragaje imibare ijya gusa n ibyo bashubije kuko kuri 86.4% y imanza zasesenguwe twasanze ibyemezo byafashwe byarakurikije ingingo z itegeko zibyerekeye ziteganyijwe mu itegeko rigenga Inkiko Gacaca. Iyi mibare igaragaza ko muri rusange imanza zaciwe n Inkiko Gacaca zitaciwe hashingiwe ku mitekerereze y abantu, ko ahubwo zashingiye ku bimenyetso bifatika byabonetse mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. Muri raporo zayo zinyuranye, SNJG nayo yagaragaje ahagiye haba kwibeshya mu byemezo haba mu kugaragaza impamvu zashingiweho cyangwa aho ishyirwa mu nzego ritakurikije amategeko, ibi bikaba byaragiye bikosorwa n Inkiko Gacaca zisumbuye cyangwa binyuze mu gusubiramo izo manza. Twafata urugero ku nyangamugayo zo mu Rukiko Gacaca rw Umurenge rwa Nkumbure mu Karere ka Nyamagabe aho rwashyize abaregwa mu rwego rwa kabiri nyamara ibyaha baregwaga byo kuba abicanyi ruharwa byarabashyiraga mu rwego rwa mbere. Izi Nyangamugayo zemeye uku kwibeshya ndetse bikosorerwa mu rwego rw Ubujurire Kwitaba n iburanishwa ry abaregwa bakomeye Abanyarwanda muri rusange bishimiye ko abantu bahoze bakomeye (abanyepolitiki, abari abakozi ba Leta bo mu nzego zo hejuru, n abacuruzi), nabo bagiye bahamagazwa haba mu gutanga amakuru mu gihe cy ikusanyamakuru, gutanga ubuhamya mu manza cyangwa nk abaregwa bisobanura ku byo baregwaga. 140 SNJG, Raporo y umwaka 2007, p.13. Raporo zo mu mwaka wa 2006 zikubiyemo izindi ngero zo kwibeshya zagiye zikosorwa. 143

146 Ubu butabera butarobanura bwagaragaye nk ikimenyetso gikomeye cy irangira ryo kudahana. Ni ngombwa kwibutsa ko uwo muco wo kudahana ariwo wari waragiye uranga ubutegetsi bwayoboye u Rwanda kuva rwabona ubwigenge. Iyo abayobozi b abanyepolitiki cyangwa abakire bakoraga ibyaha ntibajyaga bakurikiranwa mu butabera. Kuba abanyapolitiki, abayobozi bakuru b Ingabo na Polisi, abayobozi b amadini baritabye Inkiko Gacaca byatanze isomo mu rwego rwo guca umuco wo kudahana. Muri izo manza twavuga urwa Jenerali Majoro Munyakazi Laurent, witabye Urukiko Gacaca rw Umurenge wa Rugenge, urwa Jenerari de Brigade Bizimungu Séraphin bita Mahoro witabye Urukiko Gacaca rwa Nyagatare n urwa Jenerali Majoro Rwarakabije Paul witabye Urukiko Gacaca rw Umurenge rwa Kacyiru. Ku birebana n abanyepoliki, twavuga abadepite nka Mukezamfura Alfred (wari Perezida w Umutwe w Abadepite), Butare Jean Baptiste, Bisengimana Elysée, Kabanyana Julienne, Nirere Béatrice, Magari Etienne, Mwumvaneza Emmanuel, Nyandwi Désiré, Nshizirungu Anselme (wahoze ari Koloneli muri FAR) n Abasenateri nka Nzirasanaho Anastase na Safari Stanley. Hari n abaperefe bo mu byahoze ari Perefegitura bitabye Inkiko Gacaca nka Hategeka Augustin w i Muhanga na Rucagu Boniface wo muri Burera. Izo manza n uko kwitaba kw abo bantu bakomeye mu Nkiko Gacaca byakiriwe n abaturage nk uburyo bwo kugaragaza ko abaturage bose bareshya imbere y amategeko ndetse biba isomo mu guca umuco wo kudahana Irangizwa ry imanza zaciwe n Inkiko Gacaca Ni ngombwa kwibutsa mbere na mbere ko irangiza ry imanza ritari mu bubasha bw Inkiko Gacaca, bityo ko ibyagenze neza n ibibazo byagaragaye kuri iyi ngingo bidakwiye kwitirirwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca cyangwa SNJG. Icyakora twahisemo gushyira iyi ngingo muri iyi raporo kuko ari igipimo cy ingenzi mu kurwanya umuco wo kudahana. Na none, ibisubizo byatanzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, bigaragaza ko irangizwa ry imanza zaciwe n Inkiko Gacaca rifite uruhare rukomeye mu musaruro 144

147 Inkiko Gacaca zitegerejweho. Ni nayo mpamvu Gacaca ivuguruye yatumye abaturage babona ko ibyaha bya Jenoside byose byahanwe hashingiwe ku bihano byatanzwe kuva ku bateguye Jenoside kugeza ku bayishyize mu bikorwa. Twibutse ko ibyo guhana abateguye umugambi aribyo byabereye i Nuremberg. Inkiko Gacaca zo zaburanishije abaregwaga Jenoside bo mu nzego zose kuva ku bayiteguye kugeza ku bayishyize mu bikorwa n ibyitso byabo ndetse n abononnye imitungo. Mu manza za Jenoside zaciwe n Inkiko Gacaca hatanzwe ibihano by igifungo, igihano nsimburagifungo cy imirimo ifitiye Igihugu akamaro no gutegekwa kuriha imitungo yononwe. Ibyo bihano bibiri bya nyuma nibyo usanga bifite ibibazo mu irangizwa ryabyo. Niyo mpamvu aribyo tuvugaho mu gace gakurikira Kuriha imitungo yononwe Gusahura no gusenya imitungo y abatutsi yari imwe mu ntwaro za Jenoside kandi nabyo byashyigikiwe n inzego z ubutegetsi bwa Leta n ubwa gisirikare. Nk ibindi byaha bya Jenoside, ibyaha byerekeye imitungo nabyo byitabiriwe n abantu benshi bikorwa mu buryo bwateguwe kandi bikorerwa ahantu hose. Mu gusenya imitungo y abatutsi no kwigarura isigaye hari hagamijwe kurimbura ubwoko bwabo burundu bukibagirana. Nibyo PRI ivuga: «ubusahuzi bwakozwe mu mahano yo mu 1994 bwari bukaze : bwitabiriwe n abantu benshi kandi bwari bwateguwe mu buryo bukurikije inzego. Abenshi mu baturage babugizemo uruhare ariko ku nzego zitandukanye. Hari abagiye mu bitero byo kwica no gusahura noneho bagasenya banasahura bagamije gukira, ariko banafite umugambi wo kurimbura ibintu bifite aho bihuriye n abahigwaga muri Jenoside 141». Twibutse ko itegeko riteganya ko abagize uruhare mu konona imitungo bahanishwa gusa kuyishyura hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n amategeko y imbonezamubano. Ibi ariko si ukwishyura gusa ahubwo harimo n igihano mpanabyaha. Ahenshi usanga uko kuriha bikorwa mu mafaranga y agaciro 141 PRI, Rapport de monitoring et de recherche sur la Gacaca : le jugement des infractions contre les biens commises pendant le génocide, le contraste entre la théorie de la réparation et la réalité socio-économique du Rwanda, juillet

148 k imitungo yangijwe. Ahenshi nanone usanga abasahuye n abahohotewe baragiye bumvikana ku buryo bwo kwishyura. Icyakora iyo impande zinaniwe kumvikana, Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari nirwo rufite ububasha rwo kuburanisha ibyo byaha hakurikijwe ububasha ruhabwa n ingingo ya 41 y itegeko ngenga rigenga Inkiko Gacaca. Kugena agaciro k ibyangijwe bikorwa hashingiwe ku gaciro kari ku isoko mu gihe cy iburanisha. Urubanza rutegeka kuriha imitungo yononwe rufite agaciro gakomeye ku bahohotewe. Bifatwa nk aho ubutabera bwemeje ko bagiriwe nabi kandi barenganuwe. Ku birebana n irangiza nyirizina ry imanza zirebana n imitungo yangijwe, 67% y ababajijwe bemeza ko zirangizwa hakurikijwe uko zari zaciwe. 52% y abategetswe kuriha imitungo bononnye bavuze ko bamaze kwishyura ibyo bategetswe nta kuruhanya kandi mu gihe cyari giteganyijwe. 40% y abahamijwe ibyaha birebana n imitungo barimo abenshi batarishyura banze gutanga igisubizo na kimwe. Uyu mubare w abifashe ugaragaza ko umubare w imanza zitararangizwa wari ukiri hejuru ubwo twakoraga ubu bushakashatsi. Mu bahohotewe, 8% y ababajijwe bonyine nibo bemeje ko irangizwa ry imanza z imitungo ryakozwe hakurikijwe uko zari zaciwe, mu gihe cyari giteganyijwe kandi nta mananiza abayemo aturutse ku bagomba kuriha. Uyu mubare muto w abahohotewe banyuzwe n uburyo imanza zarangijwe ni imbogamizi muri gahunda yo kurwanya umuco wo kudahana. Abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside babajijwe bagaragaje nanone ko batumva impamvu abahamwe n ibyaha by imitungo batishyura bakibaza ukuntu umuntu yakwirega ibyaha by ubwicanyi akanicuza byagera ku mitungo yononnye cyangwa yasahuye agahindura imvugo agahisha ukuri. Ku rundi ruhande ntibumva uburyo umuntu yakwemera icyaha imbere y umucamanza yarangiza akanga cyangwa agatinda gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemejwe n urwo rubanza kandi rwaraciwe hakurikijwe ubwirege bwe. 146

149 Twibutse ko no kuri uru rwego, SNJG yagiye ishyiraho amabwiriza arengera abategetswe kwishyura batishoboye kugira ngo kwishyura bitazabasiga mu butindi. Ni muri urwo rwego SNJG yashyizeho amabwiriza n 14/2007 yo ku wa 30/03/2007 yerekeye irihwa ry imitungo yononwe muri Jenoside n ibindi byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu byakozwe hagati y itariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990 n iya 31 Ukuboza 1994, aya mabwiriza akaba agaragaza ibice by umutungo bidashobora gufatirwa. Ingingo ya 7 y ayo mabwiriza iteganya ko igice cy umutungo w umuntu cyatuma ahinduka umutindi nyakujya agahinduka umuzigo ku gihugu, mu gihe cyaba gifatiriwe, kidafatirwa. Ni muri urwo rwego icumbi ry umukene, n igice cy ubutaka kiri munsi ya ½ cya hegitari gikoreshwa mu buhinzi bubeshejeho ugomba kuriha n umuryango, ibikoresho byo kuryamaho n imyambaro bidafatirwa. Gusa ko iyo ngingo ntikuraho kuriha. Nubwo irengera ugomba kuriha, inibutsa abasahuye ko bagomba kuzishyura ibyo bononnye mu buryo buteganywa n amategeko. Mu gihe uwononnye adashoboye gusubiza ibyo yasahuye cyangwa kuriha agaciro kabyo mu mafaranga, hateganyijwe uburyo bwo kwishyura mu mibyizi y akazi kakorerwa uwahohotewe. Hari aho wasangaga abagomba kuriha ari abakene, abayobozi bagombaga kurangiza imanza bakabakangurira kumvikana n abahohotewe uburyo bwo kubishyura mu mirimo. Abagomba kuriha bakora imirimo ifite agaciro k ibyo bononnye akenshi mu buhinzi cyangwa mu bwubatsi. Indi ngingo ikomeye irebana n irangizwa ry ibihano irebana n igihano nsimburagifungo cy imirimo ifititiye Igihugu akamaro (TIG). TIG zikorwa n abaciriwe imanza bo mu rwego rwa kabiri ababikoze, abafatanyacyaha babo hamwe n ibyitso byabo. Nanone itegeko riteganya ko abahanishwa TIG ari abireze bakemera icyaha bikemerwa. Itegeko ngenga n o 13/2008 ryo kuwa 19/05/2008 riteganya ko : «Umuntu wese wakatiwe igihano cy igifungo kigomba kurangizwa mu buryo bukomatanyije igifungo, igihano nsimburagifungo cy imirimo ifitiye Igihugu akamaro n isubikagifungo, atangirira ku gihano nsimburagifungo cy imirimo 147

150 ifitiye Igihugu akamaro, yakirangiza yaragikoze neza, igihe yagombaga gufungwamo kigahindurwamo igihano nsimburagifungo cy imirimo ifitiye Igihugu akamaro». Twakwanzura ko muri rusange TIG ari bumwe mu buryo bwo kurwanya umuco wo kudahana, ikaba yaratanze igisubizo ku kibazo cy ubucucike bwari mu magereza atari agishoboye gucumbikira abakoze Jenoside, bukaba n uburyo bwo kubafasha gusubira mu buzima busanzwe. Igihano cy igifungo cyahawe abahamijwe ibyaha byo mu rwego rwa mbere n abo mu rwego rwa kabiri batireze cyagize uruhare mu kurwanya umuco wo kudahana. Kuba abononnye imitungo bose baba abo mu rwego rwa kabiri bireze cyangwa batireze ndetse n abo mu rwego rwa mbere barakurikiranywe bagacirwa imanza ndetse bakanarangiza ibihano byabo byabaye isomo ko ibyaha bya Jenoside bigomba gukurikiranwa n iyo ababikoze baba ari benshi Imbogamizi zagaragaye mu kurwanya umuco wo kudahana Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yahuye n imbogamizi zinyuranye mu bijyanye no kurandura umuco wo kudahana. Zagiye ziterwa n uko abakoze Jenoside bari mu byiciro byose by abaturage. Ni nayo mpamvu hakomeje kugaragara ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, gutera ubwoba no gutoteza abatangabuhamya n Inyangamugayo, guca amakaye y ikusanyamakuru, guhunga no kwimuka ku bakekwaho ibyaha, n ibindi. Nkuko twabigaragaje mu mutwe urebana no kugaragaza ukuri, Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi yagize umwihariko wo kwitabirwa n abantu benshi bo mu baturage basanzwe, abanyepolitiki, abakozi ba Leta, abasirikare n abanyamadini. Niyo mpamvu, usanga hari bamwe mu bari bafite uruhare mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca bagaragaweho kugira uruhare muri Jenoside, bityo bakagerageza kubangamira imirimo y izo Nkiko. Bagerageje gutegeka Inyangamugayo uko zica imanza ubundi bagaca intege abatangabuhamya, abo bafitanye amasano cyangwa inshuti zabo kugira ngo batazatanga ubuhamya bubashinja. Ikibazo cy ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside no gupfobya Jenoside byagiye bituma abaturage badatanga ubuhamya ku byaha byakozwe. Ibi byatumye hari abaregwa batagejejwe imbere y ubutabera. 148

151 Ikindi kibazo gikomeye cyabaye ni ugutoteza abatangabuhamya. Mu bika bikurikira, turasesengura ibyaha byakorewe abacitse ku icumu, abatangabuhamya n Inyangamugayo mu bihe bitandukanye by ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca. Hagati y Ukwakira n Ukuboza 2003, SNJG yabaruye ibyaha 16 byo guhohotera abacitse ku icumu, abatangabuhamya n Inyangamugayo tubariyemo n ubwicanyi bwabereye i Kaduha 142. Muri 2004, SNJG yakomeje kwamagana ibikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi byakorewe abacitse ku icumu, abatangabuhamya n Inyangamugayo. Urugero ni ubuhotozi bwakorewe Nyemazi na Rutinduka b i Kaduha, gutwika amazu, konona imitungo yimukanwa n itimukanwa, gutera amabuye ku mazu, amagambo asebanya cyangwa asesereza, gutotezwa no gushyirwaho ibikangisho, gukubitwa, gukomeretswa n ibindi 143. Muri 2005, SNJG yagaragaje ko ibikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi byakomeje. Yashyize ahagaragara ibikorwa bitandatu birimo ubuhotozi bwakorewe uwacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside witwaga Muhinda John wiciwe i Kabuga mu ijoro ryo ku wa 31/10/2005. SNJG kandi yagaragaje ubugizi bwa nabi burimo gukubitwa no gukomeretswa, gutera amabuye ku mazu hamwe n ibindi bikorwa binyuranye bigamije gutera ubwoba birimo gushyira ibice by imibiri y abantu cyangwa amaraso mu ngo, ibi byose bikaba byarakorewe abacitse ku icumu n abatangabuhamya mu rwego rwo kubaca intege 144. Mu mwaka wakurikiyeho, SNJG yanditse muri raporo yayo y igihembwe cyo kuva muri Mutarama kugeza muri Kamena 2006 ibikurikira : «muri aya mezi atandatu ashize, hirya no hino mu gihugu, ibikorwa bihungabanya umutekano w abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside n abatangabuhamya byarakomeje». Iyo raporo igaragaza ibikorwa 34 by ihohoterwa ryakorewe abacitse ku icumu n abatangabuhamya n ibikorwa 13 byo gushyira ibikangisho ku Nyangamugayo. Ibyo bikorwa byaranzwe akenshi n amagambo asebanya, ibikangisho byo kwica hamwe no kugerageza kwica, gukubita no gukomeretsa, 142 SNJG, Raporo y Umwaka y Ibikorwa 2003, pp SNJG, Raporo y Umwaka y Ibikorwa 2004, p SNJG, Raporo y Umwaka y Ibikorwa Mutarama-Ugushyingo 2005, p

152 gutanga uburozi, guhimba ibinyoma byo gushinja abatangabuhamya bashinja, kwonona imitungo yabo yimukanwa n itimukanwa 145 n ibindi. Mu gihembwe cya kabiri cya 2006, SNJG yabaruye ibikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi birimo 19 byakorewe abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside n abatangabuhamya 16 byakorewe Inyangamugayo harimo n ubugizi bwa nabi bwakorewe Perezida w Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari ka Kavumu, Umurenge wa Nyarubaka mu Karere ka Kamonyi 146. Muri uwo mwaka wa 2006 kandi, LIPRODHOR yabaruye ibikorwa 17 by ubwicanyi bwakorewe abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside bazize ubuhamya batanze mu Nkiko Gacaca, naho muri 2007, uwo muryango wagaragaje ko ishami rishinzwe kurengera abatangabuhamya mu Bushinjacyaha ryabaruye muri uwo mwaka abantu 25 bishwe n abandi batangabuhamya 20 bagiriwe nabi hagamijwe kubica ariko ku bw amahirwe ntibyagerwaho 147. Muri 2007 nanone, SNJG yashyigikiye ingamba zikomeye zafashwe n inzego zishinzwe umutekano hagamijwe guca ibikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi byakorerwaga abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside, abatangabuhamya n Inyangamugayo. Twibutse ko ibyo bikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi byagiye bikurikiranwa n inzego zibishinzwe ndetse ahenshi ababikoze bakaba baratahuwe baraburanishwa abo bihamye barahanwa 148. Urugero ni uko mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2006 hafunzwe abantu bagera kuri 761 bakurikiranyweho ibyaha byakorewe abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside, abatangabuhamya n Inyangamugayo 149. Ku birebana no kwimuka cyangwa guhungira mu mahanga, twagaragaje ko hari abantu bari ku rutonde rw abaregwa bahunze ubutabera bw Inkiko Gacaca bimuka aho bari batuye abandi bahungira mu mahanga. Iri hunga ryabaye 145 SNJG, Raporo y Ibikorwa y Igihembwe Mutarama Kamena 2006, pp SNJG, Raporo y Ibikorwa y Igihembwe Nyakanga-Ukuboza 2006, pp LIPRODHOR, Problématique des informations et témoignages devant les juridictions Gacaca, Rapport, décembre Raporo zose z ibikorwa za SNJG zivuga ku bikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi zinagaragaza ingamba zagiye zifatwa kugira ngo ababigizemo uruhare bakurikiranywe kandi bahanwe. 149 SNJG, Raporo y igihembwe y ibikorwa Mutarama Kamena 2006, p

153 imbogamizi mu kurwanya umuco wo kudahana kuko ryatumye kugeza na nubu hari abaregwa barimo n abo mu rwego rwa mbere batarashyikirizwa Inkiko. Guhunga kw abakekwaho Jenoside byiyongereye mu mwaka wa 2006 mu gihe hakorwaga urutonde rw abaregwa, kubakorera amadosiye, kubashyira mu nzego no gushyikiriza amadosiye Inkiko zifite ububasha bwo kuyaburanisha Mu mwaka wa 2006, SNJG yabaruye abantu 31 bakekwaho Jenoside bahungiye hanze y u Rwanda cyangwa bimukiye mu Turere batari batuyemo 151. Abenshi muri bo bahungiye mu bihugu bituranye n u Rwanda nk u Burundi, Uganda, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo cyangwa Kenya. Abandi bagiye muri Malawi, Zambiya, Mozambike, Angola, Kongo Burazavile, Gabon, Kameruni no muri Centrafrique. Iki kibazo kimaze kugaragara, inzego zinyuranye zafashe ingamba zo kugarura abo bantu bakurikiranyweho ibyaha kugira ngo baburanishwe. Ku birebana no gusibanganya ibimenyetso, twabonye aho zimwe mu Nyangamugayo zagerageje guhindura amakuru binyuze mu guhindura amakuru yatanzwe cyangwa kurigisa amakuru yavuye mu ikusanyamakuru 152. Hari n aho bagiye barigisa ibimenyetso byo mu madosiye amwe n amwe ndetse no gusiba ku rutonde bamwe mu baregwaga 153. Muri urwo rwego, Perezida w Urukiko Gacaca rw Akagari ka Busogo, yahishe amadosiye y abaregwa arenga 117 bo mu muryango we, inshuti n abari abayobozi. Ayo madosiye yaje kuboneka aza kuburanishwa n Urukiko Gacaca rw Umurenge rwa Muhoza. Aho amakuru yarigiswaga burundu hakorwaga ikusanyamakuru rishya. 150 SNJG, Raporo y igihembwe y ibikorwa, Mutarama Kamena SNJG, Raporo y ibikorwa Mutarama Kamena 2006, pp na Nyakanga Ukuboza 2006 pp SNJG, Raporo y igihembwe y ibikorwa Nyakanga Ukuboza 2006, p. 10 et p SNJG, Raporo y igihembwe y ibikorwa Nyakanga-Ukuboza 2006, p.14 ; SNJG, Raporo y Umwaka y ibikorwa 2007, p.14, 17 et

154 4.10. Umwanzuro w agateganyo Mu gihe Inkiko Gacaca zashyirwagaho, zahawe inshingano yo kurwanya umuco wo kudahana wari warabaye karande kuva muri Ku ruhande rumwe abahohotewe bari bazitegerejeho kuburanisha abakoze ibyaha no kubahana. Ku rundi ruhande, abaregwa bari bazitegerejeho ubutabera buboneye. Ni koko Inkiko Gacaca zageze kuri iyo ntego hashingiwe ku buryo izo nkiko zaburanishije imanza za Jenoside. Na none, kuba imanza zaraburanishirijwe aho ibyaha byakorewe byatumye ibyabaye bimenyekana ndetse n ababigizemo uruhare baramenyekana barahanwa, kuko ibimenyetso byatangiwe mu ruhame n abaturage. Kuba abaturage baragize uruhare rukomeye mu Nkiko Gacaca byatumye abakoze ibyaha bamenyekana barahanwa naho abere bari bafunzwe bararekurwa. Duhereye kuri ubu bushakashatsi, ababajijwe bangana na 86,4%, bemeje ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yageze ku ntego yayo kuko zabashije kuburanisha abaregwa ibihumbi n ibihumbi mu buryo bukurikije amategeko. 152

155 UMUTWE WA V URUHARE RWA GAHUNDA Y INKIKO GACACA MU BWIYUNGE BW ABANYARWANDA 5.1. Intangiriro Hamwe n intego yo kurwanya umuco wo kudahana, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yari igamije guteza imbere ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda. Ubwo bwiyunge busobanuye kubana mu mahoro no guteza imbere imibanire myiza mu banyarwanda, by umwihariko hagati y abacitse ku icumu n abagize uruhare muri Jenoside yo mu Muri uyu mutwe, turagaruka ku bisobanuro bya gahunda y ubwiyunge mu Rwanda, ikibazo cy ubwiyunge nyuma ya Jenoside no ku ruhare rw Inkiko Gacaca mu kunga imiryango y abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside n ababiciye.turasuzuma kandi imbogamizi zagaragayemo Ibisobanuro kuri gahunda y ubwiyunge bw Abanyarwanda muri ubu bushakashatsi Ijambo ubwiyunge rikwiye kumvikana gute muri ubu bushakashatsi? Ubwiyunge ni ijambo rikunda gukoreshwa cyane cyane muri ibi bihe, aho usanga hari intambara hirya no hino ku isi. Icyakora n ubwo ijambo «ubwiyunge» rikoreshwa mu nyandiko z abahanga, ntibivuze ko bose bumvikana ku gisobanuro cyaryo. Iryo jambo rikoreshwa ritabanje gusobanurwa mbere, rigafatwa nk aho risanzwe ryumvikana. Nyamara ariko isesengura ry inyandiko ziriho rigaragaza ko ubwiyunge busobanurwa hashingiwe ku myumvire itandukanye ikurikira amakimbirane yabaye. Inyinshi mu nyandiko zisesengura iby amakimbirane ashingiye kuri politiki, usanga zisa nk aho zigaragaza ko abafitanye ikibazo banganya uruhare mu 153

156 byabaye ku buryo buri ruhande ruba rufite ibyo rwabazwa ku biba byateye ayo makimbirane. Muri ubu buryo bwiswe ubw ibanze na Verdeja 154, amakimbirane arangizwa n ubwumvikane, aho abafitanye ikibazo bumvikana ku mategeko y ibanze agomba kugenga imyitwarire kugira ngo abantu bashobore kubana badahohoterana. Iki gisobanuro gishobora no gukoreshwa mu gihe ubwiyunge bugizwemo uruhare n imitwe ya politiki cyangwa imitwe ya gisirikare hatitawe ku yatsinze urugamba cyangwa iyarutsinzwe. Umusaruro w ubu buryo bw ubwiyunge ugaragarira ahanini ku rwego rwa politiki no ku rwego rwo kubaka inzego. Biragaragara ko bene ubu buryo budashobora gukoreshwa nyuma ya Jenoside, aho abantu bo mu bwoko runaka, idini cyangwa igice runaka nyamuke cy abaturage b Igihugu babarurwa bakarimburwa nta ruhare na ruto bagize mu makimbirane. Mu bihe nk ibi abarokotse baba bafitiwe umwenda ukomeye naho abacuze umugambi nk uwo abawuteguye n abawushyize mu bikorwa nta cyo baba bashobora gusaba abahohotewe. Ku bwa Verdeja, gahunda y ubwiyunge itangijwe mu bihe nk ibivugwa haruguru igomba gukorwa mu buryo buhuza abantu aho kumenya ukuri bituma abagize uruhare mu bwicanyi bicuza babikuye ku mutima bityo abahohotewe bakabasha gutanga imbabazi z ukuri. Iyi nzira yonyine niyo ishobora gutuma abafitanye ibibazo bakira ibikomere byo ku mutima bya Jenoside. Muri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, ubu buryo nibwo bukoreshwa ahanini kuko ubwiyunge hagati y abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside yo muri 1994 n abahamwe n icyaha cya Jenoside bugerwaho binyuze mu kwirega no kwemera icyaha bikurikirwa no gusaba imbabazi bishobora gukurikirwa no kuzihabwa n abo mu miryango y abacitse ku icumu. Izo mbabazi nizo zivugurura imibanire y abantu zikagabanya inzangano n ibikorwa by ubugizi bwa nabi hagati y abakorewe icyaha n abagikoze cyangwa hagati y imiryango yabo. Uwo mwuka w ituze uturuka ku kumenya ukuri niwo musingi wa gahunda y ubwiyunge mu gihugu. 154 Verdeja, E., Unchopping a three. Reconciliation in the aftermath of Political Violence, Philadelphia, Temple University Press,

157 Ku birebana n isesengura ry uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu bwiyunge, ibitekerezo byacu byashingiye ahanini ku bisobanuro bya Verdeja 155 uvuga ko ubwiyunge buzana impinduka mu mibanire y abantu haba ku rwego rw abantu ku giti cyabo, hagati y amatsinda y abantu cyangwa ku rwego rw inzego. Ku bw uyu mwanditsi, ubwiyunge busaba ivugururwa mu mibanire y abantu rituma bashobora kongera kubana mu mahoro basangira ubuzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Iki gisobanuro gishyigikiwe na Maclean uvuga ko ubwiyunge ari «iherezo cy amacakubiri n urwango mu bantu cyangwa mu matsinda y abantu» Ubwiyunge nyuma ya Jenoside Hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994, mu Rwanda habaye Jenoside yarushije izindi zose ubukana kuko yahitanye abantu basanga miliyoni mu gihe cy amezi atatu. Nyuma y ayo mahano, hariho umwuka wo kutumvikana hagati y abacitse ku icumu n ababiciye ndetse no hagati y imiryango yabo. Iki kibazo cyazanye urwikekwe mu gihugu hose. Nubwo Guverinoma y ubumwe bw abanyarwanda yashyizeho ingamba zinyuranye zirimo ishyirwaho rya Komisiyo y Igihugu y Ubumwe n Ubwiyunge, mu bihe byakurikiye Jenoside Leta yakomeje gushaka uko yakemura ikibazo cy urwikekwe mu baturage no guteza imbere imibanire myiza hagati yabo. Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda, inkiko zikurikira zakurikiranye abayikoze: Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda (TPIR) n inkiko zo mu bindi bihugu zifite ububasha mpuzamahanga, inkiko mpanabyaha zisanzwe n iza gisirikare mu Rwanda. Icyakora muri izo nkiko zose nta na rumwe rwigeze ruhabwa inshingano zo guteza imbere ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda. 155 Verdeja, E., Unchopping a three. Reconciliation in the aftermath of Political Violence, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, Maclean, I.S., African Truth and reconciliation Commission, Religion & Theology 6(3), Maclean, I.S., African Truth and reconciliation Commission, Religion & Theology 6 (3),

158 Niyo mpamvu ubwiyunge bugaragara mu irangashingiro ry Itegeko Ngenga rigenga Inkiko Gacaca nk imwe mu nshingano z ingenzi izi Nkiko zahawe. Aha umuntu yakwibutsa ko, Inkiko Gacaca zashyizweho hashingiwe ahanini ku buryo gakondo bwakoreshwaga mu gukemura amakimbirane mu muryango. Zaje kandi kongererwa amategeko yazihaye ububasha bwo kuburanisha imanza za Jenoside. Ku birebana n intego iri genzura ryari ryahawe, harimo no gusuzuma uruhare rw Inkiko Gacaca muri gahunda y ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda. Niyo mpamvu, nyuma yo gusobanura gahunda y ubwiyunge no kugaragaza ibibazo bishingiye ku byari bitegerejwe kuri gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, tugiye kureba urugera gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagezeho mu gusohoza intego ya kane yari yahawe Uruhare rwa gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu bwiyunge bw abanyarwanda Ikibazo cy ingenzi cyagendeweho mu bushakashatsi twakoze cyari icyo kumenya niba gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca, yaragize uruhare mu guteza imbere ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda. Hagombaga gusuzumwa niba kugaragaza ukuri ku mahano yakozwe bitaragize ingaruka yo kurushaho guteranya abacitse ku icumu n ababiciye Impinduka nziza zazanywe na gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca mu mibanire hagati y abacitse ku icumu n abakatiwe n Inkiko Gacaca Mu bushakashatsi bwacu, twagerageje kumenya niba hari impinduka zigaragara zasizwe n Inkiko Gacaca mu mibanire hagati y abakorewe Jenoside n abahamijwe kugira uruhare muri Jenoside. Twagombaga kureba uko imibanire yifashe nyuma y irangira ry imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca, ugereranyije n uko yari imeze mbere ya Gacaca. Igishushanyo gikurikira kiragaraza imibare ishingiye ku bisubizo by ababajijwe kuri iyi ngingo. 156

159 Igishushanyo N 19 : Impinduka nziza mu mibanire 87.30% 6.60% 6.10% Yego Oya Nta gisubizo Aho byavuye: Ubushakashatsi bwakoze na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda gishinzwe Gukemura Amakimbirane), Ukuboza Iki gishushanyo kigaragaza ko 87,3% by ababajijwe bemeje ko hari impinduka nziza Inkiko Gacaca zazanye mu mibanire y abacitse ku icumu rya Jenoside n abayikoze ndetse n imiryango yabo. Hari kandi 6,6% by abantu babajijwe bemeje ko nta mpinduka zabayeho mu mibanire y ibyiciro bivugwa haruguru, mu gihe 6,1% basigaye ntacyo bavuze kuri iyi ngingo. Mu bisobanuro bitangwa n ababona ko hari impinduka nziza Gacaca yazanye mu mibanire y abarokotse Jenoside n abayikoze higanjemo: ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagize uruhare mu gutandukanya ikinyoma n ukuri, ko ukuri ku rupfu rwa buri muntu wazize Jenoside kwagaragaye ndetse ko aho imibiri yabo yajugunywe hagaragajwe kugira ngo bashyingurwe mu cyubahiro. Gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagize uruhare mu kugabanya agahinda k abacitse ku icumu kuko bashoboye kumenya uburyo ababo bishwe n ibikorwa by ubugome ndengakamere bakorewe. Kumenya ukuri byatumye muri rusange habaho igabanuka ry urwikekwe bituma imibanire hagati y imiryango y abarokotse n ay abaturanyi babo batagize uruhare muri Jenoside yongera 157

160 kuba myiza, nyamara mbere nabo barafatwaga kimwe n abagize uruhare muri Jenoside. Ni muri ubwo buryo gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatumye habaho gutandukanya abicanyi n abatarakoze Jenoside. Ku birebana n imibanire hagati y imiryango y abarokotse Jenoside n abahamwe n ibyaha bya Jenoside, kongera kubana byaterwaga n impamvu nyinshi, mu z ingenzi harimo: kugaragaza ukuri ku ruhare rwa buri wese mu bwicanyi, ukwicuza bivuye ku mutima, gutegura gahunda yo gusaba imbabazi hoherezwa intumwa zizewe kandi ziyubashye kugira ngo zisabe ko habaho guhura n abarokotse no gusaba umwanya ukwiye uko kwirega no gusaba imbabaza byabera. Byumvikane ko ibikorwa byo gusaba imbabazi byabaye mbere y igihe abafungwa basobanurirwaga inyungu za gahunda yo kwirega, kwemera icyaha no gusaba imbabazi. Niyo byaba byaranyujijwe ku ntumwa, byakiriwe neza ndetse bituma habaho kongera kubana neza by ukuri. Ku rundi ruhande, gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatumye ibikorwa by iperereza byihuta cyane cyane nyuma yo kwakira ubwirege bw abafungwa. Nanone gahunda yo kwirega yatumye habaho igabanywa ry ibihano ku bireze bakemera icyaha mu bihe biteganywa n amategeko bikemerwa. Hanyuma, ababajijwe bagaragaje ko kwishyura imitungo yononwe muri Jenoside ari indi mpamvu yo kongera kubana. Mu by ukuri, hejuru yo kwemera kongera kubana binyuze mu biganiro, abanyarwanda basobanukiwe ko no mu bihe by amahano akozwe n abantu benshi nk ayabaye mu Rwanda, niyo yaba ashyigikiwe na Leta, si ibyaha by ubugizi bwa nabi bikorerwa abantu bihanirwa gusa ahubwo n ibyo kwonona imitungo nabyo birahanirwa. Naho ku babajijwe bangana na 6,6% bemeje ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca nta ruhare yagize mu guteza imbere imibanire irambye, batanga impamvu zirimo ingaruka zabaye ku bakomoka ku bahamijwe ibyaha bya Jenoside. Bagaragaza ko ifungwa ry ababyeyi babo ryabyabateye ubukene, bakumva byaratewe n abacitse ku icumu ndetse n abatangabuhamya babashinje. 158

161 Abandi bashingira ku nzika idashira kuri bamwe mu bantu bafunguwe. Aba bahora bashaka uko bakwihimura ku babatanzeho ubuhamya bagaragaza ibyaha bakoze mu gihe cya Jenoside. Aya makimbirane usanga bigoye kuyakemura cyane cyane mu gihe ari umugore washinje umugabo we cyangwa umugabo yarashinje umugore, cyangwa se abana barashinje ababyeyi babo, ba se wabo cyangwa ba nyirarume, ba sekuru cyangwa abandi bantu bo mu muryango bafitanye isano ya bugufi. Iki kibazo kibaho kandi mu gihe umutangabuhamya ushinja ari uwacitse ku icumu agashyirwa mu kato n abaturanyi, abo mu muryango we cyangwa inshuti z uwo yashinje wahamwe n icyaha. Indi mpamvu yakunze kugarukwaho n amacakubiri agaragara kuri bamwe mu bantu bahamwe n icyaha cya Jenoside, na nyuma yo kurangiza ibihano byabo. Banga kugira aho bahurira n abacitse ku icumu ndetse bagakora uko bashoboye kose kugira ngo batazishyura imitungo bononnye mu gihe cya Jenoside. Ibi bikunda kuba aho abahohotewe badafite uburyo bwo guhatira abagomba kubishyura kubahiriza ibyemezo by inkiko. Bamwe mu bacitse ku icumu bagaragaje ko n ubwo hari umusanzu gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yatanze mu guca umuco wo kudahana mu kugaragaza ukuri no kwihutisha imanza, itegeko ryorohereje cyane abaregwa ku buryo bugaragara nk uko binagaragazwa n ibihano biteganyijwe. Nyamara, amahano abaregwa bakoze ku bushake akaba arenze urugero hanashingiwe ku kuba icyaha cya Jenoside kidasaza bikaba binagoye kukibabarira. Abandi babajijwe bagaragaje ko ukugaragaza ukuri mu buryo butunguranye kandi mu gihe cy Inkiko Gacaca byatumye ihungabana ryiyongera mu bacitse ku icumu no mu miryango yabo. Birashoboka ndetse ko imwe muri iyo miryango yahisemo no kwirinda kugirana umubano uwo ariwo wose n abafunguwe. Nubwo ibitekerezo bivugwa haruguru bigaragaza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca itakemuye ibibazo byose bijyanye n imibanire hagati y abacitse ku icumu n abakoze Jenoside n imiryango yabo, hari intambwe ishimishije 159

162 yatewe. Inkiko Gacaca zagize uruhare mu kugabanya urwikekwe no kongera kubanisha imiryango ubundi yarebanaga ay ingwe. Biragaragara ko imibare yavuye mu bantu babajijwe ijya gusa n ibipimo byo ku rwego rw Igihugu by Ubwiyunge: kuko abantu bemeza ko gahunda y Inkiko Gacaca yagize uruhare mu guteza imbere ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda bagera kuri 87,3%, mu gihe abajijwe batumye ibyo bipimo bigerwaho bangana na 85,4%. Mu bihe by akaga gashingiye kuri Jenoside, aho abahigwa bakorerwa ubugome ndengakamere mu buryo butandukanye, gusaba imbabazi bigomba kujyana no kwemera ibibi byose byakozwe n abagize uruhare muri Jenoside muri icyo gihe. Niyo mpamvu tugiye gusuzuma uruhare rwo kwirega, kwemera icyaha no gusaba imbabazi byakozwe n abafungwa bafunguwe byagize mu bwiyunge Uruhare rwa gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha mu bwiyunge Twibutse ko mbere y ubukangurambaga bwakorewe mu magereza hagamijwe gusobanura inyungu zo kugaragaza ukuri zirimo no kugabanyirizwa ibihano, hari abafungwa bari barireze mu magereza amwe n amwe. Babitewe n ikimwaro cyo kuba baragambaniye cyangwa bakica abaturanyi, inshuti magara cyangwa ababyeyi, abo bafungwa bagiye bohereza intumwa ku bacitse ku icumu kugira ngo babamenyeshe ibyabaye ku babo. Batangaga amakuru ahagije bakanasobanura neza uruhare rwabo mu bwicanyi. Nk uko tumaze kubivuga, ubwirege nk ubwo bwaturutse ku mutima bwagize umusaruro ushimishije mu kongera kubanisha abaturage kuruta ubwirege bwakorewe mu gihe cy iburanisha ry imanza. Binumvikana ko mu gihe cy imanza, abaregwa bari bamaze kubona ko nta buryo busigaye bakoresha mu guhisha ukuri. Uburyo bwakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bwatangiriye ku gusuzuma imibare yagaragaye ku ngingo ivugwa haruguru. Hakurikiyeho kugaragaza 160

163 impamvu zatumye abaregwa basaba imbabazi. Hanyuma, twagenzuye uruhare n impamvu zatumye abafungwa birega zaba zaragize mu kongera kubanisha imiryango yabo n abarokotse Jenoside. Igishushanyo N 20 : Uruhare rwo gusaba imbabazi mu bwiyunge 91.80% 4% 4.20% Yego Oya Nta gisubizo Aho byavuye: Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane) Ukuboza Nk uko iki gishushanyo kibigaragaza, 91,8% by abantu babajijwe bemeza ko biboneye aho abakoze ibyaha bya Jenoside basaba imbabazi mu ruhame mu gihe cy imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca. Twabonye ko 4% bemeza ko nta muntu babonye asaba imbabazi, mu gihe 4,2% nta gisubizo batanze. Iyo usuzumye impamvu zagiye zituma abaregwa basaba imbabazi mu gihe cy imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca, usanga ku babajijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bagera 3527, abagera ku 893 bonyine ni ukuvuga 25,3% aribo bemeza ko gusaba imbabazi byabaga biturutse ku mutima wicuza by ukuri. Abasigaye, ni ukuvuga 74,7% basanga kuba abaregwa baragiye basaba imbabazi byaraturutse ahanini ku mpamvu zindi nko kuba barabikanguriwe na Leta. Byavuzwe n abantu 853 bangana na 24,2%. Abandi bashishikajwe n inyungu babonaga mu kwirega nko kugabanyirizwa ibihano. Byavuzwe n abagera 161

164 kuri 331 ni ukuvuga 9,4% y ababajijwe. Bamwe muri abo bashimangiye ko hari n abireze kubera ubutumwa babwirijwe n amadini. Ku birebana n uruhare rwo kwirega mu bwiyunge bw abanyarwanda, dukwiye kwemera ko ukuri k ubwirege kwagize uruhare rukomeye mu kongera kubanisha abaturage kuko ariko shingiro nyakuri ry ubwiyunge. Ikindi, iyo abacitse ku icumu babonaga ko gusaba imbabazi bishingiye gusa ku mpamvu zindi, byaragoranaga kongera kubahuza n ababahohoteye cyangwa se bigatuma imibanire yabo idashinga imizi ikaba yahungabanywa n ikintu icyo aricyo cyose. Kuri benshi mu bacitse ku icumu, gusaba imbabazi mu ruhame nyuma y inama z ubukangurambaga nta buremere babihaga, mu gihe uwafunguwe adafashe iya mbere mu kujya gusaba imbabazi abo yahemukiye. Ibi byabaga ahanini igihe nyuma y ubwirege bukorewe mu ruhame budakurikiwe no gusaba imbabazi nk uko bigaragazwa n iyi mvugo y umwe mu bacitse ku icumu wabajijwe: mu gihe cy imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca, abantu benshi basabye imbabazi ariko biragoye kumenya ko babikoraga babikuye ku mutima, cyangwa se barabikoraga kugira ngo bagabanyirizwe ibihano cyangwa kubera ko nta mahitamo bari bafite. Uyu muntu wabajijwe yagaragaje ko nta gihamya afite ko abasabye imbabazi babikoze babikuye ku mutima akaba ari nayo mpamvu agaragaza gushidikanya muri iyi mvugo: kuko tudafite ubushobozi bwo kureba mu mitima yabo, twarabababariye kugira ngo twirinde ihungabana. Dukurikijeho gusuzuma uburyo gutanga imbabazi zasabwe byagize uruhare mu guteza imbere ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda Uruhare rwo gutanga imbabazi mu guteza imbere gahunda y ubwiyunge Dukora ubu bushakashatsi, twashatse kumenya niba Inkiko Gacaca zashyizeho uburyo bwo gutanga imbabazi, cyangwa niba kugaragaza ukuri ku mahano 162

165 yakozwe byaratumye gutanga imbabazi bigorana. Twasanze iki ari ikibazo cy ingenzi kuko gusaba imbabazi no kuzitanga ari ikimenyetso cy imibanire myiza mu baturage. Kuri iyi ngingo, twashatse kumenya niba ababajijwe bazi ingero z imiryango y abacitse ku icumu yababariye ababiciye, cyangwa abagize uruhare mu konona imitungo yabo. Igishushanyo gikurikira kiragaragaza imibare yabonetse. Igishushanyo N 21 : Ingero zifatika z'abantu batanze imbabazi 80.0% 12.2% 7.8% Yego Oya Nta gisubizo Aho byavuye: Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane, ukuboza Iki gishushanyo kigaragaza ko 80% y abantu babajijwe bazi ingero zifatika z imiryango y abacitse ku icumu bababariye abagize uruhare muri Jenoside babasabye imbabazi, nyuma yuko Inkiko Gacaca zigaragaje uruhare rwabo. Ikigereranyo cya 12,2% bemeza ko nta ngero bazi z aho imbabazi zatanzwe mu nkiko z iwabo naho 7,8% nta gisubizo batanze. Ku birebana n impamvu zatumye abacitse ku icumu bemera gutanga imbabazi basabwe, mu bisubizo byatanzwe, ibikurikira nibyo bitayeho kurusha ibindi: 163

166 kugaragaza ukuri ku byaha yakoze no kwemera uruhare rwe muri Jenoside. Kuri iyi ngingo, kugaragaza ukuri ku byabaye mu gihe cy iburanisha, kugaragaza abafatanyacyaha n ibyitso byabo byatumye ibyiciro bibiri by abanyarwanda byongera kubana. Mu gihe cy iburanisha abakorewe ibyaha n ababikoze bashoboye kurebana mu maso, bituma babasha gufatanya gutekereza ku byabaye muri Jenoside. Abandi bagiye batanga imbabazi iyo babonaga ko uwazisabye yabikoze abikuye ku mutima kandi yicuza ibyo yakoze. Uwireze yagombaga kugaragaza ko yahindutse ndetse ko atazongera gukora amabi nk ayo akurikiranyweho. Bamwe mu bacitse ku icumu, bagiye batanga imbabazi nyuma yo kugaragarizwa aho imibiri y ababo yajugunywe bakabasha kubashyingura mu cyubahiro. Bamwe mu babajijwe bagaragaje ko umwuka wa politiki wariho mu gihe cy imirimo y Inkiko Gacaca nawo uri mu byatumye imbabazi zitangwa. Bashimangira ko ubukangurambaga bwakorewe mu bacitse ku icumu n inzego za Leta, ku birebana no kudaheranwa n agahinda no kugira uruhare mu kubaka umuryango nyarwanda. Niyo mpamvu, bamwe mu batanze imbabazi babikoze bagamije gutanga umusanzu wabo mu kubaka umuryango nyarwanda. Bumvaga ko badakwiye kuba imbogamizi ku bwiyunge, kandi bazi neza kurusha abandi bose ingaruka z amacakubiri. Hari kandi ababariye kugira ngo batazaraga abana babo urwango. Bari bafite icyizere ko gutanga imbabazi ari umusanzu ukomeye bari batanze mu kubaka ubwiyunge bw abanyarwanda uzatuma abana babakomokaho babana n abandi mu gihugu kizira amacakubiri. Bigaragarira ariko mu bisubizo byatanzwe ko bamwe mu bacitse ku icumu bagiye batanga imbabazi zidasesuye. Basanga nta kundi bari kubigenza, kuko n ubundi abaregwa bari baritabiriye gahunda yo kwirega no kwemera icyaha ndetse basaba Leta imbabazi bakiri muri gereza. Basangaga rero, abaregwa barasabye imbabazi ari ukurangiza umuhango gusa kuko bari baranafunguwe. Ibi bitekerezo bigaragarira mu bisubizo nk ibi: «nasigaye jyenyine ndetse ubu abo mu muryango we nibo bankikije, sinakwibeshya ngo mpangane nabo, ubwo ndamutse ndwaye ninde wanjyana kwa muganga?», cyangwa : 164

167 «twabahaye imbabazi kugira ngo tubashe kuba aha hantu hatoroshye», cyangwa se: «Jenoside yarabaye kandi ntacyo twabikoraho, twarababariye kuko niyo tutababarira ntibyagarura abacu». Ibi bisubizo byakunze kugaragara mu duce turi kure y imijyi. Ahantu nk aho usanga hari abacitse ku icumu bafitiwe urwango ndetse abafunguwe bakaba batarigeze bagaragaza guhinduka no kwicuza ibibi bakoze nyuma yo kurekurwa, usanga abacitse ku icumu ari bake kandi babangamiwe. Hanyuma, bamwe mu barokotse Jenoside bagiye batanga imbabazi kubera impamvu zishingiye ku iyobokamana, kuko bemera ko imbabazi ari impano idashobora kwimanwa ku muntu wese uzisabye abikuye ku mutima. Reka noneho dusuzume uruhare rwo gutanga imbabazi mu guteza imbere gahunda y ubwiyunge nk uko bigaragazwa n igishushanyo gikurikira: Igishushanyo N 22: Uruhare rwo gutanga imbabazi mu bwiyunge bw'abanyarwanda 87.8% 4.8% 7.4% Yego Oya Nta gisubizo Aho byavuye: Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na CCM (Ikigo cya Kaminuza Nkuru y u Rwanda gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane), Ukuboza Nk uko 87,8% by ababajijwe babyemeza, gutanga imbabazi byagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbera ubwiyunge. 4,8% bo basanga gutanga imbabazi 165

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