Lecture de textes juridiques anglais: Échantillon de questions-types

Transcription

1 Lecture de textes juridiques anglais: Échantillon de questions-types Freedom of speech and media freedom in the United Kingdom: constitutional background The United Kingdom s constitutional position is unique. Unlike Germany and other European countries, the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution. Historically freedom of expression and media freedom did not exist as constitutional concepts in English law. The traditional English idea of freedom of expression was that of a negative liberty, a freedom of censorship. Other than that, it was a residual liberty consisting of whatever remained once numerous statutory and common law restrictions had been applied. As a result of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty, the judiciary could not afford freedom of expression, media freedom and other civil liberties any entrenched status either. This was at least the position before the introduction of the Human Rights Act in 1998 and its coming into force in The UK had ratified the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in 1951 but it was only in 1998 that the Convention was fully incorporated into the UK legal system. The freedom of expression guarantee laid down in Article 10 ECHR is now part of British law and has helped transform freedom of expression and media freedom from residual liberties to positive rights. This has definitely bolstered the defence of free speech rights before the courts and in political debates. Les affirmations suivantes sont-elles vraies (1) ou fausses/non mentionnées (2). Justifiez vos réponses et corrigez les affirmations erronées. (1) ou (2) Q1. A l instar de la situation sur le continent européen, la liberté d expression n était pas un concept garanti par la Constitution au Royaume-Uni. Q2. Par le passé, la liberté d expression était considérée au Royaume-Uni comme une liberté à part entière. Q3. Jusqu à l introduction d une nouvelle loi adoptée par le Parlement en 1998, le système judiciaire ne pouvait pas non plus garantir un statut à la liberté d expression. Q4. La nouvelle loi Britannique sur la liberté d expression est entrée en vigueur en Q5. Traduisez en français la phrase soulignée.

2 Inspections at premises in cartel investigations Under Articles 20 and 21 of Regulation 1/2003, the Commission may Q6 inspections at, respectively, premises of the undertaking concerned or premises of any director, manager, or other member of the staff of the undertaking concerned. These powers engage the protection of the home under Article 8 ECHR and the equivalent Article II-7 of the Charter. Q7 when first confronted with the Argument the ECJ Q8 that Article 8 did not apply to business premises, the subsequent case-law of the ECtHR has established that business premises will constitute a home for this purpose, the premises of an undertaking that is a legal person. As the ECtHR observed in Colas Est when considering a dawn raid carried out by the French competition authority, there is no doubt that the Q9 of the law against cartel is manifestly in the interests of both the economic wellbeing of the country and the prevention of crime. The question is whether there is sufficient control to ensure that the search is proportionate and Q10 sufficient safeguards. Complétez les passages marqués de Q1 à Q5 dans le texte avec le mot ou l expression manquant. Q6. 1) stand up 2) carry out 3) give up 4) dispose of Q7. 1) Although 2) Next 3) While 4) Because Q8. 1) engaged 2) forbade 3) held 4) filed Q9. 1) decision 2) prohibition 3) rule 4) enforcement Q10. 1) subject to 2) opposed to 3) in favour of 4) in regard to Q11. Dans la phrase soulignée dans le passage ci-dessus, l expression these powers fait référence 1) aux articles 20 et 21 du Règlement 1/ ) au droit d inspection de la Commission. 3) aux directeurs, managers et membres du personnel mentionnés dans la phrase précédente. 4) aux entreprises qui vont être inspectées. Q12. De quoi parle l'extrait suivant? Expliquez en une phrase en français. Article 20 American Convention on human rights guarantees differently from the European Convention on human rights that every person has the right to a nationality and that no one shall arbitrarily be deprived of his nationality. Most important is that this treaty states that every person is entitled to the nationality of the country in whose territory he was born if he does not have the right to any other nationality. Q13. Traduisez en français la phrase soulignée International Law and Agreements: their Effect Upon US Law Since its inception, the United States has understood international legal commitments to be binding upon it both internationally and domestically. The United States assumes international obligations most frequently when it makes agreements with other States or international bodies that are intended to be legally binding upon the parties involved. Such legal agreements are made through treaty or executive agreement.

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4 Lecture de textes juridiques anglais: Échantillon de questions-types Corrigés et réponses-types Freedom of speech and media freedom in the United Kingdom: constitutional background The United Kingdom s constitutional position is unique. Unlike Germany and other European countries, the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution. Historically freedom of expression and media freedom did not exist as constitutional concepts in English law. The traditional English idea of freedom of expression was that of a negative liberty, a freedom of censorship. Other than that, it was a residual liberty consisting of whatever remained once numerous statutory and common law restrictions had been applied. As a result of the principle of parliamentary sovereignty, the judiciary could not afford freedom of expression, media freedom and other civil liberties any entrenched status either. This was at least the position before the introduction of the Human Rights Act in 1998 and its coming into force in The UK had ratified the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in 1951 but it was only in 1998 that the Convention was fully incorporated into the UK legal system. The freedom of expression guarantee laid down in Article 10 ECHR is now part of British law and has helped transform freedom of expression and media freedom from residual liberties to positive rights. This has definitely bolstered the defence of free speech rights before the courts and in political debates. Les affirmations suivantes sont-elles vraies (1) ou fausses/non mentionnées (2). Jutifiez vos réponses et corrigez les affirmations erronées. (/4) (2) ou (2) Q1. A l instar de la situation sur le continent européen, la liberté d expression n était pas un concept garanti par la Constitution au Royaume-Uni. Q2. Par le passé, la liberté d expression était considérée au Royaume-Uni comme une liberté à part entière. Q3. Jusqu à l introduction d une nouvelle loi adoptée par le Parlement en 1998, le système judiciaire ne pouvait pas non plus garantir un statut à la liberté d expression. Q4. La nouvelle loi Britannique sur la liberté d expression est entrée en vigueur en Q5. Traduisez en français la phrase soulignée. Réponse type: Ceci [= l intégration des garanties relatives à la liberté d expression proclamées dans l article 10 de la C.E.D.H. dans le droit anglais] a assurément renforcé la défense des droits de la liberté de parole devant les tribunaux et dans les débats politiques. Inspections at premises in cartel investigations Under Articles 20 and 21 of Regulation 1/2003, the Commission may Q6 inspections at, respectively, premises of the undertaking concerned or premises of any director, manager, or other

5 member of the staff of the undertaking concerned. These powers engage the protection of the home under Article 8 ECHR and the equivalent Article II-7 of the Charter. Q7 when first confronted with the Argument the ECJ Q8 that Article 8 did not apply to business premises, the subsequent case-law of the ECtHR has established that business premises will constitute a home for this purpose, the premises of an undertaking that is a legal person. As the ECtHR observed in Colas Est when considering a dawn raid carried out by the French competition authority, there is no doubt that the Q9 of the law against cartel is manifestly in the interests of both the economic wellbeing of the country and the prevention of crime. The question is whether there is sufficient control to ensure that the search is proportionate and Q10 sufficient safeguards. Complétez les passages marqués de Q1 à Q5 dans le texte avec le mot ou l expression manquant. Q6. 1) stand up 2) carry out 3) give up 4) dispose of Q7. 1) Although 2) Next 3) While 4) Because Q8. 1) engaged 2) forbade 3) held 4) filed Q9. 1) decision 2) prohibition 3) rule 4) enforcement Q10. 1) subject to 2) opposed to 3) in favour of 4) in regard to Q11. Dans la phrase soulignée dans le passage ci-dessus, l expression these powers fait référence 1) aux articles 20 et 21 du Règlement 1/ ) au droit d inspection de la Commission. 3) aux directeurs, managers et membres du personnel mentionnés dans la phrase précédente. 4) aux entreprises qui vont être inspectées. Q12. De quoi parle l'extrait suivant? Expliquez en une phrase en français. Article 20 American Convention on human rights guarantees differently from the European Convention on human rights that every person has the right to a nationality and that no one shall arbitrarily be deprived of his nationality. Most important is that this treaty states that every person is entitled to the nationality of the country in whose territory he was born if he does not have the right to any other nationality. Réponse type: L article 20 de la Convention américaine des droits de l homme établit le droit des personnes à disposer d une nationalité qui, à défaut d autre nationalité, sera celle du pays où la personne est née. Q13. Traduisez en français la phrase soulignée International Law and Agreements: their Effect Upon US Law Since its inception, the United States has understood international legal commitments to be binding upon it both internationally and domestically. The United States assumes international obligations most frequently when it makes agreements with other States or international bodies that are intended to be legally binding upon the parties involved. Such legal agreements are made through treaty or executive agreement. Réponse type: Les États-Unis assument des obligations internationales le plus couramment en cas d accords passés avec d autres États ou des instances internationales qui sont destinés à lier légalement les parties concernées.