The Organization of the Court. Face-to-face Interpreting and Videoconference Interpreting in French Courtrooms

Transcription

1 Videoconference and Remote Interpreting The Turn Taking System in Videoconference Interpreting in French Courtrooms Dr M. Verdier & Pr C. Licoppe The Organization of the Court Face-to-face Interpreting and Videoconference Interpreting in French Courtrooms 2 1

2 2 Interpreters in Court In videoconference setting, the interpreter is far from the detainee 3 Turn Takings in Court Hearings Court hearings are characterized by interactional asymmetry: It involves restrictions on who asks and who answers questions (Heritage 2005, Drew and Heritage 1992) In courtrooms, detainees and interpreters are afforded little opportunity to initiate talk These problems get worse in videoconference courtroom interpreting 4

3 3 A Quantitative Study of The Turn Taking system in VCI 5 Comparison: The Turn takings in Videoconference vs Co-presence

4 4 Comparison: The Turn Taking Pattern Quantitative study - Results Restrictions on the turn taking system in VCI In VCI the interpreters self-select less than in copresence Questions to the defendant and the judges In co-presence, defendants and interpreters can selfselect within the limits of the regulations of the setting >>>> In videoconference, the asymmetry between judges, defendants and interpreters gets worse.

5 5 Conversational analysis: The Turn Taking System in VCI (1) Adressing to the court from the remote site 9 Turn Taking in co-presence The multimodal resources in co-presence Gestural resources Hand gesture Gaze (Goodwin 2007) Body torsion Semiotic resources Imperative Prosody Register: low tone

6 Turn Taking in VCI - Transcript I: Interprète PR: Prévenu 1. I: wa /gallèk / ra7/ totlob/ bèch / t-t-/ ikharjouk / min / mal hèbs il dit que tu fais une demande pour pouvoir pour qu ils t- t autorisent à sortir de prison 2. gelbouh / al mashrou3/ ta3ak/ li /bewesh/ t- /t- qablelhum/ lyoum ils veulent à présent que t- tu leur présentes ton projet aujourd hui 3. al mashrou3 / li / 3andi /, wesh / ma ray7ash / n idir/? bech / istadjbou / al talab / n ta3ak. 4. le projet que j ai, ce que je ne vais pas faire pour qu ils répondent favorablement à ma requête 5. (.) 6. PR: euh Mohammed (.) Mohammed 7. I: TFADDÉL /, / ÉSM / I / ALI / WA / LAKIN / MAALICH / KIFKIF / vas-y en fait, je m appelle Ali mais enfin cela n est pas bien grave 8. ((il rit)) 9. PR: ((hoche la tête)) 10. euh /ana/, ana/ (khalèf)/ l ( ) (in French) l- /dralt /el/ frança/ d- de- ( ) 2003 (in French) euh I I 2003 je suis venu en France à peu près en I (en français): je suis arrivé en France en 2003 Turn Taking in VCI - Extract 12 6

7 7 Turn Taking in VCI Analysis (1) Multimodal resources in VCI Gestural Conversational resources Term of address Prosody Register: high tone Turn Taking in VCI Analysis (2) Double action of the term of address in VCI: Mobilization of attention Establishing the availability of recipients whose attention or engagement is in doubt (Lerner 2003)

8 8 Turn Taking in VCI Analysis (3) The availability of recipients, a practical problem (Lerner 2003, Clayman 2012, 2013) The fragility of the shared interactional framework in videoconference (de Fornel 1994) The turn taking as a practical problem: How to take your turn How to establish your next recipient Conversational analysis: The Turn Taking System in VCI (2) Providing a clarification from the remote site 16 PRAXILING 2013

9 9 Providing a clarification - Transcript J: Juge Conseiller I: Interprète PR: Prévenu 1. I : /jaʕnī/ anta/ mtāhm/ ʕla/ lmuʃkil/ də/ lmoχdirāt/ u/ rāk/ flhabs/ mn/ rbʕa/ euh/ duʒanbir/ alfajn/ u/ ʕʃra/ tu es accusé pour un problème de drogues et tu es dans la prison depuis le quatre euh décembre deux mille dix 2. M : il a été [inc- 3. PR: [tsʒnt/ fə/ ʒūʒ/ anā/ [j ai été emprisonné le deux moi 4. J: qu est-ce qu il nous dit?= 5. I: =/ʃnū/ comment? 6. PR: /imtā/ (inaud.) /f /ʒūʒ/ quand (inaud.) le deux 7. I: le deux décembre 8. (le juge consulte le dossier) 9. J: le mandat de dépôt a duré non non euh: non le mandat de dépôt est du quatre décembre, l interpellation est du deux décembre. 10. [j crois pas m tromper 11. I: [/jaʕnī/ c est-à-dire 12. hūma/ ʃdūk/ jūm/ ʒūʒ/ duʒanbir/ walākīn/ rāh/ wqfūk/ jaʕnī/ qdmūk/ qdām/ lmahkama/ jaum/ rbʕa/ eux ils t ont incarcéré le deux décembre mais c est-à-dire ils t ont présenté devant le tribunal le quatre 13. J: voilà yes 14. PR: /īh/ PRAXILING 2013 Providing a clarification - Video

10 10 Providing a clarification Analysis (1) Format of a repair sequence in VCI: 1. Interruption by the detainee 2. The judge asks for precision 3. The interpreter asks the detainee to repeat his previous statement 4. The detainee repeats his previous statement 5. Translation by the interpreter >>> The interaction is weakened by the videoconference setting, and when problems arise, they need more time to be resolved Providing a clarification Analysis (2) The impact of videoconference on the problems of hearing Overlap between the defendant and the judge: consecutive translation technical issues Feeling of remoteness for the participants The impact of the institutional setting on the repair sequence 20 Modèle de présentation Télécom ParisTech

11 11 Conclusion 21 Modèle de présentation Télécom ParisTech The effects of the Interaction between Videoconference and the Institutional Setting Modification of the turn taking system Modification of the resources used by the participants to interact in VCI The term of address as a conversational resource Interactions are weakened by videoconference settings When problems arise, they need more time to be resolved Exacerbation of the interactional problems already existing in the institutional setting 22

12 12 Bibliographie Atkinson J. M., Drew P. (1979). Order in Court: The Organisation of Verbal Interaction in Judicial Settings. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press. Clayman S. (2010) «Address terms in the service of other actions: The case of news interview talk.», Discourse and Communication, vol. 4, n 2, p Clayman S. (2013) «Agency in response: the role of prefatory adress terms», Journal of Pragmatics, Drew P. (1985) «Analyzing the use of language in courtroom interaction», in T.A. Dijk (ed.), Handbook of discourse analysis, vol. 3, New Yor : Academic Press, p Drew P., Heritage J. (1992) Talk at work, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fornel de M. (1994) «Le cadre interactionnel de l échange visiophonique», Réseaux, 64, p Goodwin C. (2007) «Environmentally Coupled Gestures», in S. Duncan, J. Cassell, and E. Levy (eds), Gesture and the Dynamic Dimensions of Language, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp Hayashi M. (2013) «Turn Allocation and turn sharing», in J. Sidnell and T. Stivers (eds), Handbook of conversation analysis, Chichester, West Sussex, UK : Wiley-Blackwell, p Heritage J. (2005) «Cognition in Discourse», In Hedwig Te Molder and Jonathan Potter (eds), Conversation and Cognition, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, p Komter M. (2013) «Conversation analysis in the courtroom», in J. Sidnell and T. Stivers (eds), Handbook of conversation analysis, Chichester, West Sussex, UK : Wiley-Blackwell, p Lerner G. H. (2003) «Selecting next speaker: The context-sensitive operation of a context-free organization», Language in Society, 32(2), p Licoppe C., Verdier M., Dumoulin L. (2012) «Courtroom interaction as a multimedia event: the work of producing relevant videoconference frames in French pre-trial hearlings», Journal of Electronic Communication. Sacks H., Schegloff E., Jefferson G. (1974) «A Simplest Systematics for the Organization of Turn-taking in Conversation, Language, 50, Verdier M., Dumoulin L., Licoppe C. (2012.) «Les usages de la visioconférence dans les audiences judiciaires en France: les enjeux d'un protocole de recherche basé sur l'enregistrement audiovisuel des pratiques», Ethnographiques.org, n 25. Verdier M., Licoppe C. (2011) «Videoconference in French Courtrooms: its consequences on judicial settings», International Journal of Law, Language and Discourse, Vol 1-3, Hong Kong, p