Surcapacité dincinération et transport des déchets en Europe : la fin du principe de proximité?

Transcription

1 Surcapacité dincinération et transport des déchets en Europe : la fin du principe de proximité? 19 décembre 2012 "#$"%"#$%&$'()*+,(*+ &''%()*+#)'*,"-%./01$2345/6789:(,+ -%+(".#)'*,($/")0,12*31+)0,";<1&%<1$&3=1$>?@31A=%B$&3=131?CD<1?$1&<2E%><2?CFG<&2H;133?I

2 1 Introduction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e cadre législatif K$ D%31F3D$><?3%<F&3L< %C0E>$1& >$ 0<2&3=1?<2?CFG<&2 $E 2<31?< >@513=1 <E%=DC<11< <2& >$?3%<F&3L<F$?%<?CFG<&2HN$2&<)%$B<O=%P-3%<F&3L<I. M -3%<F&3L<J^^_`a_`8;?E4$%><B<1&<E%=DC<1<&?E;=12<3>?EMa1=L<BT%<J^^_2E%><2?CFG<&2<&$T%=0<$1& F<%&$31<2?3%<F&3L<2. J

3 K$()%$.#)4$,.+(%$,(5.6$#0HJ^^_`a_`8;IC&$T>3&E1<G3C%$%FG32$&3=1<1F31S13L<$ER?<2$F&3L3&C2?<0<2&3=1?<2?CFG<&2" 7)5%+%.6)$,($,1+,3$0#)'*,($0,(5.6$#0,5#+81)$,/+%,1+,()%$.#)4$,.+(%$, 4%CL<1&3=1 4%CD$%$&3=1$E%C<BD>=3 *<FWF>$0< +E&%<%CFEDC%$&3=1H<R."L$>=%32$&3=1C1<%0C&3SE<I 8>3B31$&3=1 8>><C&$T>3&C0$><B<1&><2=TQ<F&3A22E3L$1&2" **5$, 98:$.#);, 98:$.#);0,(5#$%<)*50,/+%,1+,()%$.#)4$,.+(%$,(5.6$#0,, J^Mc J^J^ :%3?<2?CFG<&2"$EB=312D$D3<%`BC&$>`D>$2&3SE<`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b

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eI. ;<>$ 23013A3< SE< 23 <BDUFG< SE<?<2?CFG<&2 1$&3=1$ER 2=3<1& 31F31C%C2?$12?<2 312&$>>$&3=12?< L$>=%32$&3=1 C1<%0C&3SE< <& 3BD>3SE< SE< F<2?<%13<%2 2=3<1& <1A=E32 =E T%h>C2?$12?<2 %C0E><1& F<%&$312 $2D<F&2?< >$ 0<2&3=1?<2?CFG<&2 =E F<%&$312 A>ER?<?CFG<&2<&C&$T>322<1&C0$><B<1&?<2=TQ<F&3A2?$12F<?=B$31<" 98:$.#);0,(5;)*)0,(+*0,(2+"#%$0,()%$.#)4$0,$"%'/5$**$0, >.65+*.$,($, =)%$.#)4$, 98:$.#);, 12'8:$.#);, -3%<F&3L<2E%>$B32<<1?CFG$%0< *C?EF&3=1?<2?CFG<&2T3=?C0%$?$T><2B32<1 J^Me?<2?CFG<&2HMaaa`bM`8;I?CFG$%0<?<bcdD$%%$DD=%&$E13L<$E?<Maac -3%<F&3L<2E%><2<BT$>>$0<2<&><2 -3%<F&3L<2E%><2?CFG<&2 J^^e C><F&%3SE<2<&C><F&%=13SE<2 C><F&%=13SE<2HJ^^J`ae`8;I 51$E&%<?=FEB<1&?=3&U&%<D%32<1F=BD&<D=E%=%0$132<%>$0<2&3=1?<2?CFG<&2">$?$")11$,($, V A=%0<% E1< L323=1 D=E% V J^c^. ;<&&< A<E3>><?< %=E&< B<& 2E% >$ 1CF<223&CSE<><2?CFG<&2?<L3<11<1&E1<%<22=E%F<<&D>$3?<D=E%?=11<%E1<D%3=%3&C$FF%E< $E %C<BD>=3 <& $E %<FWF>$0< <& D=E% >3B3&<% >$ L$>=%32$&3=1 C1<%0C&3SE< $ER B$&3j%<2 1=1 -@$E&%< D$%&X >< &%$12A<%&?<2?CFG<&2 <2& %C0E>C $ER 13L<$ER <E%=DC<1 <& 31&<%1$&3=1$>. +E 13L<$E 31&<%1$&3=1$>X ><2 <RD=%&$&3=12 <& 3BD=%&$&3=12?<?CFG<&2 2=1& %C0E>C<2 D$% >$ ;=1L<1&3=1?<kl><2E%><F=1&%m><?<2B=EL<B<1&2&%$12A%=1&$>3<%2?<?CFG<&2?$10<%<ER<&?< ><E%C>3B31$&3=1 2E%><2&%$12A<%&2?<?CFG<&2. b ;<&&<F=1L<1&3=1$C&C2301C<<1Ma_a<&<2&<1&%C<<1L30E<E%<1MaaJ. g

5 K<%j0><B<1&2E%><2&%$12A<%&2?<?CFG<&2H8;`M^Mb`J^^eI%$&3=1$>32<><2D%=FC?E%<2?<F=1&%m>< <R32&$1&<2. /> <1&%< $E&%<2X $ER &%$12A<%&2?<?CFG<&2 <1&%< f&$&2 B<BT%<2X $ER 1=&3A3F$&3=1 D%C$>$T>< CF%3&< <&?E F=12<1&<B<1&.,<>=1 >< %j0><b<1&x 31F>E& 4.K<%j0><B<1&D%CF32<C0$><B<1&SE<><2f&$&2B<BT%<2D<EL<1&B<&&%<<1D>$F<?<2 >3B3&C<2.,<>=1 >< %j0><b<1&x Y2"$ #/,'";/#"$ *$ *4%7#"$ +)'-%-1,)O$ '$ +42,'F$ H]L$ %&22%#4"$,)1/."$ *"$ +4',F"$ 1/-=4"$ H]L$ =/"$ *"$ -'"#,22,#-&'"$ *$ =,2&/-",#-&'$ &)$ *642-+-',#-&'Z 2=1& 2=EB32V>$D%=FC?E%<?<1=&3A3F$&3=1H$%&3F><bI. K$ D>ED$%&?<2 D%31F3D<2?< &%$12A<%&?<?CFG<&2 $DD>3SEC2 $E 2<31?< C0$><B<1&?$12 ><2 D$W2?< <E%=DC<11<?< >3T%<nCFG$10< H+8K8I " /2>$1?<X K3<FG&<12&<31X9=%Lj0<<&,E322<. 1.2 Évolution de la production et du traitement des déchets en Europe k3<1 SE< >$ %C?EF&3=1 <& >< %<FWF>$0< 2=3<1& $E 2=BB<&?< >$ G3C%$%FG3<?<2 =DC%$&3=12?< F=E%2?<2?<%13j%<2$11C<2X&=E&F=BB<><D=E%F<1&$0<?<?CFG<&231F31C%C2. g ;<D<1?$1&X><2=DC%$&3=12SE3YE&3>32<1& ><2?CFG<&2 D%31F3D$><B<1& F=BB< F=BTE2&3T>< =E $E&%< B=W<1?< D%=?E3%<?<>@C1<%03<Z2=1&F>$22C<2F=BB<Y=DC%$&3=12?<L$>=%32$&3=1Z.;<&$2D<F&$C&CF>$%3A3CD$%>$?3%<F&3L< F$?%<?CFG<&2X SE3 31&%=?E3& E1< <R30<1F< B313B$><?@<AA3F$F3&C D=E% F=123?C%<% >@31F31C%$&3=1 F=BB<?< >$ L$>=%32$&3=1. c

6 6%$DG3SE<M.-CFG<&2BC1$0<%20C1C%C2<&31F31C%C2<18E%=D<X?<MaacVJ^M^X<&D=E%F<1&$0<?<2?CFG<&231F31C%C2 6%$DG3SE<F=12&%E3&VD$%&3%?<2?=11C<28E%=2&$&. 9=&<"K<2D$W2=1&C&CF>$22C2<1A=1F&3=1?<><E%D$%&?<?CFG<&231F31C%C2. 6%$DG3SE<F=12&%E3&VD$%&3%?<2?=11C<28E%=2&$&. e

7 2 Capacité d incinération actuelle en Europe + >@G<E%< $F&E<>><X g^e 31F31C%$&<E%2 2=1& <1 A=1F&3=11<B<1&?$12 >@513=1 <E%=DC<11< c. /> 1@<R32&< $EFE1<?=11C<?C&$3>>C< 2E% ><2 F$D$F3&C2 $F&E<>><B<1& 312&$>>C<2?$12 FG$SE< D$W2X $E223>$B$22<&=&$><?<?CFG<&231F31C%C2?=3&n<>><U&%<F=123?C%C<F=BB<E1<$DD%=R3B$&3=1X BUB<23>$F$D$F3&CD<E&?$12F<%&$312F$2U&%<>C0j%<B<1&2EDC%3<E%<X&=E2><231F31C%$&<E%21< A=1F&3=11$1&D$2VD><31<F$D$F3&C.K$B$22<&=&$><?<2?CFG<&231F31C%C2C&$3&?<cgB3>>3=12?< &=11<2<1J^M^. K@+>><B$01<X>$)%$1F<<&>@/&$>3<%<D%C2<1&$3<1&ebd?<&=E2><231F31C%$&<E%2<&egd?<&=E2 ><2?CFG<&231F31C%C2HL=3%6%$DG3SE<gI.K<2D$W2?=1&><&$ER?<?CFG<&231F31C%C2D$%G$T3&$1& <2& >< D>E2 C><LC 2=1& &=E&<A=32 >< -$1<B$%P Hbe_P0 D$% G$T3&$1&IX >< KER<BT=E%0 HJg^I <& >$,Ej?<HJJeIHL=3%6%$DG3SE<bI. )30E%<M.-CFG<&231F31C%C2<18E%=D<<1J^M^H<1P0D$%G$T3&$1&IXD$%D$W2,=E%F<"8E%=2&$&HG&&D"``<DD.<E%=2&$&.<F.<E%=D$.<EI. pe3& f&$&2 B<BT%<2 HkE>0$%3<X ;GWD%<X 82&=13<X 6%jF<X K<&&=13<X K3&E$13<X #$>&< <& *=EB$13<I 1@=1&D$2?@31F31C%$&<E%.K$D>ED$%&2=1&23&EC2<18E%=D<F<1&%$><<&=%3<1&$><$3123SE<?$12><2 D$W2k$>&<2. c OOO.F<O<D.<E o

8 "#$%&'()*+,*-"./(01&.2*)1*&20&23"#1&.2*/)*/30%)14*$#"*%#5&1#21*)2*6(".$)7*)2*89:97*$#"*$#;4* "#$ %"&$

9 #$%&'()*+5/630$*(0B&%$0($2+32/664+3<*$/30%07'00&CDD+&&-+*$/30%0-+5-+*$/&%-+*9+0E<F<G7HHH-5+H+&-+*9- "

10 2.1 Surcapacité installée et projets pour l augmenter "#$%&'()*%&%)+#+,$#))-(%./01)2$3&4&3'%&'$#)#(%#$+#).5'(3'(/$&%'-(6 7( ""#$%&'#8 4&$ #9#+4:#8 :#) 3&4&3'%/).5'(3'(/$&%'-( &3%2#::#) )-(%./01 )24/$'#2$#) 1 :& 4$-.23%'-(.#./3;#%) $/)'.2#:)8.5&4$<)2($&44-$%3-++&(./4&$:5=('-( &::#+&(.#.# 4$-%#3%'-(.#:&(&%2$#>?@A=8BCCDE6F-2$%&(%83#%%#3&4&3'%/.#G$&'%&2H+#(%#$.5'3'1BCBC6 I$&4;'J2#K6"&4&3'%/.5'(3'(/$&%'-('()%&::/##%4$/G2##(@::#+&H(#8#%L:29.#./3;#%)8&3%2#:)#% 4$/G2)8.#)%'(/)1:5'(3'(/$&%'-(>#(%-((#)E8.#BCCM1BCBC N-2$3#O@.&4%&%'-(.#?@A=BCCD6 P5&4$<)2(#/%2.#3-++&(./#4&$:#+'(')%<$#.#:57(G'$-((#+#(%&::#+&(.>P#;-2)%"#$%&8 BCQCE82(#$/.23%'-(.#)./3;#%)$/)'.2#:).#KR%4&$$&44-$%&29.-((/#).#BCCM#)%4$/G2#.5'3'1BCBC#(@::#+&H(#6F&$+'3#)KR%8SR%&2$&'#(%/%/'(3'(/$/#)#%BR%&2$&'#(%)2,'2( %$&'%#+#(%,'-+/3&('J2#6 "#3' )'H('L'# J2# :& )2$3&4&3'%/.5'(3'(/$&%'-( )#$& &2 +'('+2+.# ()*%+$#,-'.8 :& )2$3&4&3'%/.# %$&'%#+#(%.#)./3;#%).#G$&'% &%%#'(.$# M8DR%.&() 2( 4$-3;# &G#('$8 )' :#) '()%&::&%'-().-(% :& 3-()%$23%'-( #)%./01 &2%-$')/# )-(% +')#) #( L-(3%'-((#+#(%>I$&4;'J2#ME6F-2$%&(%8.#).#+&(.#).#4#$+').#3-()%$2'$#)-(%#(3-2$).5#9&+#( 4-2$.#) 3&4&3'%/).# %$&'%#+#(% )244:/+#(%&'$#).# T8TR%6 U& +&0-$'%/.# 3#%%# )2$3&4&3'%/3-$$#)4-(.1.#)'()%&::&%'-().5'(3'(/$&%'-(>72(-+'&8BCQBE6

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