r t t r s 2 s s s s ➇ s s s s ➈ s s s s

Transcription

1 r t t r s s s 2 s s 2 2 ➇ s s s s ➈ 2 s 2 s s 2 s 2 s s 2 ➅ s 2 s s 2 s ss s 2 s 2 P s 2 s 2 ss s s

2 r rst s 2

3 ROYAL AIR FORCE AIR POWER REVIEW 2 r r rp r s r rt s s t r t r t s r t s r r s r t 2 r r rt r 2 t st s rtt t tt t r r r r r q t2 2 r rt s r t t st s r t t t st t t r t t t r s rt t t r r t r2 r s s s q t 2 t s 1 r ss t s r t s t rs r t r r r t t r s st t ts 2 r t rs 2 t rt t r rt 2 r r tr r s t r r rs s st r t s s t ts t s t t r s st s r P tt r ➅ tt t rp r t P s t tt s t r r r t2 s 2 t tr t s r t r t rs r s t tr t t 1 st rst t s t s r 2t rp r t r 2 t 2t s t rt t rs rt r r t t r r rt s rt ss r r r 2 rt ss 2 2 t t st2 s tt tr r rp r P s t r rst s ss t 2t 2 s t r s t st r r r s s t s st t r t st ts tr t s r s r t r2 rs st t r rt s 2 s r t t r s s tt r s t r r 2 s r 2 r 2 s 2 t r s str t s t r s r s r rts t 2 s t t r rt s t st r s s t2 rt t rst s r 2 r s r st r r s r t tt 2 t r t t 2r t rs rt s str t t t r ss s s s r r r s 2 r t rt s r t r rt r s t t t r t tt s r P s s r t t t r

4 P t t t t t t t t t t t t t t qrs s ① ② ②③ ① ④① ②s ⑤②⑥⑤ s⑥ ⑦ ⑥②① ⑥ ⑤ s ⑧⑨ ① ⑩②❶❷ ❸⑧⑧ s ❹ ① s s ❷❺② r s① ②③ ① r④❻⑧ ⑤ ① ②⑥ ❼ ⑨ ❻ s rs② ④⑤ ⑦ ①②s ⑥ s ①s ⑧ ⑨ ① ❼⑦②s ①s ⑥ ❼ ①① ⑥ ⑥⑨③②s❼ ① ②④①rs ②s r s❼ ②⑥ ⑥ s ① ⑥❹③s②❼ ① ①②s❷❽⑥⑧ ❻⑨rs ②s ss ⑥❹ ❼ ⑥①⑦ s① ⑤⑧ ⑥ r ②①②❹s r ⑧⑧ ⑥②① ⑥②s❼ ⑧⑧⑨ ❻ s ①④s⑥ ❷ ❾❿➀➁➂➃➀➄➅ ➆➂➄➃❿➇ ➄ ➁ ➄➃➁ ❶ ❶ ③ ❸ ⑦ s❼ ⑥ ➃ ➄ÏÐ➄➃❿ ❶ ⑥ ❸ ➃ Ñ ➂Ò Ó ②③ ❸ÓÔ ❸ Õ➀➃ ❿➃Ö ØÖ➁❿Ù ➃ Ú ➃➄Ï ⑥ ②s s⑤ ⑧⑧② ⑦❽⑥ s ①⑨ ②③ Ô s❼ ⑥❹ ❼ ➃ Ú ➀➆Û➂Ü Ó ②③ ❸ s ⑩ ⑥①s ⑦❸ s ❼ ➄ ➁ Ý➅➂ÞÜ➁ ❸ ①Ó ②③ ❸ s ß r ⑤ ⑦❶ ❶ àá ❿➃ â➂ã➄üï ❶ r ❶ ❶ ③ ❸ ➃ ä ➂➂❿Ö➃Û➂Ü ❶ ❶⑦å ➃ ➄➅➅ Ñ å ➃ Õ ➂ÜÐ➄Ï ❶ ❶⑦ ❸ ➃ Ý ➂ÜÖÛ ❶ ❶⑦å ➃ ➂➃❿➄Ü ❶ ❶⑦å ÑæÜ ç❿➃ è ➂ÜÖÛ ❶ ❶ ③ ❸ é⑦ ⑤s ① s⑨ ➈➉➊➋➊➌➍➎➏➉ ➐➊➑➍➋➒➓ ➊ ❶ ③ ⑥⑤ ❼ ❹ ❶ ① ❻ ➈➍ ➋ ❺② ❸ ❶❽⑦ ❸ ❺②s① ②⑧①

5 1 r rs r t t 9 ② ② r r t r P t r r 41 r r 65 ② ② ② r P t r 85 ② r t t 97 ➅ ② ② t t r 119 ② ② r t st r r 143 t t t ① r ③ Pr ss r P 175 r t t r t ① r r r r r s

6 The Qur an and War: Observations on Islamic Just War By Dr Joel Hayward 2 ➇

7 r ss t r2 t r s t r t st t s rt 2 rs t t t t s r ➋ st 2s t r t r r st r st r ts ➋ t t r2 rs r t r s r s t r s s r r ts t s r rs P rt r 2 s t r t t s r rr r t r s r t r2 st ts t s t t ➇ ➈ r t st r t ts t r st t s s rt r 2 s s r r s rt r r s r r r t r r t r t s t s r r r ts s r rs t t r 1 t 2 2 r r r ts t t 2 r r t t st r st r2 ss rs t 2 st s str 2 t r t t s s s st ts t t t st r rs r s r str t r2 r s t r s t t s ➋ r ➇r s sts➈ t r s r t r ss t ➋ s r t t r ss t r t r t t s s s t r t s r 2 r s r t t s rt s t r r t 2s t 2 t 1t r s s rt t s ts t r2 s t r r t t r t t t t 1t t r➆ t 2 r q r s r r ts s s t t r s t r2 t s 2 s t t r2 t r t t s s r t t t r➆ s s s s r r t r r ss r s r r 2s t t t t r t t s s 2 t t t t st r rr r t st r s rt s t t s ➋ s t t s 2 ss t s t t t r➆ t s t s t s t r ➇ s➈ s s t r ts 2 ts r st r rt ➋ t t s t s t 1 st r s t s t tr t 1 2 r st r2 s t ss t t r➆ t s ts t s t t rr s rt s r r rs t r st t t s t t t rt 2 t r t rst t s r s r s s r s t rr t t s s r t t t t t ➆s r t r t s s st t t q rt r t r ➆s t t t t r t 2 s r t r s t r t s s t s t s r r s t t r2 s s t t t r t r➆ t t str t rt t st t r t r r rs t r t t st t s s s t t r r s t t rr r st r s t t st r t r r t st r t t t t s s r r s

8 t t r2 s str t sts t r2 rs t t t r t r➆ s tr t s r s t r2 s 2 r➆ s rt 2 s rt r t s t3➆s st r r s r t rst r➆ s r t 2 s rt r 1 t 2 r s s t t t s 3 st t r rs r r s r 2 t t t st t r q rt r t t t t s t r 2 1 s 2 r r tt s ss tr2 r 2st s t r ss r➆ s r rt 2 r 2 t r t r t t s r t r s r s r t s r r r r r t t2 t r 2 rs t 2 r ➆s s r s r t t r t s st str t 2 t t t r➆ ➆s r r r2 s t r s t r➆ s t r r 2 s s t t r2 r s r r r s 2 s r 2 r t r s 1 s 2 st t r ➆s s s r t r t st t s s r➆ r s t t t 2 r r rt t 2 ➆s t r r s s r 2 r 2 t 2 s r tr s t s t t r s t 2 r r rs r2 r t r➆ r t r r➆s 2 s t r s s r t r s 1t t r t s ss t s t s r t r s t t s t r r ss t r 1 r st s r s t r t r s r st s rs s 1 r ss t st t r t s t r➆ t s r t s st r t t t s s t r ➆s st r r t ➋ t r s r rt r s t t st r t ➋ r t 2 t r➆ ss s t s rt t r r t t t s s t 2 t r s r ss r t s s r t rs t t s t r tt t ss s t t r➆ s t s st t t r s s s t s t s s t t t r s t 2 r s t 2 r t s s 2 t q t t r rs s s t ➇ rs t s r ➈ s rs 1 t 2 s s s t ➇ s r r 2 t s 3 t r t t r t r2 str t r ➈ t t r t t r s s r s 2 s t s t r t s ss rt r s s s s➆ s 2 r s st t ts s s tt ➋ ➇ t t t r rt t t r t s r ➈ ➋ s r t r t 2 r t r➆ t ts ts ss t t t q t rt t s r t s s s s s t s r t

9 r s t t r rs t t r t t r t t s r t r t t r st s r t r s t s 1 t 2 t r st t t r s rt rst st t r t t t 2 s r 2 rs t r t t s r s t 2 tr st s 2s s s s t 2 t s r t t s t r ss t2 t t t t r t st s t s r r s r r r t r t t t s r tt t ts str t s r s s t s t r s st r t t t s t s s r r r2 r t s rs ts s t t t t t t s 2 t s r s r t r t 2 rt t t t r t r t q 2 str tt s r s rs r ts s s t ➇ t t s t ➈ t 2 t t 2 t s s s s t s s r st s r t t r s t 2 2 st t t 1 t r t r s ss 2 r t s ss rt t t t s rs r ts s s t r st 2 s rs 2 r r s t r s r t st t s t t s r r t s s t s r st t s r t s rt rs 1 t t t s st s 2 s r rs s r s ts t r rs s r r t t r➆ r t s rt s r t t t s r t r s t t r t r t r st tr t ➋ t st t ➋ r rs s t t 1 t 2 t r r s r s t t 2 s r r t t s r st s 2s s t sr t s t t Pr s r t 2 s t r s t rst t2 t 2 t r st t r r ➇t 2 str 2 t t s r

10 r2 t t ➋ 2 tt s 2s ➈ t t 2 s r t t t ts t ts r t ➆s r r t t t r s s t s r t r t t sr t s r t s r t t ➇ t t r 2 ➈ t 2 t ➇ 2t t t r t ➈ t r s rt 2 r t t t s t t r2 1 ss s s t s r t s r st t s ➇ t s r s t ➈ r s r s s s t s r s r s t 2 t2 rt t t r s r r t t tr t s r ➇ t t rr r r st s s 2 t s r r t 2 t t2 ➈ t t t t2 s s tr s r r ss t 2 t s t r s t r r r t r tr t t t ts t r t t t t ➇ rt r ➈ s s r t r 2 st t s t r r st r2➆s st r s t r s r r s s 2 r s t rs s r t s s r st s r t st rs t r st s2st t r r s r tr t 2 r st s r r t rs t rt 1 r st s r ss r s s 2s r t t r r 2 t s 2 ss ss t st r t t r st t2 s t t t t r s 2 s r rt 2 ts r t r s s t st t r r ss r r t t 2 t rr r st tt t2 t r st s tt t s rr s ts 2 t rs t s s 2 t t t s s q 2 t t t t r 2 s s rt 2 ts r t r r q r ss ➆s s t r t tt s r t s s tt t s s r s rt 2 s ➆s r s r t r s t r➆ t s rs s r r 1 t 2 r t t s t 2 t t s rs s t r r s ts s s t ss r t2 s t r r s t t t r ss r r t t s r rt t r s r t r t t2 s s t r➆ t ➆s t r t r t t t 2 r s t t t s t t t r s s2st t r r tr t s 2 rst t t s rs t r2 t st 2 st t s 1 r s t r t s r r s r rs s st 2 r s r ts r t t t2 t r 2 r

11 r t r s rst r t t s t 2 r s q t 2 tr s r ts t t r➆ r r st s t r t t t r t s r 2 ss s r t s rr ts s s rs 2 t r ss s t t t r➆ ts s r s r r s t t t 2 ts rst r t t r r t t s rs t r rs s r t t ➇ tt r➈ s s tt r t t r t s t t t s s s t r➆ s r 2 t 1t t ts s r t r s r t 2 t t t t r t s r➆ ts st t s s r r t t ➆s r s st t t rs 2 ss s t r ➇ ➈ t t t s➇ ➇r r➈ t t ➇ t s r s➈ t ➇ ➈ t2 t t s s s t t t r s r t r s t s s t t s t t s s r s 2 s t t t q t r r s r t r r rs s s t t t s t 2 r rts s st t ts 2 r t t r s st s s r 2 s r s t t t r 2 s t r t t t t s t s2st t t tr t s t s r s t 2 s t s r r rs 2 t s2st s ts s r t st s ➆s s s t s r r t 2 r t t t r 2 2 rs s ss st s t str 2 t 1 st t s t r t s rt r 2 s r st s s t t r s st rs t s t t t t t st 2 r 2 r r s st t r s rs rs t 2 s t r t 2 r st s s 3 r t r s t2 r s tt r t s tr s t s r r r r st t 2 t r t s t s r r s 2 s t 2 r s t t rt s t rs t t s r t rs r r s t s s t t t r ss r st s rs r t s rt r r t t s t r 2 s s t r t 2 rs t r t r ➆s r t t s t t rs s r t rt s r ss s t t s t s rs r st r t 2 s s s 2 t s ➇ rs t s r ➈ r q t r t s s r 2 r t

12 ➆s ❹ r tr s r r r t s s t s t r t s t ss s t r t s r s t t ➇ ➈ ➋ ➋ 2 q ➇ ➈ ➇ 2 2 P ➈ rs s t t r r t t r t s t t r r s sts t t t t t t rr ➇ 2 2 ➈ P 2 ➇ ➈

13 s rs r t t r t t s s r r r t ts t t t t t r t st r2 t s r s r t r t t s 1tr t t s s 1 st r2 t t r t t s t t t s s t r t 2 r 2 t t t t r s t t 2 t r s s r rt t t 2 t t t 1 rt s s t str s 2 r t 2 r t t s s rt t t st t t t➇ r s t st ❹ t s s s r rs r t s rt rt r s r r t t 2 t r s r ss ➈ t s q t tr t t t s t r t rs t s r s s s 2 t r t r r t r t t2 2 rs r t r r t t t s q 2 tr t t r t t 1t t rs s r t r st s ts r t 2 r s r t s t t r r rs t t r t s s t rst t r 2 r s t rs 3 t t t t rs t 2 st rts t t r t ➇ ➈ tr s t s➇ t ➈ t s t t ts s r t rs r rs s t t r r rs s 1 t t 1t 2 s t st r t 1t s t t r t2 2 2 s 2 t t t t r 2s tr s rt t s s tr t2 t s rs t s s s t tr2 t str 2 t 2 rs t r t s s t r tr t t r 2s tt t tr t s t s s s r t r tt tr t2 t r t t tt 2 st t t tt s t2 s 1tr 2 s r s r t ts 2 s t str 2 r t s t ➆ t r➆ r t t r2 st r r t r s r s r t t t 1 t 2 r t st s t ➆ s t t t s t t r s r t str 2 s r s s tt r t r s t t s s r t r r s r 2 t t rt 2t st r s t r r r t s t t s s r t ➆ P r t 1 st r ts t t r 2s tr r t ➆s t2 s rst t t rt t 2 t r tt t s 2t s rs r t

14 tr2 rs 2 r t st t r t r t t s ➆s 2 t2 r t t t t t2 t t 2 t r r t r t 2t sts r t rs ts r s s s 2 2t st r tr s r s tr s t s tr tr r r t s r r t t t 2 s s st r s r t r s r s 2 r st2 t t st t t t rr t r s s s r 2t sts t rs r t r r 2 s r t t r t t r st2 2t sts r t rs r t t t s t t s s t t s s r s r rs ➇ 2 r ts t t t t t t r r s t r t s ➈ t r r 2 t t t t r t 2 2 t t s r t r s t t r t 2t s r tr2 r t 2 t2 ts s t r2 r st s t t t t r r t s 2 ➋ t s r rs ➋ r 2 r t t t t r t t r2 r r r t t 2 s r s 2 r s t t s s s t s tt 2 r t s t rs t s r t rs t 2 s s r2 s t r t r t t r t t 2 r t r s r s t t r 2t s r tr2 s s t r r t t t 2 st r ➇t t 2➈ t t s r t t t r t t t s t r s s r r t rs t s r s t 2 2 s 2 r t ➋ r r 2 t t s r t tr t ts ➋ 2 t 2 s r s2 r 2 r t 2 t 1 r t t t r t s rt t s t2 r st r t s r 1 t r t s s s t 2 t 2 t t r 2 2 r t r t s r t t s t t2 2 s s t r r s r r t t t r s t r t2 2 2 tr rs 2 t s 2t sts t rs t 2 s r t t r 2 s s s 2 t r t t r r r r s r t s r r s r r t 2 r s t r2 2 t s s r rs t t s ts r s s s t t t s r t r rs t r P s r r t r 1t r rs t s t r t s t2 ts 2 r st r s r t 2 t s s r t r s r t t t t r st s r s tr t2 t s t r t r r s s r s t r s s r t t s rt t t t t s t 1t s s t r s r t r t 2s t2 t s 2 s

15 t s r t r r t t t rs t s r s t 1t s rs r t t t s r t ts r s r 2t s tr2 s t t t s t r2 rt r t t ➆ t ts tr r r r 2 t s t s s r s rs s r rt 2 r s t t r t s r 2 s r 2 r r t r rs t s st r t r q 2 ts t t r r ss r 2 r t t t s t s t s t rst2 s rt r s s rtr 2 t t s s t 1t s t t t st r ➋ s r t ss ss t t t t s t r t t s r t r s r t r r t ➋ t 2 2s 2 r t2 2t sts t rs r tr t rt r st s r t s t r t s t 2 t t r r s t 2➆s r t s t r t r r t s r t 2 t r s t s t r t t 1t ➋ t r t r 2t st tr s r s r t s ➋ sq t t s s s r s ➆ ➅ r t r s q r 2 s t r r s t t t r rst t rs t s r t r t rs s r r s 2 tt r 2 t r t t r s s t q t r r t r t2 3 2 st t t t t rs t s r t r2 tr t2 r t r r ts t r s t tr s r t s t r r r t r t s t r s t s r r s r r rr t t rs t s r ➇ r t ➈ s t r st 2 1tr t s t s t s ss 2 t t t s s rs t 1 st t r t r t s rr ts r r t 2 tt t s t s s r s 2 r rs r t t r s t r rs t r➆ ➋ s r t t r r ➆s ➋ s r s rt 2 t t t rs t s r s 1 rt s s t ➇s 3 s 2➈ r rs ➇ r r 2 t ➈ t t s rs r s s rr 2 s 2 t r 1 t r2 q 2 rs s t t ts s r 2 t s t 2 r t 2 ts t 1t t r rst rst t t r t 2 st t s r r s t ts t t s s tt t r t s r r s s ➇r s➈ r t r s r ss t r ss 2 st t s s 2 t st t t t t s r ss rs t t s s r t r t t r t t 2 t tt t t r t 1 st t t s s t r t 2 2 ➇ t 2 r 2 t r st t ➈ rs t rt r t t 2 r

16 1 st t t s r 2 t t s s t s t 2 s s s r 2 s t st 2 tr t t s t t t r s t t s r t s t t s s t t r 2s t r s t t r t s rt r r t t r t rst rt 2 rs s r t r t r 2 r s st t t t s 2 t r t2 t t t r 2s t t tr tt t t t s s s r t t s r str s 2 r s st ➇ r r ss r r t t s r s t r s ➈ s st ➇ t rt s t st st ss t t r ts➆ tt s ➈ s r t 2 rs t r s rs s tt ➋ t 2 rs t r 2s t t rs t t t r s st t ➋ 2 r t r t t s s r 2s 2 t t s s t t s s t r t t st r s st s rs r t t r t s t t rst tr s r t st t t r ss t rs s t s 2s P s rs s t 2 t t t t t r s 2 s s s r t t s s r t r ss rs t t rs t r s r 2 t str t ➇ st r s r s s2 s sq s t s r t t s r ➈ rs s t t s r 2 t s t t s tr 2 t2 r r s t t t r r 2 t t s t r 2 t s r r t r

17 s 2 r r2 r 2 t t ➆s r ss t rt r t s t r s r t tt r r ss t r st 2 t 1t s t s s rs t r s r st s t s2 s s s r ss r s s r t t r r s q r t rr s s r s 2 t t rst r➆ ss r t t r s st rts r t r t r r s t st t s ➇ t t s t s t 2 t t tr s r ss ts r t t tr s r ss rs ➈ s t r s r t s s t t r s r t t t r r t t s t r t s t r s r str ts rs ➆s str t t ➇s 2 t ➈ r r t 2 t r s t t t ➇ ➈ r tr s t s➇ ➈ t t t t t s t t t s str t r r s s s r t t s s t r 2 r t r s r r s r tt t r r t t r s r s t t t t s t r s ➆s s r s t s s t s s tt t r t 2 t r tt rs t s s t t tt s s s r s rs s t 2 s t str t s t t t tt rs s t r tt s s s r t t t t t t s s ➇ t r st r ➈ s t r s st ➋ 2s ➋ 2 r rt t r s s t t r ss r2 r➆ 1 r t q s r r r t t st r ss r rs s t t str ss t t s t r rs s t r st t2 t s s st t 2 s t r t r➆ r ss r s r s st t tt s r r ss s t t t 2 r r t s r ts r t t t t s r r t r t t s r 1t t r s t t ss s s➆ s s r r r r rt s r s➇r t t rr r ➈ t t s r r t s t s ss t st t s s s t t r 2 st t s t t s t r t t r t s r t t t t r t s s t r sts s t s ➆s s r rs t s rs t t r r t t t t r t t t t 2 s r 2 r s t2 t t t s r t t t t ➋ s s t t t r st r st r t r2 ➋ t r r tt r t t r r s t s ss r2 r r t r t tt r st t 1 t s s t s s t t s t rt t ➆s r t t t

18 r r s s t t t s r2 r ➇ s ➈ t t2 2 t t s r 2 ss r2 t s r 2 r t t r2 r s r st s r r s r t r t 1 tt r t t rs t tt s r t st t r2 ➋ s t r t r t s t t t r 2 ➋ s ts ss r r 2 tr s r ss t r s r s t r t t2 t r 2s tr t 2 s rr r t r r s t t r s st t t r r 2 s t t t t t t r rs rr rs s t r r t s t 2 t rs t tr t ss ss t tr t s r st s rs t s r r r r rs s r s t r rs r 2 r t t s t r t r st2 r s t r rt 2 s t ss rs r 2s t t t 2 t t t t t r t 2 r ➇ r t r s r t r t t t ss r 2 ➈ s st r s r ➇ s t 2 t s r s s s t s s s ➆s r r r ts s t s r t rs ❹ ➅ r r 2 t s 2 ➆ 2 r 2 r 2 r r s ➈ s r 2 t t t 2 ➆s s r s t t r rr 2 s r 2 t t t 2 ➆s 3 r t tt 2 rs r r t 3 s 2 r t s r t t r rt 2 str t rs s t t r r t s tr 2 t r2 st 2 t t r 2 rs t r s t r rs ➆s r 2 t 2 r r t r s r r ss t r t s t2 P r 2 t s s r ss s s ➆s r s s t t t r s 2 rr r t r t s t t r t r s ts t r ss 2 str 2 r t r 2 s r t r r r rt t2 ➋ t r r s st r st r ➋ s s r s s 2 t r t r➆ r r t r t t ss r2 t r t t r2 s r t 2 str ss s r s➇ t tr s r ss ts➈ s t r t t r t q r r r t r t t s r t r r ss t rr s 2 t t r ss r t s t t t ➇ 2 t r t r t t t s r t t t s t t t t t t s t r s s

19 2 t r ➈ t t s t rr t t t r➆ r s t r r r t t t sr t s r ts t r s t st 2 r 2 t t r t t t t r st s s t s sts t t t r s r s r t r ➇ r t ➈ r r s r t r t2 s ss t r st 2 s r t s r r t s t rs t s r rt r s t r t t s s t r r t s tt r t ➆s str t t t t➆s str t t r➆ r t 2 s s s t r r t t r ss t 2 s r s t r t s t t rts t t t t 2 s t ss t s ss r2 t r tt ts t r s t s t t st 2 r t r t st r st r t st s rt s r ss t r st r t r 2 r ➆s r r r 2 t t s r ss r t r t tr t t s t s st r s rt s t t 2 s rr rs t t s 2 t t t s t r2 s s r 2 r t ➋ 1 t r s t s s s tt s s r r s ➋ t r st r r t r t t 2 r tt r r ss t t t 2 s st t ss t t 2 t t t tt r r t t r s t 2 t r t r 2s r r t s t t r st t r t r s t 2 r s t r s 1t t t r t r t r r t r ss r s r r t 2 t 1 t 2 r s t t r t s s r t 2 r t t r r ts t t2 r t rt t r s ts r t t s t s 1 t 2 t s 2 s st r t s t t st r r r t t r s r str r s s r t r 1 r ss t t r➆ s 2 t t s t t st r r t r st s s t st s t rt t r t r st s Pr rt t2 st s rt r rr rs t s s 2 t t s t t st r r t r st s s t r r r rr rs t t s ss r2 t t r st r➆ s r t s s r t st ➇tr s r ss ts➈ t r s r t 2 r rt t t r2 s r t r➆ ts r r t r r t t s t t t ➇tr s r ss s➈ t t r➆ r r t ➇ t t t t t r t t r s r t rt t r r r sts r s ts s s rs r tr s s t t r t ➈ t r ts t t t s st t

20 t t t s s r r t t r s r r r s t t r ss r t t r s ss str t t t t r 2 t t rt r t t r r s rs t t t t s t t r t t str 2 tr s r r s t 2 r t r ➆s t s s r s ss r r t rst t r➆ ➆s t r t➆s t t r t t t s s r r s s t s s s t t t tt r t r ss t s rr rs r r 1 r s t st t t t t r➆ t t s t r t t ts t ts r r s r rs t t t t 2 t r t s s r r r➆ s t t s rs s t t t t r 2 st t s r r t t s t s t s r t s t ts 2 t st 2 t s r ss s r t t s t t2 ts 2 s s s t r r s r t s s r tr t t r➆ r t s t ss t t t s s t t rt t t r ➆s s r t t ➋ ➇s r ➈ t ➋ st t t t t➇ st s ➈ t r➆ ss s rr t t st r2 r r r2 t ➆s r t r t t t s t t r r s s t t 2 t s t t r ss t s r r r r ss r rs t t s s t s t2 s 2 s s t s s t s s t2 s r r t r2 t rs s r t s rt r r st t t t t s t r t s t r st r r ss t t 2 r t t r r t t t 2s ➇ t2 ➈ r t tt r t t 2 r t t r t t s r 2 r t t r r s r s t t s t s t r s t r s t s t s r t r➆ r s ts r r s s r t t2 t s rt 2 t rt str r st s r t t t t s t q r st r t r 2 s s t r str t t t r t 2 r s 2s s s tt rs

21 t rs t t t s s s t s r t t t s st tr rs s rst t r st 2 t t s ss t t 1tr sts r tr s t r t rr r sts t r➆ s t tr t r t s s t r2 r t r r r s s t r st s t 1 t 2 st t s t t t tr t rs st t 2 ➇s r t r rt r st st ➈ r➆ s r s s t s ➇r str t r r r r t r s t r ➈ s t r rs s t t s ss r r t r t r s r 2s 2 s s r t r t t r s 2 rt 2 t s s r ➆s t r t tt q r 1 t r s r s r rt 2 s t r r rr r t r 2s s t t t s 2 s t s t 2 r s 2 t r tt t s 2 s 2 t r s t 1 2 r s s r t t t t s rt r r r t t t t t t r t s t s t r t t r t2 t s st r2 s ss t str t t s rst t rt t t r2 P rs ts s r r t2 tt st t t r rt t s t st 2 t t s r t t ss s t r s t s r s r t s t t s s r str t r r t t 2 s s s s 2 r t t t s t r➆ s q t r t t s r 2 2 t s 2 t t t s t s 2 s t r s t t t t r st ➇ s r ➈ r t s s t t rs s st s t r s s t t r r r s ➇t st tr st rt 2 t t r r s ➈ s t s st rt t ➇t t s r ss➈ t s t t r st r t t s s t t 2 s t r r ➆s t r➆ r ts s r t r rs s t t r r t ss s t s ss t rt t 2 tr t s t t s t t s t s rr 2 t r t r t t s s r r 2 t t r 2 r t s rs t r s 2 ➇ ➈t t ➇ r t 2 s t ➈ r➆ ts s rs t t s rs➇t t 2 t 2 r t s t r r t t 2s t t r st st r s ❹ 2 s t t t s t st s r t s r t t ❹ r s t t s r str t s s t s ➈ t t ➆s

22 t t s t t t r s 2 s t s r s t t r t s t st r t s t r s r s r t ss t t ➇ t t s tr s t t 2 2 t r t t t 2 2 s s t r ➈ s s r r t r t 1 st t r t s s t r t 2 s r r s tr s r t t t s r st t t s s s t tr s t tr r s 2 r t 2 t t rs s 2 r s 2 t s s r r2 s t t t rs t s r r s t t s s t t t tt r t t r t tr t t r 2 rs r r t t s 2 s t s s t r t s r s t t r r s t2 t 2 r st rs s t r r r ➇ 1 rt ➈ r ➇ rt➈ t t 2 s r s 2 s ➆s str st t t s t t r 2 t r r t t r r r r s t s ➆s str st s r r ➇ ➈ r r t t 2 tr s t s t ➇ r s ➈ r rs t t ➆s r t r t ts t s t t r r t r s st t t t r s r r 1 s s s 2 str s t r t t t t s r t r r str s st t r s q t r r 2 st t s rt t ss s r t r➆ 1 s t s 2 t t t t t str s st t r rs ss r rs r t t s s r t r t t t r2 1t rs s rt r 2 1 rt rs t 2 t r t r rs t t s t ➇ s➈ t t rs t t 2 t t r t r 2 t s t st s s t t r t s t s r s r t r s s t s t2 2 r rt s s t s t r r s s rt 2 rt s r 1 rt t t ➇str ➈ t ➇ rt➈ r t s s t r s t s r s t r r s t r➆ t rs s s s t r➆ t 2s r s st t 1t r ss t rs t rt2 rs s s 1 t r r ➆s 2 rs t t2 r r r t 2 rs r tt 2 t r 2s tr ts s t t r t t rs t r t s r t2 t r t r P s t rs s t r str r 1 rt t t r t s r rt r s r t s r t ss r s t r2 r s s t r r r s r t s t t s r t r t2 s s s r s t t r s t t rs r s t t s t2 t t t t s s s r t r st

23 t t 1tr t s ➋ s st r r t r 2s t r r ➋ t 1 rt r2 t rs r t t r2 t t r t r t s t s r t r t s t t t r str st t t s 3 s t t r r r s t s str r tt r tt s s s t s r s r r r r ss r r s ➆s 1 rt t s r s s t t r t2 ➋ r s s 2 r t t s t rs ➋ t str st t t r t t t t s t s s➆ s r st s t s t st t rs s r str st s r t t t s s rs t t t r rs s r t t t r r t r t t t r t t s r t t tr s t r 2t s tr2 s s t 1t r t r t t s r rs r t r t r t rs s t r➆ r r r t st t r r ss t rs s r r r t r st t r t s r st t s t t r t tt t s t r t ts r rs r ts r t t r sts r t r r t t2 s s t r t t r t r rt st 2 st t s t t t s r ss t s s st r tt t t s 2 t st r t r r t r➆ ➋ st s t s t st r st r t s s t t r2 r t s t r st s t t s 1 st t r t 2 t s s r 2 r t r2 s r r s t rr r sts t rt r ss s t st 2 t t s str s r r r s t s s 2 t s t t t t t s ts t rs r tt 2 r s r t r➆ s rt s t tt t t r s t s t s r tt 2 s r t r2 str t 2 t s r t r2 r t str t t t t r ➆s s r st r 2 r st t2 s r r ts s t ts r s t s r t r s t t t s r r2 t r r r rst r t r rr rs t r r 2 s rts r r t s s r r ss s st t t r r s s 2 tt r rs t t rs t r t r s r ss t r s tt t t s t ss t st t s t r st r t

24 s s s r s t s tt t s rr rs t t t 2 t ts r rt t2 r r t s ss r2 s r t r t 2 t t ts st s r t s t r ss ss s r str t r t r r s r2 t t t st r st r s 2 t t r 1 r r t t t ➆s r st r t tr s 2 t s s t t ➆s t ss ➆s tr s r t ➆s s t2 t 2 r r st ➎ ➆s s r r t r t t s rs r t t t r➆ ts s 2 t t 1 s r s ts ts t r r r st r t ts rs s 1 t r r s tt s t r tt s t r s tt ts t r tr2 t r r s 2 t rr r sts t r rts t r t t t s r t s s r r r str s r t s s q st s s t 2 t 2s t r t t r r s tt s t t s rt r t t t t t r2 s r t ➇t t t r t2 t s t s r t r2 r r s r st r t2 ➈ r2 r t2 t st t t t r t s t t r str s st ➇ s t t r s r s t2 s t r t t r t s t 2 tt r s r t sts t st r t r ss t r s t r t t 2 t r r ss ss s t t 1 st r s r t r s t 2 st rt t tr t ➈ r s r 2 r s 1t st ss r r tr t t s st t t r 2 r t r r r str s r t s s r t t r ➆s s t P r P 3 s t P s r t r t r ❶❷ ❸7❷10 6 ❹❷8 10❺ ❷ ❹ ❻ ❼ s ❽ rs t 2 t s r s t st t t st t 4 ❸8❸❷ ❸ ❷8 ❾ ❹4❿ ❸ ❷8 ❾ ❹10 5 ➀➁❾10❹ 7 ❹4 ➂ ➃ r2 rst r r t s ➄ s ➇r t ➈ t r r➆ ts r t s r t r t r ➅ ➉ s ➇t r t➈ r ➇t r t ➈ ➊ t t r➆s st tr rs sts r s ➋ ➋ ➌ ➍ s t r2 Pr ss r➆s t r s

25 s st r st s t t r s st st r t 2t s r s tr ts s s P t 2 rr t t s 2 r st t2 s s s t P 3 P 1 ➆ 1 r t r s t s 2 2 s r s t r t 2 r q ➆ 1 1 r ➇ ➈ t r r t t t s t r t s r rs t r rt t r t ts r r r s 2 r s r ➆ st rt r t 2 rr t t s 6 q ➇ 7 ➈ P ➇ ➈ ➇ ❹ ➈ s t s t r r r ❶

26 rr t ss t 2 t2 tr t s r s r t r 2 t 2 t s s r P t r s s r ss r t r s s rs t2 r ss r s t r 2 2 s s P P r t r t rs t2 r ss r r r r P s 2 ➇ r r t s ➈ q 2 1 t ❶ ❷ r s r P P r ❸ ❹ s 1 t ➋ r P ❺ 2 ➇ r ➈ t ❻ 5❼❼❽ ❻ 5❼❼❾ ❹ s s r 2 t t r t t t ❹ r ❿ ➀ s r 2 ➁ ➁ ➂ s r P t r st tr t r2 r 2 r t s s ➃ ➄ r t ➆s s 2 t t ➅ ➉ ➊ 2 t s t s t t t t rt rs t s r t s t t r t t r r s t r t s rs s s r P ➂ 2 1 t q ➌ r ➂ ➍ r r ➂ 2 1 t t r 2 r st ❷ r r str2 ➊ ❿ ❿ t s P 22 s ➀ ➄ ➎ ➏ P ➁ q ➌ ➐ s s r P ❶ ➏ ➅ r t ➆r t t r ➑ s ➀ 2 r ss ❸ r ➀ r r ➒ ➎ ➁ ➒ ➏ P ➀ 2 r ss ➂t ➓ r ➅ ➏ ➁ ➃ s r P ❺ ➏ ➅ s ➎ ➁ ➏ ➎ ➀ 2 r ss r ➏ ➅

27 3 tt s r 2 r P 3 q ➆ s r t r ➋ ➆ 3 3 ➇ 1 ➈ 2 t r t r s P t t s s q r s t s s r t s 1 t r r 2 t Pr t 1 s s t r st r s 1 t r ➇ ➈ 3 2 r s P t t s s r t r q s P t t s r r P q ss r t r q r P 3 r P s P rs t q ➆ ➇ ➈ s r t r 3 r P s P t t s ➆ q r P r 2 r

28 r r r s r t ➆ s t r r r s r t s s s t 1t 1 t 2 t tr s t r r t ➆ r t ➆ t r r P r r str ➇ r s ➈ t r t 3