"#$#%&'()*+#,-$#%.%&$/&0#12/%-&' 32'/*#4+5&67889 :/##-),-(;#%)(06<=-)0(0/0#2>=-0#%.2;#%-*#-0&'?#'&0(2-)?26&'5('(0&%6@2''#.#2>@&-&$&<A#B&%0*#-02>C2'(0(D&'ED(#-D#&-$FD2-2*(D)
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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
3 X&N'#2>@2-0#-0)K QN)0%&D0) [ F$(02%Y)=-0%2$/D0(2- \ @%#&0(-.&@2-)0(0/0(2-&'"%&*#P2%]>2%EB#-$(-. ^\ Z&0(#O2%*&- XG#=-$(&-@'&(*)@2**())(2-7_ 5&%0(-#@G&/))&%$ `Q5#%#I#2.%&BG(D&'FWB%#))(2-YKQ-=-+$#B0G [a Q-&'6)()2>0G#=))/#)0G&0XG%#&0#-O(.#%(&-"#$#%&'()* 1&*(#5DV#&- XG#F>>#D02>,-(0&%6&-$"#$#%&'E0&0#E0%/D0/%#)2-I2;#%-&-D#(-0G# \9 "#$#%&'?#B/N'(D2>I#%*&-6<0G#,-(0#$Z(-.$2*2>I%#&0J%(0&(-&-$O2%0G#%-=%#'&-$ 1&-Eb-/%]2P)]( @&''>2%C&B#%)K32'/*#_ 9\ Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
4 QN)0%&D0)K @%#&0(-.&@2-)0(0/0(2-&'"%&*#P2%]>2%EB#-$(-.K Q-(-)(.G0>/'P2%](''/)0%&0(-.0G#(*B&D00G&0D2-)0(0/0(2-&'(b&0(2-2>)B#-$(-.B2P#%P2/'$G&;#2-@&-&$(&-B2'(0(D)M 52%#2;#%<(0)G2P)G2P(0P2/'$.(;#*2%#&DD2/-0&N('(0602N20G0G#>#$#%&'.2;#%-*#-0&-$0G#B%2;(-D#)PG#-(0D2*#) 02)B#-$(-.M5)MO2%*&-Y)#))&6()&0G2%2/.G'6%#)#&%DG#$&-$0&]#)0G#%#&$#%)0#BN6)0#B&)020G#N#-#>(0)2>0G# (-)0(0/0(2-&'(b&0(2-2>)B#-$(-.B2P#%>2%0G#B%2;(-D#)<>/%0G#%*2%#<G2P(0P2/'$N#-#>(00G#*PG#-2B0(-.2/0Mc@%#&0(-. &@2-)0(0/0(2-&'"%&*#P2%]>2%EB#-$(-.C2P#%<d()&-(--2;&0#P&602>(-$&P&6>2%0G#>#$#%&'.2;#%-*#-0&-$0G# B%2;(-D#)02P2%]02.#0G#%PG#-(0D2*#)02$2*#)0(D&-$>()D&'B2'(D6*&](-.M XG#=-$(&-@'&(*)@2**())(2- XG()B&B#%)##])02D2->(%*0G&00G#=-$(&-@'&(*)@2**())(2-R=@@T<PG(DGP&)D%#&0#$(-^ee^<G&)G&$&)(.-(>(D&-0&-$ B2)(0(;##>>#D02-0G#())/#2>)B#D(>(D'&-$D'&(*)B2'(D6&-$)#00'#*#-0)M,)(-.&P($#&%%&62>)/BB2%0(-.*&0#%(&'<(-D'/$(-. =@@&--/&'%#B2%0)&-$B%2D##$(-.)<&-(-$#B#-$#-0%#;(#P2>0G#D2**())(2-<0G#@2-D2%$#?#B2%0&-$0G#?#B2%02>0G#?26&'@2**())(2-2-QN2%(.(-&'C#2B'#<0G#B&B#%#>>#D0(;#'6&))#))#)0G#(*B&D02>0G#=@@M `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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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`)6@)?>3)O62=9N7) 868E=A?:6;)JE223;?=M)=:I37):;)A)@3932A=)7M7?3B :: L)+3932A=:7B)733B7)=:K3)A);A?E2A=)J6E273)@62)A)O62=9)O>323)?>3)7:[3) A;9)26=3)6@)46I32;B3;?):7)3I32)3P8A;9:;4G)A;9)O>323)?>3):93A)6@)I:6=3;?)?322:?62:A=)3P8A;7:6;):7):;J23A7:;4=M)D3:;4) 237:7?39L)+3932A=:7B):7G):;)?>3)B67?)43;32A=)73;73G)A;)A22A;43B3;?)O>323)?O6)62)B623)73=@)46I32;:;4)J6BBE;:?:37) 7>A23)?>3)7AB3)86=:?:JA=)78AJ3L)/6)O>323):;)?>3)8A7?)6;3);A?:6;)O6E=9)=66K)?6)J6;HE37?)A7)A)76=E?:6;)@62)3P8A;9:;4)?322:?62M)A;9)86O32G)B6932;)86=:?:J:A;7)=66K)?6)J66832A?:6;)A;9)86O32)7>A2:;4L)-=?>6E4>)8A23;?)?6)76B3)6@)?>3) O62=97)B67?)7EJJ377@E=);A?:6;7G)@3932A=:7B)>A7)A=76)8269EJ39)3PAB8=37)6@)76B3)6@)?>3)O627?)@A:=39)7?A?37):;) >:7?62ML);)@AJ?G):?):7)?>:7)8A2A96P)?>A?)93BA;97)A)J=6732)=66K)A?)?>3)?>362:37G)62:4:;7)A;9)3I6=E?:6;)6@)@3932A=:7B)?>362ML)) ) %2:4:;7) )?)>A7)A=23A9M)D33;)7A:9)?>A?)@3932A=:7B):7)A)8269EJ?)6@)?>3):;J23A7:;4)7:[3)A;9)J6B8=3P:?M)6@)?>3)B6932;) 7?A?3G)DE?)?6)?2E=M)E;9327?A;9)?>3)@3932A=)J6;J38?)6;3)BE7?)=66K)DAJK)?6):?7)62:4:;7L)-=?>6E4>)?>3)62:4:;)6@) J6;?3B862A2M)@3932A=)7?A?37):7)93DA?AD=3G)?>3)>:7?62:JA=)823J393;?7)O>:J>)J23A?39):?)A23)BEJ>)7:B8=32)?6):93;?:@ML) 136@@23M)/AO32)86:;?7)6E?)?>A?)?>3):93A)6@)9:773B:;A?:;4)86O327)?6)7ED629:;A?3)AE?>62:?:37):7)HE:?3)A;J:3;?L)) ],B8:237)>A9)96;3):?)DM)93J3;?2A=:[A?:6;G)?>3)93=34A?:6;)6@)AE?>62:?M)?6)7ED629:;A?3)6@@:J:A=7G)3783J:A==M):;) 826I:;J37)@A2)@26B)?>3):B832:A=)JA8:?A=L);9383;93;?)J6E;?2:37)>A9)96;3):?)DM)?23A?:37)6@)A==:A;J3)E;932) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
7 ) O>:J>)A)J6BB6;)AE?>62:?M)OA7)73?)E8)@62)A)=:B:?39)8E28673G)E7EA==M)?>3)J6;9EJ?)6@)A)OA2G)62)?>3) J6;?:;E:;4)J6;9EJ?)6@)@623:4;)A@@A:27)A;9)93@3;J3L^::: #>:7)?M83)6@)A22A;43B3;?)O6E=9)A=B67?)J32?A:;=M)23HE:23)76B3)@2AB3O62K)6@)2376=E?:6;)6@)9:78E?37G)93=34A?:6;)6@) 86O32)A;9)6?>32)?M8:JA==M)@3932A=):93A7L)U:==:AB)$:K32)4637)@E2?>32)?6):93;?:@M)867?C53=686;;37:A;)OA2)1233J3)A7)?>3)O62=9N7)@:27?)3PAB8=3)6@)A)@3932A=C=:K3)7?A?3L)-)8E23=M)B:=:?A2M)J6;@3932A?:6;G)?>3)J:?M)7?A?37)6@)1233J3)DA;939)?643?>32):;)?>3)@AJ3)6@)?>3):B832:A=)?>23A?7)86739)DM)$6B3)A;9)0AJ396; :I L)?)OA7)?>3)3P?23B3=M)93J3;?2A=:[39) ;A?E23)6@)?>:7)@3932A?:6;)?>A?)=39)?6):?7)96O;@A==L)?)A=76)7AO)?>3):93A)6@)@3932A=:7B)9:7A883A2)E;?:=)?>3)B:99=3)A437) O>3;)?A=:A;)A;9)132BA;)J:?MC7?A?37)A??3B8?39)?6)23J23A?39)?>3)1233K)3PAB8=3L)#>3)@:27?)J6;7?:?E?:6;A=:[39) @3932A=)7M7?3B)JAB3):;?6)3P:7?3;J3):;)?>3)@62B)6@)?>3)&E?J>)+3932A?:6;G)O>:J>)=A7?39)@62)A=B67?)VWW)M3A27)D3@623) D3:;4)@62BA==M)9:7BA;?=39)DM)"A86=36; I L)-=?>6E4>)?>:7)O6E=9);6?)D3)?>3)6;=M)3PAB8=3)6@)@3932A=)7M7?3B7)9E2:;4)?>:7)832:69G)B67?)7J>6=A27)A4233)?>A?)?>3):93A)6@)A)+3932A=)16I32;B3;?G)A7):?):7)K;6O;)?69AMG)OA7):;?269EJ39)DM)?>3)AE?>627)6@)?>3)-2?:J=37)6@)(6;@3932A?:6;)A;9)?>3)(6;7?:?E?:6;)6@)?>3)';:?39)/?A?37)6@)-B32:JAL)) ) &3@:;:?:6;7) \3@623)=66K:;4)A?)?>3)B6932;)J6;J38?)6@)@3932A=:7B)A7):;?269EJ39):;)?>3)';:?39)/?A?37)(6;7?:?E?:6;G):?):7) @:27?);3J377A2M)?6):93;?:@M)A;9)937J2:D3)76B3)K3M)?32B7)23=A?39)?6)+3932A=:7BL)#>3)=64:JA=)8=AJ3)?6)7?A2?)O6E=9)D3)?6)6@@32)A)J=3A2)93@:;:?:6;)6@)@3932A=:7B)A;9)3P8A;9)@26B)?>323L)$6;)UA??7G)@62B32)82:;J:8A=)A?)TE33;7)';:I327:?M) :;)a:;47?6;g)%;?a2:6)6@@327)a;)3pj3==3;?)93@:;:?:6;*) ]+3932A=:7B)826I:937)A)?3J>;:HE3)6@)J6;7?:?E?:6;A=)624A;:[A?:6;)?>A?)832B:?7)AJ?:6;)DM)A)7>A239) 46I32;B3;?)@62)J32?A:;)J6BB6;)8E286737G)?643?>32)O:?>)AE?6;6B6E7)AJ?:6;)DM)J6;7?:?E3;?)E;:?7)6@) 46I32;B3;?)@62)8E286737)?>A?)23=A?3)?6)BA:;?A:;:;4)?>3:2)9:7?:;J?:I3;377G)O:?>)3AJ>)=3I3=)9:23J?=M) 23786;7:D=3)?6):?7)6O;)3=3J?62A?3L^I: )) ) -;6?>32)93@:;:?:6;)6@)@3932A=:7B):7)4:I3;)DM)U:==:AB)$:K32b)>3):;?32823?7)@3932A=:7B)A7)A)]DA24A:;)D3?O33;) 826783J?:I3);A?:6;A=)=3A9327)A;9)6@@:J:A=7)6@)J6;7?:?E3;?)46I32;B3;?7)@62)?>3)8E28673)A44234A?:;4)?322:?62MG)?>3) D3??32)?6)=AM)?AP37)A;9)2A:73)A2B:37^I:: L)?):7)?>:7)DA24A:;G)$:K32)7AM7G)?>A?)4:I37)E7)?>3)DA7:J)@2AB3O62K)@62):93;?:@M:;4) O>3?>32)A)7?A?3):7)62):7);6?)@3932A=L)#>3)?>233)DA7:J)2E=37)6E?=:;39)A23)A7)@6==6O7*) cs #O6)=3I3=7)6@)46I32;B3;?)2E=3)?>3)7AB3)=A;9)A;9)8368=3G) VS,AJ>)=3I3=)>A7)A?)=3A73)6;3)A23A)6@)AJ?:6;):;)O>:J>):?):7)AE?6;6B6E7G) ds #>323):7)76B3)4EA2A;?33)R3I3;)?>6E4>)B323=M)A)7?A?3B3;?):;)?>3)J6;7?:?E?:6;S)6@)?>3)AE?6;6BM)6@)3AJ>) 46I32;B3;?):;):?7)6O;)78>323L I::: ) ) -;6?>32):B862?A;?)9:7?:;J?:6;)23=A?39)?6)?>3)93@:;:?:6;)6@)@3932A=:7B):7)D3?O33;)J3;?2A=:[39)A;9)93J3;?2A=:[39) 7M7?3B7L)-7)OA7)B3;?:6;39)AD6I3G)?>323)A23)?O6)BA:;)J6B86;3;?7)?6)A;M)@3932A=)7?A?37*)?>3)46I32;B3;?)6@)?>3) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
8 @3932A?:6;G)A;9)?>3)46I32;B3;?7)6@)?>3)B3BD32)7?A?37L)#>3)9:@@323;J3)D3?O33;)A)J3;?2A=:[39)I7L)A)93J3;?2A=:[39) @3932A=:7B)237?7)O:?>)O>:J>3I32)6@)?>373)?O6)J6B86;3;?7)>6=97)?>3)BAQ62:?M)6@)?>3)86O32L)#M8:JA==M)?>3)@3932A=) 7?A?3):7)JA==39)?>3)J3;?2A=)46I32;B3;?)A;9)?>3)J6;7?:?E3;?)B3BD327)A23)23@32239)?6)A7)234:6;A=)62)826I:;J:A=) 46I32;B3;?7L)@)A)J6E;?2MN7)J3;?2A=)46I32;B3;?)>6=97)B67?)6@)?>3)93J:7:6;)BAK:;4)86O32)A;9)>A7)B623)A23A7)6@) AE?>62:?M)?>A;)?>3)234:6;A=)46I32;B3;?G):?):7)J6;7:93239)?6)D3)J3;?2A=:[39L)@G)>6O3I32G)?>3)86O32):7)D:A739)?6)?>3) 832:8>32M)A;9):7)I37?39):;)?>3)234:6;A=)46I32;B3;?G)?>3;)?>3);A?:6;):7)J6;7:93239)93J3;?2A=:[39L)#>:7)=3A97)?6)?>3) @:;A=)86:;?)6@)J=A2:@:JA?:6;b)?>3)9:@@323;J3)D3?O33;)A)@3932A?:6;)A;9)A)J6;@3932A?:6;L)%;3)6@)?>3)B67?)J6BB6;)B:P) E87):;)86=:?:JA=)7J:3;J3):7)?>A?)D3?O33;)?>3)J6;@3932A=)A;9)@3932A=)7?A?3L)#>323)A23)BA;M)3PAB8=37)6@)7?A?37)?>A?) >AI3)eJ6;@3932A?:6;):;)?>3:2);AB37G)DE?)A23)AJ?EA==M)@3932A=):;);A?E23L)#>3)';:?39)/?A?37)6@)-B32:JA):7)76B3?:B37) 23@32239)?6)A7)A)J6;@3932A?:6;)9E3)?6)J6;@E7:6;)234A29:;4)6;3)6@):?7)@6E;9:;4)96JEB3;?7G)?>3)-2?:J=37)6@) (6;@3932A?:6;L)(A;A9A):7)A;6?>32)3PAB8=3)O>323):?7)@6E;9:;4)86=:?:J:A;7)A23)23@32239)?6)A7)?>3)]+A?>327)6@) (6;@3932A?:6;^)O>:=3)?>3);A?:6;):?73=@):7)B67?)93@:;:?3=M)A)@3932A?:6;L)#>3)82:;J:8A=)9:@@323;?)D3?O33;)?>3)?O6) 733B:;4=M)7:B:=A2)?32B7):7):;)?>3)=3I3=)6@)J3;?2A=:[A?:6;)?>A?):7)82373;?):;)3AJ>)8A2?:JE=A2)JA73L)-)J6E;?2M)?>A?N7) 86O32):7)=A243=M)>3=9)DM)?>3)234:6;A=)46I32;B3;?)R6?>32O:73)K;6O;)A7)93J3;?2A=:[39SG):7)E7EA==M)J6;7:93239)?6)D3) J6;@3932A=L)\E?)?>:7)937J2:8?:6;)BAM);6?)A=OAM7)D3)AJJE2A?3L)$6;)UA??7)82373;?7)>:7)6O;G)B623):;)938?>G) 937J2:8?:6;)6@)O>A?)J6;7?:?E?37)?>3)3P:7?3;J3)6@)A)J6;@3932A?:6;L)]#>3)K3M)J>A2AJ?32:7?:J)6@)J6;@3932A?:6;7):7)?>A?)?>3:2)J6BB6;)RJ3;?2A=S)46I32;B3;?):7)9383;9A;?)E86;)?>3)J6;7?:?E3;?)R234:6;A=S)46I32;B3;?7G)D3:;4)J6B86739) 6@)93=34A?37)@26B)?>3)J6;7?:?E3;?)46I32;B3;?7^:P L)U:?>)?>3)BA:;)93@:;:?:6;7)J6I3239G):?):7);6O)8677:D=3)?6)@6JE7)6;) B6932;)@3932A=)7M7?3B7L)) ) 06932;)+3932A=:7B) ) #>3)@:27?)23A=)23@323;J37)?6)?>3):93A)6@)@3932A=:7B)JAB3)9E2:;4)6;3)6@)?>3)423A?37?)23D3==:6;7)A;9) 7ED73HE3;?)OA27)6@):;9383;93;J3):;)>:7?62ML)/3I32A=)6@)?>3)@6E;9:;4)@A?>327G)O2:?:;4)E;932)?>3)83;);AB3)5ED=:E7G) O26?3)A)732:37)6@)96JEB3;?7)JA==39)?>3)+3932A=:7?)5A8327L)-7)136@@23M)/AO32)86:;?7)6E?G)?>3)AE?>627)6@)?>373) 426E;9D23AK:;4)8A8327)?3;939)?6)E;9328=AM)?>3)62:4:;A=:?M)6@)?>3:2):93A7)D3JAE73)?>3M)J6E=9)733)>:7?62:JA=) 823J393;?7)@62)O>A?)?>3M)O323)96:;4 P L)\E?):?)OA7)?>3)D2:;4:;4)?643?>32)6@)?>373):93A7)?6)@62B)O>A?)O6E=9)D3J6B3)A) @3932A=)7?A?3)?>A?)O6E=9)D3)?>3)B67?)8:6;332:;4)A783J?)6@)?>3:2)O62KL)#>3):93A)6@)B6932;)@3932A=:7B)D26E4>?)?643?>32)?>233)BA2K39=M)62:4:;A=)A783J?7)O>:J>G)O>3;)J6BD:;39G)O6E=9)23I6=E?:6;:[3)?>3)86=:?:JA=)=A;97JA83)6@)?>3)?:B3L)#>3)@:27?):;I6=I39)?>3)]9:23J?):B8AJ?)6@)?>3)J3;?2A=)AE?>62:?M)6;):;9:I:9EA=)J:?:[3;7^P: L)#>3)73J6;9)A783J?) :;I6=I39)?>3)E73)6@)?>3)J6;7?:?E?:6;)A7)A)D:;9:;4)96JEB3;?G)J=3A2=M):93;?:@M:;4)?>3)J3;?2A=)AE?>62:?M)A7)>AI:;4)A) 738A2A?3)AE?>62:?MG)IA=:9:?M)A;9)=34:?:BAJMG):;9383;93;?)6@)?>3)234:6;7 P:: L)+:;A==MG)826DAD=M)?>3)B67?)E;:HE3)6@)?>3) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
9 :93A7G)OA7)?>3)J6;J38?)6@)QE9:J:A=)23I:3O P::: L)#>3)';:?39)/?A?37)9:9);6?G)>6O3I32G)D34:;)A7)?>3)J3;?2A=:[39)3PAB8=3) 6@)+3932A=:7B)?>A?)3P:7?7)?69AML)#>3)-2?:J=37)6@)(6;@3932A?:6;G)7:4;39)DM)?>3)cd)62:4:;A=)J6=6;:37G)OA7)B623)6@)A) J6;@3932A=)A4233B3;?)D3?O33;)738A2A?3)86=:?:JA=)3;?:?:37)?>A;)?>3)J23A?:6;)6@)A);3O);A?:6;L)$:K32N7)3P8=A;A?:6;)@62)?>3)B6I3)?6OA297)A)B623)J3;?2A=:[39)7M7?3B):7)6;3)6@)A)DA24A:;)D3?O33;)?>3)e&3J3;?2A=:7?7N)A;9)?>3)e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e9:I:93)A;9)2E=3NG)868E=A2):;)867?CJ6=6;:A=)?:B37G) 937J2:D:;4)?>3)7?2A?34M)6@)]J23A?:;4)73B:CAE?6;6B6E7)J6;7?:?E3;?)E;:?7)6@)A)@3932A=:7B)A7)A)B3A;7)6@)43;32A?:;4) :;?32;A=)9:773;?:6;):;)A)@2339)46I32;B3;?G)9:773;?:6;)?>A?)JA;)B3)B6==:@:39)6;=M)DM)23J6E273)?6)?>3)@62B32) :B832:A=)BA7?32^PI L)%?>327)86:;?)?6)?>3)23=A?:I3=M)2A8:9)@A==)6@)?>3)\2:?:7>),B8:23G)A;9)?>3)7ED73HE3;?);339)6@) @62B32)J6=6;:37)?6)23=M)6;)3AJ>)6?>32)?6)7E2I:I3L)%;3)6@)?>3)B67?)@AB6E7)6@)?>373)JA737):7)(A;A9AL)+AJ39)O:?>)A;) AD2E8?)O:?>92AOA=)6@)\2:?:7>)B:=:?A2MG)3J6;6B:J)A;9)86=:?:JA=)7E8862?G)?>3)J6=6;:37)?>A?)6;J3)6JJE8:39)?>3)JE223;?)?322:?62M)6@)(A;A9A)O323)@62J39)?6)E;:?3):;)62932)?6)7E2I:I3L)%2:4:;A==M)6;=M)@6E2)J6=6;:37G)?>3M)E;:?39)76)A7)?6) 9:7J6E2A43)A;)-B32:JA;)B:=:?A2M)?>23A?)A;9)?6)3;7E23)23J:826JA=)?2A93):;)?>3)AD73;J3)6@)\2:?:7>)?A2:@@)823@323;J3L) ;)3:?>32)JA73G)?>323)733B7)?6)D3)A)7?26;4)=:;K)D3?O33;)@3932A=:7B)A;9)\2:?:7>)86=:?:JA=):;@=E3;J3L)) ) -7:93)@26B)?>3)J6=6;:A=)3P8=A;A?:6;7)@62)?>3)7823A9)6@)@3932A=:7B):;)?>3)B6932;)86=:?:JA=)32AG)?>323):7)A=76) A;)A24EB3;?)?6)D3)BA93)@62)?>3):;@=E3;J3)6@)A992377:;4)234:6;A=)J=3AIA437):;)A)8A2?:JE=A2)7?A?3L)%;3)6@)?>3)@:27?) ;A?:6;7)?6)A968?)A)@3932A=)B693=)A@?32)?>3)';:?39)/?A?37)OA7)/O:?[32=A;9L),A7:=M)6;3)6@)?>3)=6;437?)2E;;:;4) 3PAB8=37)6@)A)J6;@3932A=)7M7?3BG)?>3)/O:77)JA;?6;7)JA;)?2AJ3)?>3:2)J66832A?:I3)266?7)DAJK)?6)cVfc)O>3;)?>233) 2E2A=)J6BBE;:?:37)E;:?39):;)A)=6673)J6;@3932A?:6;)?6)237:7?)?>3)96B:;A;J3)6@)?>3)ZAD7DE24),B8:23 PI: L),I3;?EA==MG) A)78=:?)D3?O33;)$6BA;)(A?>6=:J7)A;9)526?37?A;?7)=39)?6)J:I:=)OA2):;)?>:7)7BA==)B6E;?A:;6E7)7?A?3G)@62J:;4)?>3)I:J?627)?6)233IA=EA?3)?>3:2)86=:?:JA=)624A;:[A?:6;L);)62932)?6)A992377)?>3)23=:4:6E7)J=3AIA437)O:?>:;)?>3)J6E;?2M)A;9)?6) 823I3;?)A;6?>32)J:I:=)OA2G)?>3)/O:77)68?39)@62)A)B623)J3;?2A=:[39)@3932A=)B693=39)A@?32)?>3)-B32:JA;)7M7?3BL) -;6?>32)3PAB8=3)6@)A);6;CJ6=6;:A=)@3932A=)7M7?3B):7)?>3)@62B32)gE467=AI)238ED=:JL)%;3)BAM)J6;7:932)?>:7)A;)699) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
10 J>6:J3)@62)A;)3PAB8=3)6@)@3932A=:7B)D3JAE73):?)@A:=39):;)?>3)3A2=M)cffWN7G)M3?)O>:=3):?)3P:7?39):?)OA7)A)4669)3PAB8=3) 6@)A)?2E=M)@3932A=)7M7?3BL)$:K32)86:;?7)6E?)?>A?)gE467=AI:AN7)@3932A=:7B)JA;)D3)932:I39)@26B)?>233)76E2J37*) ]%;3):7)?>3)2A?>32):;J>6A?3)?2A9:?:6;)6@)@3932A=:7B)@26B)?>3)-E7?2:A;),B8:23b)A)73J6;9):7)?>3)3P832:3;J3) A;9)3PAB8=3)6@)?>3)/6I:3?)';:6;b)A;9)?>:29):7)?>3)B:=:?A2MC9:8=6BA?:J)ABD:?:6;7)6@)0A27>A=)#:?6L) -88A23;?=M)#:?6)A??3B8?39)?6)E73)@3932A=:7B)@62)?O6)8E286737*)RcS)?6)7A?:7@M)2373;?@E=)B:;62:?:37)O:?>:;) ge467=ai:a)a;9)rvs)?6)732i3)a7)a;)a??2aj?:6;)?6)6?>32)\a=ka;)7?a?37):;)?>3)j23a?:6;)6@)a)423a?)j3;?2a=),e2683a;);a?:6;)e;932)#:?6n7)=3a9327>:8l^pi:: ) -=?>6E4>)?>3)8=A;)@62)A)423A?)J3;?2A=),E2683A;)7?A?3);3I32)JAB3)?6)@2E:?:6;G)?>3)3P?23B3=M)9:@@:JE=?)3?>;6C23=:4:6E7) J=3AIA437)82373;?):;)+3932A=)gE467=AI:A)O323)7EJJ377@E==M)7ED9E39)E;?:=)?>3)93A?>)6@)#:?6L);)@AJ?G)?>3)A24EB3;?) JA;)D3)BA93)?>A?)#:?6N7)=34AJM)J6E=9)>AI3)D33;)BA:;?A:;39):;)gE467=AI:A):@):?)O323);6?)@62)?>3);A?:6;A=:7?) 8268A4A;9A):;?269EJ39)DM)?>3)=3A9327)6@)/32D:A)A;9)(26A?:AL)) ) +3932A=:7B):7);6?)6;=M)A)867?CJ6=6;:A=)8>3;6B3;6;G)DE?)A=76)A)B6932;)76=E?:6;)?6)BA;M)=6;4)7?A;9:;4) 826D=3B7G)3783J:A==M):;)?>3)A23A)6@)93B6J2AJM)DE:=9:;4L)$3J3;?)>A883;:;47):;):;?32;A?:6;A=)73JE2:?M)A;9) 9:8=6BAJM)>AI3)=39)?6)?>3)23J6;7?2EJ?:6;)6@);3O)7?A?37):;)?>3)+3932A=)B693=L)-@?32)?>3)?32262:7?)A??AJK7)6@) /38?3BD32)cc?> G)VWWcG)?>3)';:?39)/?A?37)23?A=:A?39)A4A:;7?)#A=:DA;)96B:;A?39)-@4>A;:7?A;L)#>:7);A?:6;)>A7)=6;4) D33;)A)B67A:J)6@)3?>;:J)426E87)A;9)JE=?E237L)#>3)J=3AIA437):;)?>:7);A?:6;)>A9)=6;4)D33;)J6;?A:;39)?>26E4>) IA2:6E7)AE?>62:?A2:A;)234:B37G)DE?):@)?>3)@E?E23)6@)-@4>A;:7?A;)OA7)46:;4)?6)D3)A)93B6J2A?:J)6;3G)A);3O)76=E?:6;) >A9)?6)D3)@6E;9L)U>3;)?>3)';:?39)"A?:6;7)=39)23J6;7?2EJ?:6;)A;9);A?:6;)DE:=9:;4)?3AB7)A22:I39):;)-@4>A;:7?A;G):?) OA7)J=3A2)?>A?)?>3)D37?)J>A;J3)@62)A)7EJJ377@E=)93B6J2A?:J);A?:6;)O6E=9)D3)?>3)37?AD=:7>B3;?)6@)A)@3932A=)7M7?3BL) #>:7)D3:;4)7A:9G)A)7:B8=M)JA2D6;)J68M)6@)A)O37?32;)@3932A=:7B)O6E=9);6?)96*) ];)?>3)JA73)6@)-@4>A;:7?A;G)O3);339)?6)BAK3)A)938A2?E23)A;9)I:3O)@3932A=:7B)A7)D6?>)A)?322:?62:A=)A;9) ;6;C?322:?62:A=)826Q3J?L)-7)A)?322:?62:A=)826Q3J?G)@3932A=:7B)A99237737)?>3)@2A4:=3)3HE:=:D2:EB)?6)D3) BA:;?A:;39)D3?O33;):;937?2EJ?:D=3)E;:6;)A;9):;937?2EJ?:D=3)E;:?7L)-7)A);6;C?322:?62:A=)826Q3J?G)@3932A=:7B):7) 9:23J?39)?6)?>3):77E37)6@)JE=?E2A=)2382373;?A?:6;)A;9):93;?:?M):;)A)BE=?:JE=?E2A=)76J:3?ML^PI::: ) #>3)BA:;)86:;?)?6)?AK3)@26B)?>:7):7)?>A?)A=?>6E4>)@3932A=)B693=7)JA;;6?)D3)?2A;78=A;?39)@26B)6;3)76J:3?M)?6) A;6?>32G)?>3)43;32A=);A?E23)6@)?>:7)7M7?3B)A==6O7):?)?6)D3)JE7?6B:[39)?6)A9A8?)?6)A=B67?)A;M)7:?EA?:6;L);)?>3)JA73)6@) -@4>A;:7?A;G)+3932A=:7B)O:==)>AI3)?6)46)D3M6;9)?>3)7:B8=3)?O6)=AM32)7M7?3B)6@)O37?32;)3PAB8=37G)DE?):;J=E93)A) =A243)26=3)@62)234:6;A=)46I32;B3;?7L)#>:7)A==6O7)@62)?>3)@E2?>32)826?3J?:6;)6@)B:;62:?:37)A4A:;7?)A=:3;A?:6;)A;9) BA24:;A=:[A?:6;L)) ) -;6?>32)B6932;)3PAB8=3)6@)A;)3B324:;4)@3932A=)7?A?3):7)?>3)867?)'L/L):;IA7:6;)2AHL)/:B:=A2)?6)?>3) 7:?EA?:6;):;)-@4>A;:7?A;G)?>3)2AH:)234:B3)OA7)?688=39):;)?>3);AB3)6@)A)OA2)A4A:;7?)?32262L)#>3)6E7?:;4)6@)A) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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g3?g);6?)qe7?)a;m)k:;9)6@)@3932a=)7m7?3b)ja;)ajj6b8=:7>)?>:7l)$a?>32g)a)@3932a=)7m7?3b)42a;?:;4)234:6;a=) 46I32;B3;?7)3P?3;7:I3)86=:?:JA=)A;9)@:;A;J:A=)86O327)O:?>)D629327)92AO;)A=6;4)3?>;:J)A;9)23=:4:6E7)=:;37)?>A?)E?:=:[3):;7?:?E?:6;A=:[39)B3A7E237)?6)823I3;?):93;?:?MCDA739)A;9)234:6;A=)8A2?:37)@26B)96B:;A?:;4)?>3) 46I32;B3;?):7)23HE:239L^P:P $3J3;?=M)?>323)>A7)D33;)A)=6?)6@)9:7JE77:6;)AD6E?)?>3)=:K3=:>669)6@)A)J:I:=)OA2):;)2AHG)8A2?:JE=A2=M)D3JAE73)6@)?>3) I37?39):;?3237?7)A;9):B8A7737)8=A4E:;4)J6;7?:?E?:6;A=)A;9)8A2=:AB3;?A2M);346?:A?:6;7L)@)2AH):7)?6)7E2I:I3)A7)A) @3932A=)7?A?3):?)O:==)D3);3J377A2M)?6)823I3;?)?>3)BA24:;A=:[A?:6;)6@)B:;62:?M)426E87)A;9)826B6?3)J66832A?:6;) D3?O33;)3?>;:J:?:37L)#>:7)O:==);6?)D3)AJJ6B8=:7>39)6I32;:4>?G)DE?)JA;)D3)8677:D=3)A7)=6;4)A7)73JE2:?M):;)?>3)234:6;) :7)4EA2A;?339L)) ) +E?E23)6@)+3932A=:7B) ) ;)?>3)8A7?)@3O)93JA937G)O3)>AI3)733;)A)92ABA?:J)3P8A;7:6;)6@)?>3)26=3)6@)46I32;B3;?):;)O62=9)86=:?:J7)A7) O3==)A7)A)7ED73HE3;?)2:73):;)?>3)7J683)A;9)D23A9?>)6@)@3932A=C=:K3)7M7?3B7L)U:==:AB)$:K32)O2:?37)?>A?)?>3)3P8A;7:6;) A;9)2:73)6@)@3932A=)7M7?3B7):7);6?)A;)AJJ:93;?)D3JAE73)]+3932A=:7B):7)6;3)OAM)?6)76=I3)?>3)826D=3B)6@)3;=A24:;4) 46I32;B3;?7^PP L)#>:7)D3:;4)7A:9G)A7)?3J>;6=64M)3;AD=37)?>3)J6;?:;E39)426O?>)6@)46I32;B3;?):;)76J:3?MG)@3932A=:7B) :7)82373;?:;4):?73=@)A7)A)I:AD=3)76=E?:6;)?6)76B3)I32M)6=9)826D=3B7L)%;3)A23A)O>323)O3)733)?>3)@3932A=)B693=)D3:;4) E739):7):;)?>3)23J3;?)2:73)6@)3P?2AC7?A?3)3;?:?:37G)7EJ>)A7)?>3),E2683A;)';:6;)R,'S)A;9)?>3)';:?39)"A?:6;7)R'"SL) #>3),')OA7)62:4:;A==M)93I3=6839)A7)A;)3J6;6B:J)E;:6;)D3?O33;)?>3)O37?32;),E2683A;)7?A?37G)DE?)>A7)7=6O=M)D33;) 3I6=I:;4):;?6)A)=6673)J6;@3932A?:6;L)0A;M)7J>6=A27)>AI3)7E4437?39)?>A?)A);3O),E2683A;)7?A?3):7)3B324:;4G)A;9)?>A?) :?)O:==)@6==6O)?>3)@3932A=)?2A9:?:6;L)+3932A=:7B)733B7)=:K3)A);A?E2A=)@:?)@62)?>3),E2683A;)J6BBE;:?ML)#>3) @2AB3O62K):7)A=23A9M):;)8=AJ3)O:?>)?>3),')D3JAE73)D6?>)+3932A=)A;9)$34:6;A=)46I32;B3;?7)A23)A=23A9M) :;3P:7?3;J3L)&378:?3)?>3)6DI:6E7)86=:?:JA=)DA22:327)?>A?)A23)JE223;?=M)823I3;?:;4)@E2?>32)E;:@:JA?:6;)6@),E2683G)A) J6BB6;),E2683A;):93;?:?M):7)7=6O=M)3B324:;4L);)3773;J3G)?>3),'):7)7=6O=M)A9IA;J:;4)@26B)A)J6;@3932A=) 3J6;6B:J)E;:6;G)?6)A)B623)J3;?2A=:[39)@3932A=)E;:6;L)#>3)3PAB8=3)73?)DM)?>3),'):7);6O)D34:;;:;4)?6)7823A9)?6) 9:@@323;?)234:6;7)A26E;9)?>3)O62=9L)#>323)>AI3)D33;)23J3;?)?A=K7)6@)3J6;6B:J)E;:6;):;)/6E?>)-B32:JA PP: G)A;9)?>3) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
12 :93A)6@)"62?>)-B32:JA;):;?342A?:6;)>A7)A=76)D33;)9:7JE7739)A?)76B3)=3;4?>L)U>A?):7);6O)D3:;4)733;):7)A)7>:@?)?6OA297)234:6;A=)3P?2AC7?A?3)46I32;B3;?7L) ) #>3)J23A?:6;)6@)234:6;A=)@3932A=)46I32;B3;?7):7)=:K3=M)?6)D3):;)?>3):BB39:A?3)@E?E23G)DE?)O>A?)O:==)?>3);3P?) 7?38)D3h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e46I32;B3;?N):7)J6B8=3?3=M)BA93)E8)6@)B3BD327)7?A?37L);)62932)@62)?>3)'")?6)D34:;)?6) A8826AJ>)A)@3932A=)B693=G):?)BE7?)>AI3):;9383;93;?)AE?>62:?M)6I32)A?)=3A7?)6;3)A23AL)-7)=6;4)A7)?>3)B3BD32)7?A?37) A23)E;O:==:;4)?6)23=:;HE:7>)3I3;)?>3)7BA==37?)AB6E;?)6@)76I323:4;?MG)?>3)'")O:==);3I32)426O)?6)D3J6B3)B623)?>A;) :?):7L)&378:?3)?>3)E;=:K3=:>669)6@)?>3)';:?39)"A?:6;7)?6)?2A;7@62B):;?6)A)D26A932)23AJ>:;4):;?32;A?:6;A=) 624A;:[A?:6;G)6;3)7>6E=9);6?)9:7J6E;?)?>3)8677:D:=:?M)6@)?>3)J23A?:6;)6@)A)O62=9)46I32;B3;?G)7>6E=9)?>3)86=:?:JA=) J6;9:?:6;7)6@)?>3)?:B3)A==6O)@62):?L) ) #>3)(6;?2:DE?:6;7) ) i6=eb3)y)6@)+3932a=:7bc3)>a7)d33;)?>3)b67?)7ejj377@e=):77e3)6@)?>3)q6e2;a=)?6)9a?3l)$3j3:i:;4)7edb:77:6;7) @26B)A)IA2:3?M)6@)76E2J37G):?)OA7)3P?23B3=M)J>A==3;4:;4)?6)J>6673)6;=M)@6E2)A2?:J=37L)#>3)6;37)?>A?)O323)J>673;) 23@=3J?39)76B3)6@)?>3)I32M)D37?)6@)E;93242A9EA?3)O62K):;)?>3)@:3=9)6@)@3932A=:7B)?>:7)M3A2L)#>:7)@:27?)8A832) 82373;?39):7)aA?:3)"62BA;N7)O62K*)](23A?:;4)A)(6;7?:?E?:6;A=)+2AB3O62K)@62)/83;9:;4^L)+6JE7:;4)6;)?>3):B8AJ?)?>A?)J6;7?:?E?:6;A=:[A?:6;)6@)783;9:;4)86O32)O6E=9)>AI3)6;)(A;A9:A;)86=:?:J7)A;9)>6O):?)O6E=9)4:I3)B623) AJJ6E;?AD:=:?M)?6)D6?>)?>3)@3932A=)46I32;B3;?)A;9)?>3)826I:;J37)O>3;):?)J6B37)?6)783;9:;4L)07L)"62BA;N7)377AM) :7)?>626E4>=M)2373A2J>39)A;9)?AK37)?>3)23A932)7?38)DM)7?38)?>26E4>)?>3)D3;3@:?7)6@)?>3):;7?:?E?:6;A=:[A?:6;)6@) 783;9:;4)86O32)@62)?>3)826I:;J37)A7)O3==)A7)>6O):?)O6E=9)D3;3@:?)?>3B)?6)68?)6E?L)#>:7)8A832)82373;?7)A;):;;6IA?3) B3?>69)?6)@:;9)A)OAM)@62)?>3)@3932A=)46I32;B3;?)A;9)?>3)826I:;J37)?6)O62K)?643?>32)O>3;):?)J6B37)?6)96B37?:J) A;9)@:7JA=)86=:JMBAK:;4L)#>3)73J6;9)8A832G)]#>3);9:A;)(=A:B7)(6BB:77:6;^G)OA7)7EDB:??39)DM)0A2?:;3) (>AE77A29L)#>:7)8A832)733K7)?6)J6;@:2B)?>A?)?>3);9:A;)(=A:B7)(6BB:77:6;)R((SG)O>:J>)OA7)J23A?39):;)cffcG) >A7)>A9)A)7:4;:@:JA;?)A;9)867:?:I3)3@@3J?)6;)?>3):77E3)6@)783J:@:J)=A;9)J=A:B7)86=:JM)A;9)73??=3B3;?7L)'7:;4)A)O:93) A22AM)6@)7E8862?:;4)BA?32:A=G):;J=E9:;4)(()A;;EA=)23862?7)A;9)826J339:;47G)A;):;9383;93;?)23I:3O)6@)?>3) J6BB:77:6;G)?>3)(6;J6293)$3862?)A;9)?>3)$3862?)6@)?>3)$6MA=)(6BB:77:6;)6;)-D62:4:;A=)5368=3G)?>3)8A832) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
13 A93HEA?3=M)A7737737)?>3):B8AJ?)6@)?>3)((L)FAB:3)0J.3A;N7)A2?:J=3):7)A;):;)938?>)A;A=M7:7)6@)?>3):77E37)?>23A?3;:;4) ":432:AN7)@3932A=:7BL)#>:7)8A832)D2:;47)?6)=:4>?)?>3)73I32:?M)A;9)?>3):;7?AD:=:?M)6@)":432:AN7)+6E2?>)$38ED=:JG) A99:?:6;A==M)>6O):?7):77E37)?3;9)?6)8A2A==3=)?>673)6@)?>3)+:27?)$38ED=:JL)02L)0J.3A;N7)832J38?:I3)2373A2J>) 93B6;7?2A?37)?>3)96O;@A==7)6@)?>3)+:27?)$38ED=:J)A;9)7>6E=9)?>3)+6E2?>)2383A?)?>3:2)B:7?AK37)?>3M)?66)O:==)@A:=L);) 62932)?6)E;9327?A;9)?>3)@A:=:;47)6@)?>3)JE223;?)A9B:;:7?2A?:6;)02L)0J.3A;G)A;A=M737):77E37)7EJ>)A7)J622E8?:6;G) =AJK)6@)AJJ6E;?AD:=:?M)A;9)76J:6C23=:4:6E7)9:I:7:6;7)?>A?)7?2A:;39)?>3);3O=M)@6E;9):;9383;93;J3)6@)":432:A)9E2:;4)?>3)+:27?)$38ED=:JG)A;9)B67?)=:K3=M)O:==)O3AK3;)?>3)JE223;?)+6E2?>)$38ED=:JL)#>3)@:;A=)8A832):7)A)J6B8A2A?:I3)JA73) 7?E9M)6;)?>3)3@@3J?7)6@)E;:?A2M)A;9)@3932A=)7?A?3)7?2EJ?E237)6;)46I32;A;J3):;)132BA;M)A;9)?>3)';:?39)a:;496B) 82373;?39)DM)FA;)/[;E2K6O7K:L)#>3)A9IA;?A437)A;9)9:7A9IA;?A437)6@)?>3)E;:?A2M)7?A?3)7M7?3B)6@)?>3)';:?39) a:;496b)a23)j6;?2a7?39)o:?>)?>3)@3932a=)7?a?3)7m7?3b)6@)132ba;ml)#>3)3@@3j?:i3;377)6@)?>373)7m7?3b7):7)?>3;) 3PAB:;39)DM)B3BD327)6@)?>3),E2683A;)';:6;)R,'SL)?):7)J6;J=E939)?>A?)?>373)7M7?3B7)D6?>)>AI3)?6)3I6=I3)?6) J6;?:;E3)?6)3@@3J?:I3=M)46I32;)?>3B73=I37):;)?>3),'L)#>:7)J6;?:;E39)3I6=E?:6;)B:4>?)237E=?):;)?>3)J23A?:6;)6@)?O6) 7?A?37)?>A?)A23);6?)@3932A=)62)E;:?A2M):;);A?E23)DE?)76B3O>323):;)D3?O33;L)) 5E?)?643?>32G)?>:7):77E3):7)6@@32:;4)A)IA2:39)73?)6@)O62K7)A992377:;4)76B3)6@)?>3)B67?)7:4;:@:JA;?)?68:J7):;) @3932A=:7B)?69AML)#>3)7?E93;?7)O>6)>AI3)D33;)J>673;)?6)82373;?)?>3:2)O62K):;)?>:7)8ED=:JA?:6;)>AI3)?AK3;)A)7?38)?6OA297)7?23;4?>3;:;4)?>3):;@=E3;J3)6@)E;93242A9EA?3)7?E93;?7)A26E;9)?>3)O62=9L)+3932A=:7B)>A7)D33;)7>6O;)?6) D3)A;):B862?A;?)?68:J):;)?>3)@:3=9)6@)86=:?:JA=)7J:3;J3L)&378:?3)?>3)@AJ?)?>A?)?>3)B67?)86O32@E=);A?:6;):;)?>3)O62=9) A=6;4)O:?>)A=B67?)_W)6@)?>3)3A2?>N7)868E=A?:6;)=:I3):;)A)@3932A=)7M7?3BG)?>:7)?68:J)9637);6?)43?)?>3)J6I32A43):?) 93732I39L)-7:93)@26B)7?23;4?>3;:;4)?>3)I6:J37)6@)7?E93;?7G)?>:7)Q6E2;A=)A=76)732I37)A7)A)869:EB)@62)9:7JE77:6;)6;) 6;3)6@)?>3)B67?):;;6IA?:I3)86=:?:JA=)7M7?3B7):;)?>3)O62=9L)%;)D3>A=@)6@)?>3)VWWjCWX)+3932A=:7BC3)39:?62:A=)7?A@@G)) >683)M6E)3;Q6M)i6=EB3)Y)6@)?>:7)426E;9D23AK:;4)E;93242A9EA?3)Q6E2;A=L)) ) ) ) "#$$%&"'()*+",)-)*%$.&/"0*12+"03)*%452+"61278%28)+"944$)+":*5;2"%2-"<5&3%2=">28+"?@AB+"33C"?C" "D9.4"57",)-)*%$"<5E24*).F+",5*E&"57",)-)*%452."#)G+"H443/II;;;C75*E&7)-C5*1I7)-)*%$.&I824*=$.4C%.3J$%21K)2+"L88)..)-"?M"L3*+"NMMAC" "O)577*)="6%;)*+"P5-)*2",)-)*%$.&Q"<CLC"#%44."R"<5+"?@A@+"33CBC" iv #$$%&"'()*+",)-)*%$.&/"0*12+"03)*%452+"61278%28)+"944$)+":*5;2"%2-"<5&3%2=">28+"?@AB+"33C"@" v >G- S "'52%$-"#%44.+"TH)"')$)S%28)"T5-%="57"4H)",)-)*%$">-)%+"U*).)24)-"%4"4H)">24)*2%452%$"<527)*)28)"52",)-)*%$.&+"NMMNC" vii #$$%&"'()*+",)-)*%$.&/"0*12+"03)*%452+"61278%28)+"944$)+":*5;2"%2-"<5&3%2=">28+"?@AB+"33C"?? viii #$$%&"'()*+",)-)*%$.&/"0*12+"03)*%452+"61278%28)+"944$)+":*5;2"%2-"<5&3%2=">28+"?@AB+"33C"?B ix '52%$-"#%44.+"DP5-)$."57",)-)*%$"U5;)*"6H%*21F+">24)*2%452%$"658%$"68)28)"V5E*2%$+"W5/"?AX"YP%*8H"NMM?Z+"33CN[C \ "O)577*)="6%;)*+"P5-)*2",)-)*%$.&Q"<CLC"#%44."R"<5+"?@A@+"33CBC" \ ">G-" \ ">G-" \ ">G- \S "#$$%&"'()*+",)-)*%$.&/"0*12+"03)*%452+"61278%28)+"944$)+":*5;2"%2-"<5&3%2=">28+"?@AB+"33C"N[ Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
14 \S ">G-" \S "D].45*="57"6;4^)*$%2-F+"O5S)*2&)24"57"6;4^)*$%2-"#)G+"" H443/II;;;C.;..;5*$-C5*1I)21I.;..;5*$-CH4&$J.4)6)84K_MBR.-KBM@A[N?R8`)=K?MAMMXN AMMMR*EG*8>-K?AMBM+"L88)..)-"??"L3*+"NMMAC xvii #$$%&"'()*+",)-)*%$.&/"0*12+"03)*%452+"61278%28)+"944$)+":*5;2"%2-"<5&3%2=">28+"?@AB+"33C"BM \S "'))4%"<H5;-H%*"T*)&G$%=+"L",)-)*%$"L**%21)&)24"75*"L71H%2.4%2+",)-)*%452./"#H%4a."2);"2",)-)*%$.&"#5*$-"#-)+",5*E&"57",)-)*%452.+"63)8%$">..E)"52"L71H%2.4%2+"0845G)*"NMM?C"" xix Dawn Brancati, Can federalism Stabilize Iraq, The Washington Quarterly, Spring 2004. xx #$$%&"'()*+",)-)*%$.&/"0*12+"03)*%452+"61278%28)+"944$)+":*5;2"%2-"<5&3%2=">28+"?@AB+"33C"N xxi S. American Community comes to light December 9 th, MercoPress Web http://www.falklandmalvinas.com/detalle.asp?num=4589, Accessed 11 Apr, 2006. Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
16 ST?$ 4*0$# *2 K%#-'%/$(& &* /%1$ 4%;/$(&+ &* 4$*4-$*#'(+&'&,&'*(+*#)*:$#(/$(&+2*#4,#4*+$+*( 0?'A? '& 5*$+ (*& ($A$++%#'-;?%:$ &?$ 4*0$# &* -$)'+-%&$U ' '+1(*0(%++4$(5'()4*0$#GT?'+4*0$#'+ $V$#A'+$5 &?#*,)? A*(5'&'*(%- )#%(&+ &* 4#*:'(A$+J $W,%-'X%&'*( 4%;/$(&+ *# F-*A1 )#%(&+J %(5 4%;/$(&+ /%5$5'#$A&-;&*'(+&'&,&'*(+*#'(5':'5,%-+G '' T?$#$%#$ :%#'*,+5'+4,&$5#$%+*(+2*#&?$$V$#A'+$*2+4$(5'() 4*0$# F; &?$.$5$#%- Y*:$#(/$(&G 3,A? #$%+*(+ '(A-,5$ &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(& )%'('() /*#$ A*(&#*- *:$#4#*:'(A'%-#$+*,#A$+J%(5$(+,#'()&?%&"%(%5'%( +&%(5%#5+'(+*A'%-4#*)#%/+%#$/%'(&%'($5G3'(A$&?$ #'+$*2'&+4*4,-%#'&;'(&?$Z[\=+J+4$(5'()4*0$#?%+ F$$(%A*(&$+&$54#%A&'A$GT?'+?%+-$%5&*5$F%&$*( 0?$&?$#*#(*&'&+?*,-5F$A*(+&'&,'*(%-'X$5GH(&?$ Z[[=+ 5,#'() % 4$#'*5 *2 $A*(*/'A 5*0(&,#(J F,5)$&%#; A*(A$#(+J 4#':%&'X%&'*( %(5 5$#$),-%&'*(J +4$(5'()4*0$#F$A%/$-$++2#$W,$(&-;,+$5]?*0$:$# &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(& +&'--?%+ % )#$%& 5$%- *2 2'(%(A'%- A*(&#*- *:$# /%(; 5'22$#$(& %#$%+ &?%& 2%-- 0'&?'( 4#*:'(A'%- ^,#'+5'A&'*(G "*(+'5$#'() '&+ '/4*#&%(A$%(5'/4%A&*("%(%5'%(4*-'&'A+J+4$(5'() 4*0$#+?*,-5F$A*(+&'&,&'*(%-'X$5J*(%AA*,(&&?%&'& 0*,-5 A#$%&$ )#$%&$# $W,%-'&; '( &?$ 4#%A&'A$ *2 &?$ 4*0$#F$&0$$(4#*:'(A$+J%--*0)#$%&$#%AA*,(&%F'-'&; &*0%#5+ F*&? -$:$-+ *2 )*:$#(/$(& %(5 %&&#'F,&$ )#$%&$#-$)'&'/%A;&*0%#5&?'+4*0$#G "*(+&'&,&'*(%-'X%&'*(*234$(5'()K*0$#_B"?$A1-'+& T?$#$ %#$ /%(; )#*,(5+ %+ &* 0?; +4$(5'() 4*0$# +?*,-5 F$ A*(+&'&,'*(%-'X$5G T* F$)'(JJ &?$ +4$(5'() 4*0$# '+ :'$0$5 F; /%(; %+ %,('-%&$#%- 2$5$#%- %A&'*(G T?$ 4*0$# '+ +$$( F; 4#*:'(A$+J /*#$*:$#J %+ %( %&&$/4& &* A$(&#%-'X$ &?$ A*(&#*- *2 +$:$#%- 4#*)#%/+ 0'&?'( &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(&G K#*:'(A$+ A*(&$+& &?'+ A*(&#*- +'(A$ '&J S5'+&*#&+ &?$'# *0(4#'*#'&'$+'(2%:*#*24#*)#%/2'$-5+'(0?'A?&?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(& +&%(5+ #$%5; &* 4%;?%-2 *2 4#*)#%/ A*+&+GU ''' CH 0*,-5 4#$2$# &?$ $%#-'$# +&%&$/$(& &* A*(&'(,$ &* #$%5 SK#*:'(A$+ A*(&$+& &?'+ A*(&#*- F$A%,+$ &?$; +%; '&JU '(+&$%5 *2 S+'(A$ '&U %+ &?'+ '+ 5$F%&%F-$GET?$#$'+%-+*%-$:$-*2,(A$#&%'(&;*(&?$ %/*,(& *2 /*($; &?%& $%A? +'5$ 0'--?%:$ &* 4%; '( A*+&+?%#'()4#*)#%/+J0?'A?-$%5+&*2,&,#$A*(2-'A&+ *:$# A*+&+G.,#&?$#/*#$J 0?'-$ '& '+,('-%&$#%- (*& %-- 4#*:'(A$+?%:$ #$A$':$5 &?$ +%/$ F$($2'&+J $+4$A'%--; '( &?$ 2'$-5 *2 4*+&M+$A*(5%#; $5,A%&'*(J 2#*/ +4$(5'() 4*0$#G ': "*(+$W,$(&-; +,A? %A&'*( ($$5+ &* F$ #$A*(+&#,A&$5 &* A#$%&$ % "%(%5'%(,('*( &?%& A*--%F*#%&$+ F$&0$$( F*&? 2$5$#%- %(5 4#*:'(A'%- )*:$#(/$(&+%(50?'A?%-+*'(+&'--++*/$/$%+,#$*2 4#*:'(A'%- A*(&#*-G : H2 &?$ %A&,%- &$#/+ *2 +4$(5'() 4*0$# 0$#$ A*(+&'&,'*(%-'X$5 %(5 %AA$4&$5 F; %-- 4#*:'(A$+%(5&?$2$5$#%-)*:$#(/$(&J&?%(?*4$2,--; -$)'&'/%A;0*,-5F$%0%#5$5&*+4$(5'()4*0$#J&?,+ /'('/'X'() &?$ :'$0 &?%& '& '+ %,('-%&$#%- 2$5$#%- %A&'*(G 9-&'/%&$-;J 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(& A*(&#*- *:$# 4#*:'(A'%-5*/%'(($$5+&*F$-$)'&'/'X$5G :' 3$A*(5-;J K%#-'%/$(& +?*,-5 F$ %F-$ &* 4#*:'5$ 2,(5'() &* %(; 4#*:'(A'%- 4#*)#%/ &?%& '& A?**+$+,(-$++ '& 5$/%(5+A*(5'&'*(+*( &?$%--*&&$5 /*('$+ &?%& %#$ (*& %AA$4&%F-$ &* &?$ 4#*:'(A$+ %(5 Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
17 A*(2-'A& 0'&? &?$'# 4-%(+G 34$(5'() 4*0$#J &?*,)? A*(&$+&$5J +?*,-5 (*& F$ F%(($5G T?'+ '5$% '+ /*&':%&$5F;&?$2%A&&?%&4#*:'(A$+,+,%--;A*(&$+&&?$ A*(5'&'*(+ 4-%A$5 *( A*+& +?%#$5 4#*)#%/+J (*& +4$(5'()4*0$#'&+$-2G :'' `,&-'('()&?%&K%#-'%/$(&A%(,+$ +4$(5'() 4*0$#J %+ -*() %+ &?$; 5* (*& '/4*+$ A*(5'&'*(+ *( &?$ /*('$+J 0*,-5 )':$ 2,#&?$# -$)'&'/%A; &* +4$(5'() 4*0$#G D$(A$ &?$.$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(&a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`&&%0%G 34$(5'() 4*0$# +?*,-5 F$ +$$( %+ %( $V$#A'+$ *2 A**4$#%&':$ 2$5$#%-'+/J(*&$/$#)$(A;2$5$#%-'+/G b,$&*&?$a*(+&'&,&'*(%-'x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cV%/4-$+*2 +,A?%/$(5/$(&+%(5%)#$$/$(&+'(A-,5$&?$8$$A? -%1$ BAA*#5J 3?%4'() "%(%5%a+.,&,#$ T*)$&?$#_ K#*4*+%-+J &?$ "?%#-*&&$&*0( BAA*#5J %(5 B Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
18.#%/$0*#1 &* H/4#*:$ &?$ 3*A'%- 9('*( 2*# "%(%5'%(+G ",##$(&"*(+&'&,&'*(%-3&%&$*234$(5'()K*0$# b$+4'&$ &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(&a+,+$ *2 +4$(5'()4*0$#'(&?$4%+&+'V&;;$%#+J%(5&?$-$:$-*2 4#*&$+&)$($#%&$5F;&?$4#*:'(A$+%)%'(+&'&J+4$(5'() 4*0$#'+(*&$V4-'A'&-;*,&-'($5*#$:$(/$(&'*($5'( &?$ "*(+&'&,&'*( BA& Zd>eG eg b,$ &* &?'+ +'&,%&'*( '&?%+#$/%'($5&?$#*-$*2&?$^,5'A'%#;&*5$&$#/'($'2 +4$(5'()4*0$#'+A*(+&'&,&'*(%-GT?$#$2*#$&?$A*,#&+?%:$5$&$#/'($5&?%&&?$"*(+&'&,&'*(BA&Zd>e)':$+ S&?$ K%#-'%/$(& *2 "%(%5% &?$ 4*0$# &* +4$(5 2#*/ &?$ "*(+*-'5%&$5 R$:$(,$.,(5 *( %(; *F^$A&J 4#*:'5$5 &?$ -$)'+-%&'*( %,&?*#'X'() &?$ $V4$(5'&,#$+ 5*$+ (*& %/*,(& &* % #$),-%&*#; +A?$/$ 0%+ 2%--'() 0'&?'( 4#*:'(A'%- 4*0$#+GU V': T?'+ %F'-'&; '+ F%A1$5 F; &?$2*--*0'()+$A&'*(+*2&?$"*(+&'&,&'*(_ 3$A&'*( Z=< f T?$ "#$%&'*( *2 % "*(+*-'5%&$5R$:$(,$.,(5G 3$A&'*([ZCZBEMK%#-'%/$(&a+%--*0%(A$&* -$)'+-%&$ *( /%&&$#+ *2 4,F-'A 5$F& %(5 4#*4$#&;G 3$A&'*( [ZMg M K%#-'%/$(& *2 "%(%5%a+ %F'-'&; &* #%'+$ /*($; F; %(; /*5$ *2 &%V%&'*(G 3$A&'*( Z=> f K%#-'%/$(&a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a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h 0?$( % )#$%&$# A*(A$#( 2*# +*A'%- 0$-2%#$ %#*+$ %(5 &?$ '5$% *2 &?$ S*4&'/%- 2$5$#%- +&%&$U2*#/$5SF%+$5*(&0*%++,/4&'*(+G.'#+&J'&0%+ '/4-'A'&-; %++,/$5 &?%& &?$ #*-$ *2 &?$ +&%&$+ 0%+ &* +4$A'2; 4,F-'A 4*-'A'$+ %(5 4#*)#%/+J 0?'A? 0*,-5 Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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h=+ &* Z[>=+J &* &?$ #*-$ *2 A*(5'&'*(%- )#%(& 4#*:'5$# F$&0$$( Z[>e %(5 Z[eeJ %(5 2'(%--; &* % )*:$#(/$(& 0'&? A*(+'5$#%F-$ A*(&#*- *:$# $V4$(5'&,#$+G V'V B-- &?$ +%/$ &?'+ $:*-,&'*(?%+?%5 *($ A*(+&%(& F$-'$2 &?%&?%+ %-/*+& F$A*/$ % A*(:$(&'*( '( "%(%5'%( 4*-'&'A+J '& F$'() &?%& $VA$++ #$:$(,$+ 0*,-5 F$,+$5 &* +,44*#& %(5 /%'(&%'( +*A'%- %(5 *&?$# 4#*)#%/+,(5$# 4#*:'(A'%- ^,#'+5'A&'*(G VV b,$ &* &?'+ $:*-:'() #*-$ *2 +4$(5'() 4*0$# %(5 '&+ :%#'*,+ 2*#/+J '&?%+ F$$( 5'22'A,-& &* A#$%&$ % A*(+&'&,&'*(%- 2#%/$0*#1 &?%& '+ %AA$4&$5 F; F*&?-$:$-+*2)*:$#(/$(&G H2%AA$4&$5&?%&+4$(5'()4*0$#'+($A$++%#;&* /%'(&%'( &?$ 0$-2%#$ +&%&$J &?%( &?$ ($V& +&$4 '+ &* A*(+'5$#%2#%/$0*#12*#+4$(5'()4*0$#G"#$%&'()% +$& *,&-'($ 2*# *4&'() *,& '+ *($ *2 &?$ F$($2'&+ *2 A*5'2;'() +4$(5'() 4*0$#G `4&'() *,& #$2$#+ &* &?$ %F'-'&;*24#*:'(A$+&*#$2#%'(2#*/&?$,+$*2+4$(5'() 4*0$# 0'&?'( &?$'# 4#*:'(A$G VV' P,$F$AJ '( A%+$ '( 4*'(&J%(5&?$*&?$#4#*:'(A$+?%:$4,#+,$5&?#*,)?% :%#'$&; *2 '('&'%&':$+ &?'+ )*%- 0'&? &?$.$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(& '( % (,/F$# *2 5*A,/$(&+G VV'' K#*:'(A$+ 0%(&5$2'('&':$*4&M*,&A*/4$(+%&'*('2&?$;$+&%F-'+? 4#*)#%/+ +'/'-%# &* &?*+$ '('&'%&$5 F; &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(&G `4&'() *,&J '2 %AA$4&$5 %+ % 4#%A&'A$J ($$5+&*F$A*(+'+&$(&%A#*++4#*:'(A$+%(54#*)#%/+G T?,+JA*5'2;'()*4&'()*,&0*,-5&?$(#$/*:$&?$%5?*A0%;&?%&'+F$'()5$%-&0'&?A,##$(&-;G "*(+$W,$(&-;J &?#*,)? +$A&'*( \= *2 &?$ "*(+&'&,&'*( BA&J Z[d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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
20 '--,+&#%&'*(J'2'&0%+&*%AA$4&&?$5*A,/$(&'&0*,-5?%:$ &* F$ )#%(&$5 2,#&?$# %,&*(*/; %(5 % +4$A'2'A F*,(5%#; *( +4$(5'() 4*0$# $(&#$(A?$5 '( &?$ "*(+&'&,&'*( Z[d<J T?$; +4$A'2'$5 S$5,A%&'*(J -%F*,# /%#1$& &#%'('() %(5?$%-&?JU %+ %#$%+ &?%& 0$#$,(%AA$4&%F-$ 2*# +4$(5'() 4*0$# &* F$,&'-'X$5 0'&?'(G VV: T?'+ 5'5 (*&?%44$(J ($:$#&?$-$++J &?$'# A*//$(&+ *(-; F*-+&$# &?$ A%+$ &?%& &?$ $(&'#$ %A& '2 +4$(5'() 4*0$#J %(5 (*& ^,+& *4&'() *,& ($$5 &* F$ $(&#$(A?$5'(&?$A*(+&'&,&'*(G B2&$# &?$ A*//$(&+ /%5$ F; P,$F$AJ &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(& 0$(& *( &* +,44*#& &?$ "%-)%#; b$a-%#%&'*( *2 3$4&$/F$# Z\J Z[[e %(5 '&+ '('&'%&':$+ #$)%#5'() +4$(5'() 4*0$#G VV:' T?'+ +$:$(&? 4#'(A'4%- 0*,-5 )* *( &* 5#%2& % ($0 #$-%&'*(+?'4 F$&0$$( 2$5$#%- %(5 4#*:'(A'%- -$:$-+ *2 )*:$#(/$(&G 8*#$*:$#JA#$%&$%/,&,%-)*%-*24#*:'5'()$22$A&':$ +*A'%- 4#*)#%/+J 0?'A? ($$5 % ^*'(& 4%#&($#+?'4 F$&0$$( %-- 4#*:'(A$+J &$##'&*#'$+ %(5 &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(& &* $(+,#$ &?%& &?$ ($$5+ *2 '&+ A'&'X$(+ 0$#$2,-2'--$5G VV:'' 7*($&?$-$++J%--4#*:'(A$+J$VA-,5'() P,$F$AJ?%:$ #%&'2'$5 &?$ "%-)%#; b$a-%#%&'*( &?,+ +*-'5'2;'() &?$ ($$5 *2 F*&? -$:$-+ *2 )*:$#(/$(& &* 0*#1 A**4$#%&':$-; &*)$&?$# 0'&? #$)%#5+ &* +4$(5'() 4*0$#%(5+*A'%-4#*)#%/2,(5'()G VV:''' H( &?$ "%-)%#; b$a-%#%&'*( &?$#$ 0%+ )#$%& $/4?%+'+ 4-%A$5 *( /,&,%- #$+4$A& F$&0$$( F*&? -$:$-+*2)*:$#(/$(>?'+0%+%5'#$A&&#%(+-%&'*(*2 K%#-'%/$(&a+ )$($#%-'X$5 A?%()$ '( &?$ &;4$ *2 +4$(5'() 4*0$# '& $V$#A'+$5J )*'() 2#*/ A*+& +?%#'() &*,(A*(5'&'*(%- F-*A1 &#%(+2$#+ &?%& *AA,##$5 '( &?$ /'5MZ[[=+G VV'V B2$0A*(5'&'*(%-)#%(&++&'--*AA,#J+*/$ *2 &?$ /*+& A*(2-'A&,%- 5$%-'() 0'&? 4*+&M+$A*(5%#; +A?*-%#+?'4+ %(5 #$+$%#A? VVV +,A? %+ &?$ 8'--$((',/ 3A?*-%#+?'4G H2 +4$(5'() 4*0$# 0$#$ A*(+&'&,&'*(%-'X$5J4#*:'(A'%-)*:$#(/$(&+0*,-5?%:$ +*/$ A*(A#$&$ *,&-'($+ 2#*/ 0?'A? &?$; A*,-5 /%1$ A*/4-%'(&+%F*,&+,A?A*(5'&'*(%-)#%(&+G T?$ "%-)%#; b$a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b$+4'&$ &?$ 2%:*#%F-$)%'(+/%5$J$:$(+*&?'+5*A,/$(&5'5-'&&-$ /*#$ &?%( +,+&%'( &?$ +&%&,+ W,*G VVV': T?'+ 5*A,/$(& Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
21 5'5(*&-'/'&&?$2$5$#%-)*:$#(/$(&a+%F'-'&;&*+4$(5 '(%#$%+*24#*:'(A'%-^,#'+5'A&'*(G B K*'(& %(5 "*,(&$#4*'(& 3A$(%#'* *( 34$(5'() K*0$#fb,4-$++'+%(5T#,5$%, T?$ 5$F%&$ +,##*,(5'() +4$(5'() 4*0$# A%( F$ +$$( %+?%:'() F*&? +,44*#&$#+ %(5 A?%--$()$#+G b,$ &* &?$ (*&'*( *2 A$(&#%-'X%&'*( %(5 5$A$(&#%-'X%&'*(GH(*44*+'&'*(*2+4$(5'()4*0$#%#$ 4$*4-$ 0?* &?'(1 '& A*(&#%5'A&+ #$4#$+$(&%&':$ 5$/*A#%A;%(5-'/'&+4#*:'(A'%-%,&*(*/;'(2%:*#*2 %A$(&#%-'X$55*/'(%(&2$5$#%-)*:$#(/$(&G VVV:.*#/$# P,$F$A K#$/'$# 8%,#'A$ b,4-$++'+j '(?'+ Z[h> +&%&$/$(&+ %#&'A,-%&$5 &?$+$ :'$0+ %(5 +*,)?& &* #':%- &?$.$5$#%-4*0$#0'&??'+4#*:'(A'%-4*0$#G VVV:' H(&?$ *4'('*(*2b,4-$++'+J&?$#*-$*2S)**50'--4#*:'5$#U %5*4&$5F;&?$T#,5$%,)*:$#(/$(&'(&?$A#$%&'*(*2 &?$ 0$-2%#$ +&%&$ 0%+ S,(5$#/'('() *2 #$4#$+$(&%&':$ 5$/*A#%A;GU VVV:'' T?$+$ A*//$(&+ #$/%'($5 0'&? P,$F$A '( '&+ 4,#+,'& *2 )#$%&$# %,&*(*/;J 2*# +'(A$ &?$ b,4-$++'+ %5/'('+&#%&'*(J %-- P,$F$A 4#$/'$#+?%:$ A*(&$+&$5.$5$#%- %A&'*(+ 0'&?'( &?$'# F*%#5$#+G 8*#$*:$#J +,A? 5$/*(+&#%&'*(+?%:$ F$$( +$$( '( &?$'# 2%'-,#$ &* #%&'2; +,A? 5*A,/$(&+ %+ &?$ "%-)%#; b$a-%#%&'*(j0?'a?'+0?;'(*#5$#&*a*5'2;+4$(5'() 4*0$# #$A*(A'-'() &?$ '(&$#$+&+ *2 F*&? *#5$#+ *2 )*:$#(/$(& '+ ($A$++%#; +* &?%& % 2*#/,-% /%; F$ $+&%F-'+?$5%(5%)#$$5,4*(G T?'+ *F+$#:%&'*( '+ A*(&#%+&$5 0'&? &?$ :'$0 &?%&+4$(5'()4*0$#'+($A$++%#;&*/%'(&%'(%0$-2%#$ +&%&$ %(5 +?*,-5 F$ %AA$4&$5 F; 4#*:'(A$+ 2*# &?'+ #$%+*(G.*#/$# K#'/$ 8'('+&$# K'$##$ c--'*& T#,5$%,a+ A*//$(&+ *( +4$(5'() 4*0$# $/F*5; &?$+$ :'$0+G T#,5$%, 4#*/*&$5 &?$ '5$% &?%& "%(%5'%(+ +?*,-5 %AA$4&.$5$#%- %A&+ *2 +4$(5'() 4*0$# 0?$( % 4#*:'(A$a+ $A*(*/'A%- +'&,%&'*( 5*$+ (*& 4#*:'5$ 2*# *4&'/,/ +$#:'A$+G VVV:''' H2 &?$ 2$5$#%- )*:$#(/$(&A%(%22*#5&*4%;2*#J*#F$&&$#%4#*)#%/ &?$('&'+'(&?$F$+&'(&$#$+&*2%--"%(%5'%(+&*%AA$4& &?'+Gi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`($*2&?$ 2'#+& ($A$++'&'$+ '+ &* A-%#'2; &?$ %5/'('+&#%&':$ %(5 %AA*,(&'()%+4$A&+*2*4&'()M*,&Gb$/*(+&#%&'*(++$$( '( &?$ Z[>h c+&%f-'+?$5 K#*)#%/+ CH(&$#'/ B##%()$/$(&+E BA&J +$&,4 '( *#5$# &*?$-4 A*(&#*- Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
22 &?$ %AA*,(&'() %+4$A&+ *2 A*+& +?%#'() 4#*)#%/+G V- D*0$:$# *(-; P,$F$A A?*+$ &*,+$ &?'+ *4& *,& *44*#&,('&;G V-' 8%(; A#'&'A+?%:$ A'&$5 &?'+ %+ % 2*#&,(%&$ *AA,##$(A$ S+'(A$ &?$ &$A?('A%- 4#*F-$/ *2 $+&%F-'+?'()2'+A%-$W,':%-$(A$&?#*,)?%44#*4#'%&$&%V %F%&$/$(& '(A#$%+$+ #%4'5-; 0'&? &?$ (,/F$# *2 4#*:'(A$+ *4&'() *,&GU V-'' b$+4'&$ 4#*:'5'() %,&*(*/; &*&?$4#*:'(A$+J*4&'()*,&'+%5/'('+&#%&':$-;5'22'A,-&G B4#*)#%/($$5+&*F$$+&%F-'+?$5+*&?%&*4&'()M*,& %(5 '&+ %5/'('+&#%&'*( %#$ -$++ A*/4-'A%&$5G `4& *,& 4*++'F'-'&'$+ 0$#$ %-+* *22$#$5 '( 2,#&?$# 5*A,/$(&+ V-''' '( Z[>> %(5 Z[egG V-': T?$+$ 5*A,/$(&+ %-+* #$:$%-$5 &?%& /%(; 4#*:'(A$+ :'$0$5 *4&'()M*,& %+ % F$($2'& *(-;2*#&?$2$5$#%-)*:$#(/$(&G V-: `4&'()*,&+?*,-5 F$+$$(%+%F$($2'&&*&?$4#*:'(A$++*&?%&&?$;A%( $V$#A'+$2,#&?$#%,&*(*/;%(5%-+*%++*/$&?'()&?%& '+(*&%-*)'+&'A%-(')?&/%#$2*#&?$2$5$#%-)*:$#(/$(& &*%5/'('+&$#G T?$ +$A*(5 '($:'&%F'-'&; '+ &* 4-$%+$ &?$ 4#*:'(A$+ *( +*/$ -$:$-G T?'+ '+ (*& &* +%; &?%& +4$(5'() 4*0$# +?*,-5 F$A*/$ % 4*0$# &?%&a+ *(-; A*(A$#( '+ 4#*:'(A$ F,'-5'()G T#,5$%,a+.'#+& 8'('+&$#a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c+&%f-'+?$5 K#*)#%/+.'(%(A'() CcK.E 0%+'(&#*5,A$5'(Z[ee%+%0%;&*S/%'(&%'(%:'%F-$ F%-%(A$ F$&0$$( j"%(%5%a+k *F^$A&':$+ *2 4#*/*&'() (%&'*(%-+&%(5%#5+'(+4$A'2'A 4#*)#%/ %#$%+ C&?#*,)? A*(5'&'*(%- )#%(&+E %(5 /$%('()2,- 2'+A%- %,&*(*/; %/*() 4#*:'(A'%- )*:$#(/$(&+ C&?#*,)? $W,%-'X%&'*(EG V-:''' H& %-+* %&&$/4&$5 &* %--*0 '(A#$%+$5 4-%(('() '(4,& %(5 2,(5'() %,&*(*/; 2*# 4#*:'(A$+ 0?$( 5$%-'() 0'&? A*+&M+?%#'() 4#*)#%/+G V-'V K#*)#%/+ 0$#$ -'(1$5 &*)$&?$# %(5 4#*:'(A$+ 0$#$ )':$( F-*A1 &#%(+2$#+ 2*# $%A? )#*,4G H(+&'&,&'*(%-'X'() F-*A1+ *2 4#*)#%/+%(5&?$('++,'()F-*A1&#%(+2$#+J%+0%+5*($ '(ck.j/%;f$&?$/*+&:'%f-$*4&'*(&?%&4#*/*&$+ A**4$#%&':$2$5$#%-'+/G B 2*,#&? A*(+'5$#%&'*( 0?$( A*5'2;'() 4*0$# A%( F$ +$$( %+ % #$+,-& *2 &?$ Z[edMe[ A*(+&'&,&'*(%- 5'+A,++'*(+G T?'+ '+ &?$ A*(+'5$#%&'*( *2 % 4#*:'(A'%- A*(+$(& /$A?%('+/G H& 0%+ 5$A'5$5 &?$( &?%& S&?$ $V$#A'+$ *2 &?$ 2$5$#%- +4$(5'() 4*0$# 0*,-5 jf$k /%5$+,F^$A&&*%4#*:'(A'%-A*(+$(&/$A?%('+/0'&?,(A*(5'&'*(%- A*/4$(+%&'*( 2*# (*(M4%#&'A'4%&'() 4#*:'(A$+GU - T?$ 5$:*&'*( '( &?'+ F$+& $22*#&+ 5#%2& &* A#$%&$ % A*(+$(& /$A?%('+/ A*,-5 F$ +$$( %+ % )%'( 2*# &?$ 4#*:'(A$+ &* /*:$&*0%#5+ $22$A&':$ +4$(5'() 4*0$#4#*)#%/+%(5*4&*,&4*-'A'$+G T?$ 8$$A? I%1$ BAA*#5 %(5 '&+ +,F+$W,$(& #$^$A&'*(#$:$%-%2'2&?/%&&$#0?$(A*5'2;'()+4$(5'() 4*0$#GT?$8$$A?I%1$BAA*#5J4,+?$5F;P,$F$AJ Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
23 +*,)?& &* $V4%(5 *( &?$ "*(+&'&,&'*( BA&J Z[d< %(5 %--*0 A*/4$(+%&'*( &* F$ )':$( 2*# %-- %#$%+ 0'&?'( 0?'A? A*+& +?%#$5 4#*)#%/+ 0$#$ $V$#A'+$5G -' "*/4$(+%&'*( 0%+?*0$:$# A*(5'&'*(%- *( &?$ A#$%&'*( *2 % A*/4%#%F-$ '('&'%&':$ &* &?$ (%&'*(%- *F^$A&':$+G -'' "*(:$#+$-;J&?'+0%+(*&/$%(&&*$V&$(5 &?$ 4*0$#+ *2 &?$ 4#*:'(A$+ *# K%#-'%/$(&G -''' 9(2*#&,(%&$-;&?'+%/$(5/$(&5'5(*&4%++%+8$$A? I%1$,-&'/%&$-; 2%'-$5J %-&?*,)? '& 0%+ /%'(-; 5,$ &*,(A$#&%'(&; +,##*,(5'() &?$ S5'+&'(A& +*A'$&; A-%,+$U %(5 (*& ($A$++%#'-; &?$ %/$(5/$(&+ &* +4$(5'() 4*0$#GQ?$(A*5'2;'()&?$4*0$#$V&$(5'()&?$%#$%+ 0'&?'(0?'A?*4&'()*,&A%(*AA,#0*,-5F$%5:'+%F-$G.,#&?$#/*#$J &?$ +'V&? 5$-'F$#%&'*( &* A*(+'5$#J '+ /%5$ A-$%# '( &?$ Z[[Z 2$5$#%- A*(+&'&,&'*(%- #$2*#/ 4%A1%)$ M S3?%4'() "%(%5%a+.,&,#$ T*)$&?$#J K#*4*+%-+GU B 1$; +&%&$/$(& '( &?$ 4%A1%)$ %5/'&&$5 &* &?$ 4*++'F'-'&; *2 4#*:'(A$+ A%##;'() *,& +*A'%- 4#*)#%/+ %,&*(*/*,+-; 2#*/ &?$.$5$#%-)*:$#(/$(&G -': Q?'-$&?'++&%&$/$(&A%/$2#*/ % &'/$ *2 /%++ )*:$#(/$(& 4#':%&'X%&'*(J %(5 0?$#$ #$2*#/F,5)$&0%+($A$++%#;&?,+#$+,-&'()'(-'/'&$5 )*:$#(/$(& +4$(5'()J '& 5'5 #$A*)('X$ &?%& +4$(5'() 4*0$#'+(*&($A$++%#;'(&?$+$&,4%(5/%'(&$(%(A$ *2%--+*A'%-4#*)#%/+GT?'+2%A&+?*,-5F$A-%#'2'$5'( &?$2#%/$0*#1G B+$:$(&?#$W,'#$/$(&A%(F$2*,(5'(+$A&'*( <h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c+&%f-'+?$5 K#*)#%/+.,(5 %(5 "%(%5% B++'+&%(A$K-%(J -:''' %Z[[h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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
24 0'-- #$A$':$ %5$W,%&$ 2'(%(A'%- A*/4$(+%&'*(G -V' T?'+ A*//'&/$(& 0%+ $V4%(5$5,4*( '( &?$ R$4*#& &* K#$/'$#+ '( Z[[eJ $(&'&-$5 S7$0 B44#*%A?$+ &* "%(%5%a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a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`&&%0%a+ 4*0$# *:$# &?$ 4#*:'(A$+?%+,-&'/%&$-; F$$( /%'(&%'($5G.,#&?$#/*#$J 0?'-$ &?$ (%/$+ %(5 4%#&'A,-%#+*2+*/$*2&?$4#*)#%/+?%:$A?%()$5J&?$ A*(&#*- `&&%0%?%+ *:$# &?$ 4#*:'(A$+ '+ +&'-- :$#; /,A? '( &%A& &*5%;G T?$#$ '+ % ($$5 &* A*(+&'&,&'*(%-'X$ +4$(5'() 4*0$# &* #$5'+&#'F,&$ &?$ 5':'+'*(*24*0$#+F$&0$$(`&&%0%%(5&?$4$#'4?$#;G i Pierre Elliot Trudeau, Federal-provincial grants and the spending power of Parliament, in Economics: Contemporary Issues in Canada, ed. D.A.L. Auld (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston of Canada, 1972), 3. ii Christopher Dunn, The Federal Spending Power in The Handbook of Canadian Public Administration. ed. Christopher Dunn, (Don Mills, Ont.: Oxford University Press, 2002), 225. iii Malcolm C. Brown, Established Program Financing: Evolution or Regression in Canadian fiscal federalism? (Canberra, Australia: Center for Research on Federal Financial Relations, Australian National University: Distributed by ANUTECH, 1984), 21-22. iv Ibid. v Ronald L. Watts, The Spending Power in federal Systems: A Comparative Study. (Kingston, Ont.: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University, 1999), 4. vi Ibid. vii Canada, Shaping Canada s Future Together. Proposals. (Ottawa : Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1991), 39-40. viii Ibid. Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
25 ix Trudeau, Federal-provincial grants and the spending power of Parliament, 7. x Watts, 4. xi Brown, 1. xii Canada, Shaping Canada s Future Together. Proposals, 40-41. xiii New Approaches to Canada s Social Union: an options paper [essay on-line]; available from www.scics.gc.ca/pdf/85006109_e.pdf; Internet: accessed 11 March, 2004. xiv Watts, 1. xv This section was a part of the original document accepted by Parliament but has since been omitted. xvi A similar stretch has been created by many decisions made by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on the intent of the Peace Order and Good Government Clause. xvii Canada, Shaping Canada s Future Together. Proposals, 39-40. xviii Brown, 2. xix Ibid, 15. xx Robert Jackson and Doreen Jackson, Canadian Government in Transition, (Scarborough, Ont.: Prentice hall, 1999), 85. xxi Watts, 4. xxii Some of these initiatives include the Meech Lake and the Charlottetown Accords. xxiii Canadian federalism and the Spending Power of the Canadian Parliament [essay on-line]; available from http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/federal/spen ding.htm. Internet: accessed 9 March 2004. xxiv Peter W. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, (Toronto: Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing, 1998), 1110. xxv Watts, 3. xxvi The Calgary Declaration [essay on-line]; available from http://www.ontla.on.ca/library/repository/mon/1000/1027 3337.htm; Internet: accessed 12 October 2004. xxvii Calgary Declaration: Provincial and Territorial Resolutions [essay on-line]; available from http://www.uni.ca/cd_res.html; Internet: accessed 9 March 2004. xxviii Ibid. xxix Watts, 5. xxx Ibid. xxxi Ibid. xxxii A Framework to Improve the Social Union for Canadians [essay on-line]; available from www.scics.gc.ca/cinfo99/80003701_e.html; Internet: accessed 12 March, 2004. xxxiii Ibid. xxxiv This was a statement made by Dr. Christopher Dunn of Memorial University on March 22, 2004, during his lecture for Political Science 3741. xxxv Garth Stevenson, Unfulfilled Union, (Toronto: Macmillan Company, 1979),157. xxxvi Pierre Elliot Trudeau, I agree with Some of Mr. Duplessis Attitudes in Issues in Canadian History: Quebec in the Duplessis Era, 1935-1959: Dictatorship or Democracy? ed. Cameron Nish (Toronto: The Copp Clark Publishing Company, 1970), 148. xxxvii Ibid, 147. xxxviii Ibid. 147 xxxix Ibid, 146. xl Ibid. xli Brown, 20. xlii Ibid. xliii Both of these documents referred to health insurance programs. xliv Brown, 20. xlv Ibid, 20-21. xlvi Trudeau, Federal-provincial grants and the spending power of Parliament, 7. xlvii Ibid, 7. xlviii Brown, 1. xlix Ibid. l Watts, 2. li 1987 Constitutional Accord [essay on-line]; available from www.solon.org/constitutions/canada/english/proposals/ MeechLake.html. Internet: accessed 9 March 2004. lii Ibid. liii Watts, 3. liv Canada, Our Future Together Fact Sheet for Rebalancing Roles and Responsibilities, [Ottawa : Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1992) 1-2. lv Watts, 3 lvi Charlottetown Accord [essay on-line]; available from http://www.uni.ca/charlottetown.html; Internet: accessed 9 March 2004. lvii Ibid. lviii Watts, 4 lix Canada, Ministerial Council on Social Policy Reform and Renewal Report to Premiers, (Ottawa: The Council, 1995), 18. lx Ibid. lxi Ibid, 9. lxii New Approaches to Canada s Social Union: an options paper [essay on-line]; available from www.scics.gc.ca/pdf/85006109_e.pdf; Internet: accessed 11 March, 2004. lxiii Ibid. 12 lxiv Roger Gibbins, Taking Stock: Canadian Federalism and Its Constitutional Framework, in How Ottawa Spends: 1999-2000, ed. Leslie A. Pal. (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1999) 202. lxv Ibid. Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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`;'12%N(+941)+*5%B14))R%% IJJI8% % a+::+()r%s'>418%%^w-f+(>%m*'0fh%&-(-2+-(%l4241-.+)<%-(2%g*)%&'()*+*,*+'(-.%% %% L1-<4='1F8_%G(%X'=%Y**-=-%MC4(2)H%"""6IJJJR%428%E4).+4%/8%B-.8%W'1'(*'H%% Y`;'12%N(+941)+*5%B14))R%"""8% % X'>>R%B4*41%b8%%%&'()*+*,*+'(-.%E-=%';%&-(-2-8%W'1'(*'H%&-1)=4..%WA'<)'(%% B1';4))+'(-.%B,:.+)A+(>R%""#8% % c-0f)'(r%s':41*r%-(2%v'144(%c-0f)'(8%&-(-2+-(%a'941(<4(*%+(%w1-()+*+'(8%m0-1:'1',>ar%% Y(*8H%B14(*+04%A-..R%"""8% % U4=%/CC1'-0A4)%*'%&-(-2-\)%M'0+-.%N(+'(H%-(%'C*+'()%C-C41%34))-5%'(6.+(478%/9-+.-:.4%% ;1'<%===8)0+0)8>080-?C2;?#ZJJdJ"P48C2;8%G(*41(4*H%-004))42%%Y0*':41R%IJJO8% % M*494()'(R%a-1*A8%N(;,.;+..42%N(+'(8%W'1'(*'H%D-0<+..-(%&'<C-(5R%"$"8% % Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
27 WA4%&-.>-15%V40.-1-*+'(%34))-5%'(6.+(478%-9-+.-:.4%;1'<%% A**CH??===8'(*.-8'(80-?.+:1-15?14C')+*'15?<'(?JJJ?JI$OOO$8A*<8%G(*41(4*H%% -004))42%I%Y0*':41%IJJO8% % W1,24-,R%B+4114%@..+'*8%%^L4241-.6C1'9+(0+-.%>1-(*)%-(2%*A4%)C4(2+(>%C'=41%';%% B-1.+-<4(*8_%G(%@0'('<+0)H%&'(*4<C'1-15%G)),4)%+(%&-(-2-R%428%V8/8E8%/,.2R%O6% J8%W'1'(*'%H%X'.*R%S+(4A-1*%-(2%b+()*'(%';%&-(-2-R%"$I8%%% % W1,24-,R%B+4114%@..+'*8%%^G%->144%=+*AeM'<4%';%D18%V,C.4))+)\%/**+*,24)8_%G(%G)),4)%+(%% &-(-2+-(%X+)*'15H%f,4:40%+(%*A4%V,C.4))+)%@1-R%"OZ6"Z"H%V+0*-*'1)A+C%'1%% V4<'01-05T%428%&-<41'(%U+)AR%Kd6K#8%W'1'(*'H%WA4%&'CC%&.-1F%B,:.+)A+(>%&'<C-(5R%"$J8% % b-**)r%s'(-.28%e8%wa4%mc4(2+(>%b'=41%+(%l4241-.%m5)*4<)h%/%&'<c-1-*+94%m*,258%% g+(>)*'(r%y(*8h%g()*+*,*4%';%g(*41>'941(<4(*-.%s4.-*+'()r%f,44(h)%n(+941)+*5r%"""8% Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
28 "#$%&'()&*+)(,-*.,,(--(.&/)&%,0)123--$--,$&2 4)52(&$*#)6--)5' 417(++8&(9$5-(2: 4)52(&$(-$&5.++$'(&2#$;.&.65-<5.=5),(&<.+(2(1)+>1($&1$)2417(++8&(9$5-(2:?)-@$++)-)'.6A+$B,(&.5(& %&2$5&)2(.&)+C$9$+.0,$&2>26'($-)&'D&9(5.&,$&2E>#$@(++A$-2)52(&=#$52#(5')&'F(&)+:$)5>$02$,0A$5 GHHIE;$5,)(&F.16-.F(&2$5$-2)5$3A.5(=(&)+0.+(2(1-(&*)&)'))&'J)2(&3,$5(1)?,.5$-0$1(F(1)++:@(2# 5$=)5'-2.+)&'5(=#2-?)-@$++)-565)+1.,,6&(2($-(&'$9$+.0(&=1.6&25($-E4)52(&$0+)&-2.065-6$=5)'6)2$ -26'($-.&2#)22.0(1?)-@$++E Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
29 K#(+$ 2#$05(,)5: 5.+$.F 2#$ 1.&F$'$5)2(.&.F *)&)')@)-2.#$+0,.'$5)2$2#$'(FF$5$&1$-A$2@$$& L5$&1# )&' D&=+(-# 0$.0+$? *)&)')M- 05$-$&2B'): F$'$5)+ '$-(=& )+-. $&2)(+- 2#$ )11.,,.')2(.&.F 1.++$12(9$ '(FF$5$&1$-? (&1+6'(&= L(5-2 N)2(.&-ME 3& (,0.52)&2 2)-O 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2 #)- 2. 6&'$52)O$ 2. )1O&.@+$'=$L(5-2N)2(.&-M'(FF$5$&1$-(-2#$(&1+6-(.&.F3A.5(=(&)+0$.0+$M-=5($9)&1$-?$(2#$55$+)2$'2.2#$ 0)-2.5 2. 2#$ 05$-$&2E "#$ F$'$5)+ =.9$5&,$&2 2#6- -$$- (2-$+F 1.&F5.&2$' @(2# +)@F6+.A+(=)2(.&- )5(-(&= F5., 9)5(.6-25$)2($- 2#)2 @$5$ -(=&$' @(2# %&'()& P)&'- (& 2#$ 0)-2E L.5 $Q),0+$? %&'()& P)&'- F5$R6$&2+:)22$,022.5$1+)(,0.52(.&-.F+)&'A:1(2(&= ) 25$)2:? @#(1# @)- &.2 05$9(.6-+: 5$-0$12$' A: 2#$ F$'$5)+=.9$5&,$&2E "#$ STUV >605$,$ *.652.F *)&)') 1)-$.F *)+'$5 9-E "#$ W6$$& 5$1.=&(X$' 3A.5(=(&)+ +)&' 5(=#2- )5(-(&= F5., #(-2.5(1)+.1160)2(.& (& *)&)')E ( <5.,02$' A: 2#(- '$1(-(.&? 2#$ F$'$5)+ =.9$5&,$&2 05$-$&2$')&.FF(1()++)&'1+)(,-0.+(1:5$1.=&(X(&=2#$ =.9$5&,$&2M- 5$-0.&-(A(+(2: 2. '(5$12+: )''5$-- L(5-2 N)2(.&-M+)&'=5($9)&1$-'65(&=2#)2-),$:$)5?STUVE "#$&$@0.+(1:)++.@$'L(5-2N)2(.&-2.05$-$&2+)&' 1+)(,- 2. 2#$ &$@+: 15$)2$' YFF(1$.F N)2(9$ *+)(,- @(2#.62 #)9(&= 2. $,A)5O 60.& 1.,0+(1)2$' )&' 1.-2+:1.65205.1$--$-E (( "#$ %&'()& *+)(,- *.,,(--(.& '$F(&$- J)&' 1+)(,- )- Z6&5$-.+9$' =5($9)&1$- A$2@$$& %&'()& P)&'-)&'2#$7.9$5&,$&2.F*)&)')5$+)2(&=2.+)&' )&' 5$-.651$-[ ((( E "@. 2:0$-.F +)&' 1+)(,- )5$ 5$1.=&(X$' A: 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2/ -0$1(F(1 )&' 1.,05$#$&-(9$E>0$1(F(11+)(,-5$F$52.)9(.+)2(.&.F )& Z$Q(-2(&= +)@F6+.A+(=)2(.&[? -61# )- ) 25$)2:.5 ) 05.9(-(.& 6&'$5 2#$ %&'()& 312 (9? $Q),0+$- A$(&= 2#$ (++$=(2(,)2$)',(&(-25)2(.&.F%&'()&F6&'-.5)--$2-?.5 2#$ '(-0.--$--(.&.F %&'()& +)&'E 9 3+2$5&)2(9$+:? 1.,05$#$&-(9$ +)&' 1+)(,- )5$ 062 F.5@)5' @#$& &. 25$)2($-#)9$A$$&-(=&$'A$2@$$&)&%&'()&P)&')&' 2#$=.9$5&,$&2A622#$%&'()&P)&'@(-#$-2.5$1+)(, 2#$+)&'E3++L(5-2N)2(.&-?#.@$9$5?'.&.25$1.=&(X$ 2#$ '(-2(&12(.& A$2@$$& -0$1(F(1 )&' 1.,05$#$&-(9$ +)&'1+)(,-E "#$ =.9$5&,$&2 #)- ) &$=.2()2(.& 05.1$-- 2. )''5$-- -0$1(F(1 +)&' 1+)(,-? 1+$)5+:.62+(&$' (& 2#$ ST\G '.16,$&2? ZY62-2)&'(&= P6-(&$--/ ) &)2(9$ 1+)(,-0.+(1:[ 9( E311.5'(&=2.2#$'.16,$&2?.&1$2#$ YFF(1$.F N)2(9$ *+)(,- #)- )11$02$' ) 1)-$ F.5 &$=.2()2(.&?1.,0$&-)2(.&(&2#$F.5,.F+)&'.51)-# (- &$=.2()2$'E ;.@$9$5? ) -$5($-.F $9$&2-? (&1+6'(&= 2#$ STTH YO) 15(-(- 9(( )&' 2#$ 06A+(1)2(.&.F 2#$ 3--$,A+:.FL(5-2N)2(.&-M]3LN^Z*5(2(R6$.FL$'$5)+ 7.9$5&,$&2 J)&' *+)(,- <.+(1($-[ 9(((? 05$--65$' 2#$ =.9$5&,$&22.5$2#(&O2#$-0$1(F(1+)&'1+)(,-0.+(1:E _$F.5,.F 2#$ 0.+(1: #)' A$1.,$ 65=$&2? )- 2#$ -0$1(F(11+)(,-0.+(1:@)-F+)@$'(&,)&:@):-EL(5-2? 2#$=.9$5&,$&2?)12(&=A.2#)-`6'=$)&'`65:?1+$)5+: #)' ) 1.&F+(12.F (&2$5$-2 (& 2#$ -$22+$,$&2.F +)&' 1+)(,-)&'(&2#$1.,0$&-)2(.&0)1O)=$-&$=.2()2(.&-E >$1.&'?2#$0.+(1:@)-(&2$505$2$'&)55.@+:)&'?)-) 5$-6+2?,)&: 5$+$9)&2 1+)(,- @$5$ 5$`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`.5 F+)@-? 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2 05.,(-$' 2#$ 3LN 2#)2 ) `.(&2 @.5O(&= =5.60 @.6+' Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
30 A$15$)2$'2.-26':2#$5$F.5,.F-0$1(F(1+)&'1+)(,- 0.+(1:E L652#$5? )& (&2$5(, A.': @.6+' 5$B$Q),(&$ 1.&2$-2$' %&'()& )&' N.52#$5& 3FF)(5- *)&)')M- ]%N3*^Q( '$1(-(.&-E Q(( "#$ %&'()& *+)(,- *.,,(--(.& ]%**^ @)- 2#$5$F.5$15$)2$'(&STTSa)+,.-22@$&2::$)5-)F2$5 2#$ *)+'$5 1)-$ B 6&'$5 2#$ %&R6(5($- 312? 2. (&R6(5$ )&'(--6$5$0.52-1.&1$5&(&=2#$%N3*M-,)&)=$,$&2.F -0$1(F(1 1+)(,-E 3- )& )''(2(.&)+,)&')2$? 2#$ *.,,(--(.& @.6+' )+-. A$1.,$ ) -.651$.F (&F.5,)2(.&F.52#$.&B=.(&=`.(&2@.5O(&==5.60)&' )12 )- ),$'()2.5 @#$& 5$R6$-2$' A: 2#$ 2@. 0)52($- (&9.+9$'E Q((( "#$ *.,,(--(.&M- 5$0.52- @$5$ 2. A$ $Q1+6-(9$+:)'9(-.5:)&'@$5$(&2$&'$'2.F)1(+(2)2$2#$ 5$F.5,05.1$--E "#$ %** #)- -.,$2(,$- A$$& 0$51$(9$' A: %N3* )- ) 1#)++$&=$5 2. 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2M- '$1(-(.&-.&+)&'1+)(,-?)-2#$*.,,(--(.&#)-(&2$505$2$'(2-,)&')2$9$5:+(A$5)++:E Q(9 "#$2$&-(.&A$2@$$&2#$2@. A.'($-(-6&'$5-2)&')A+$b2#$*.,,(--(.&.F2$&062-2#$A+),$.&2#$=.9$5&,$&2(&(2-5$0.52-E%2@.6+' 2#$5$F.5$A$@5.&=2.$9)+6)2$2#$*.,,(--(.&60.& =.9$5&,$&2M--)2(-F)12(.&15(2$5()E"#(-0)0$5@(++-$$O 2. )--$-- 2#$ (,0)12-.F 2#$ *.,,(--(.&.& -0$1(F(1 1+)(,--$22+$,$&2-)&'0.+(1:b(&'.(&=-.?)5$9($@.F 2#$*.,,(--(.&M-)&&6)+5$0.52-)&'05.1$$'(&=-?.F 9)5(.6- '.16,$&2-06A+(-#$' A: %N3*?.F 2#$ *.&1.5'$ _$0.52 ])& (&'$0$&'$&2 5$9($@.F 2#$ %&'()&*+)(,-*.,,(--(.&^?)&'.F2#$_$0.52.F2#$ _.:)+*.,,(--(.&.&3A.5(=(&)+<$.0+$@(++F.++.@2. )'$R6)2$+: '$2$5,(&$ @#)2 2#$ *.,,(--(.& #)- )11.,0+(-#$' -(&1$ STTSE %&'$$'? F.5 2#$,.-2 0)52? 2#$ %&'()& *+)(,- *.,,(--(.& #)- #)' ) -(=&(F(1)&2 )&' 0.-(2(9$ (,0)12.& 2#$ (--6$.F 2#$ -0$1(F(1 +)&' 1+)(,-0.+(1:E "#$%&'()&*+)(,-*.,,(--(.&/)*5(2(1)+c.(1$ >2)52(&= (& STTd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`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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
31 5$(&F.51$' @(2# 2#$ C$+=),66O@ '$1(-(.&.F STTU? @#$5$*#($Fe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f)'$.F F)(5&$-- )&' `6-2(1$E QQ(( ". 2#(- '):? 2#$ 5$1.,,$&')2(.& F.5 ) F.5,)+ 5$-0.&-$ 05.2.1.+ #)- &.2 +$' 2. )&.FF(1()+ 5$-0.&-$ F5., %N3*? )+2#.6=# 2#$ STTdBTg 3&&6)+ _$0.52.F 2#$ *.,,(--(.& (&'(1)2$' 2#)2 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2@)-05.9('(&=5$-0.&-$-Z(&),61#,.5$ 2(,$+:,)&&$5[ QQ((( Eh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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
32 =.9$5&,$&2 )F2$5 ) 5$0.52 (- (--6$' (& F)9.65.F 2#$ 1+)(,)&2E>(&1$(&R6(5($-)5$1.-2+:)&'+$&=2#:?$)5+: )22$,02- )2,$'()2(.& 1.6+' 1.&25(A62$ 2. ) A$22$5 )++.1)2(.&.F5$-.651$-2.2#$,.-21.,0+(1)2$'1)-$- )&' 1.6+',)O$ 2#$ -$22+$,$&2 05.1$--,.5$ $FF(1($&2E QQ9( 3=)(&? 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2 5$-0.&'$' -.,$@#)2 0.-(2(9$+: 2. 2#$ 5$1.,,$&')2(.&? )&' $&=)=$-,.5$@(++(&=+:(&,$'()2(.&)12(9(2($-?A62&.2 2. 2#$ $Q2$&2 1.&-('$5$' &$1$--)5: A: 2#$ *.,,(--(.& QQ9(( /.&+: VI 5$R6$-2- F.5,$'()2(.& #)9$ A$$&062F.5@)5'A:A.2#0)52($--(&1$STTSE QQ9((( %2#)- A$$& -6==$-2$' 2#)2 *)&)')M- 5$+612)&1$ 2. $&=)=$ (&,$'()2(.&(-'6$2.2#$L(&)&1()+3',(&(-25)2(.&312? 6&'$5 @#(1# 2#$5$ (- &. 5.., F.5 &$=.2()2(.& 6&+$-- )&.62-2)&'(&= +)@F6+.A+(=)2(.& #)- A$$&.FF(1()++: 5$1.=&(X$'E Y2#$5- -(,0+: 1+)(, 2#)2 ) +)1O.F 256-2 A$2@$$& %N3* )&' 2#$ %** $Q0+)(&- 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2M--0.5)'(15$R6$-2-F.5,$'()2(.&E QQ(Q 3&.2#$5 -$2.F 5$1.,,$&')2(.&- )5=6$- (& F)9.65.F2#$15$)2(.&.F)&%&'$0$&'$&2*+)(,-P.': ]%*P^E *.&-('$5(&= 2#$ F)12 2#)2 2#$ *.,,(--(.& (& (2-$+F #)- &. A(&'(&= 0.@$5 )&' 2#)2 2#$ F$'$5)+ =.9$5&,$&2 (- -2(++ A.2# `6'=$ )&' `65:? (2 (- 5$1.,,$&'$' 2#)2 5$`$12$' -0$1(F(1 1+)(,- A$ '$)+2 @(2#A:)&(&'$0$&'$&2A.':@(2#+$=(-+)2(9$)62#.5(2:E 3&%&'$0$&'$&2*+)(,-P.':]%*P^1.6+''$2$5,(&$ @#$2#$5.5 &.2 2#$ 1+)(, (- 9)+(' )&' @#)2 )& )005.05()2$ 1.,0$&-)2(.& -#.6+' A$b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`.(&2 @.5O(&= =5.60.& 0.+(1: 5$F.5, ](& STTV^ )&' 2#$ 06A+(1)2(.&.F 9)5(.6-5$0.52-5$1.,,$&'(&= 2#)2 )& %*P A$ 15$)2$'? %N3* 5$(2$5)2$'(2-@(++(&=&$--F.5)-611$--F6+0.+(1:5$F.5, )&' 15$)2$' ) -$1.&' @.5O(&= =5.60? 2#$ e.(&2 L(5-2 N)2(.&- a *)&)') ")-O L.51$.& *+)(,- <.+(1: _$F.5,? (& STTUE QQQ( "#$ e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`.(&2 5$-$)51# 05.`$12- ]%N3* a *.,,(--(.&^? @#(1# )5$ 6-$'2..A2)(&)&$)5+:1.&-$&-6-.&$9('$&1$A$F.5$ &$=.2()2(.&- -2)52E QQQ9( "#$ '$,)&' F.5 (&15$)-$' F6&'(&=#)-A$$&)&-@$5$'A:(&15$)-$'$Q0$&'(265$- Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
33 (& 2#$ )5$).F -0$1(F(1 1+)(,-? A62 2#$ %** -2(++ 1.&-('$5-2#$5$-.651$-)++.22$'2..-1)51$E QQQ9(( L(&)++:? (2 (- (,0.52)&2 2. 1.&-('$5.2#$5 9)5(.6-5$1.,,$&')2(.&- 2#)2 #)9$ =(9$& 5(-$ 2. )&.FF(1()+5$-0.&-$A:2#$=.9$5&,$&2/2#$)00.(&2,$&2.F *.,,(--(.&$5- F5., W6iA$1? 5$)+(X$' F.5 ) F(5-2 2(,$(&STTd@(2#2#$)00.(&2,$&2.F365i+($&7(++ QQQ9((( b 2#$ 5$05$-$&2)2(.&.F %N3*M- )&' C$0)52,$&2.F e6-2(1$m-.ff(1()+- )2 2#$ *.,,(--(.&M- <+)&&(&= *.&F$5$&1$-$)5+:(&2#$05.1$--.F(&R6(5:?@#(1##)- A$$& 1)55($'.62 )2 F(5-2 &.2(1$ QQQ(Q b )&' F)-2$5 '.16,$&2- '$+(9$5:? @#(1#&.@.0$5)2$-(&Z)2(,$+: F)-#(.&[ Q+ E ".2#$$Q2$&22#)22#$*.,,(--(.&#)-+.AA($' F.5 2#$ )'.02(.&.F 2#.-$ 5$1.,,$&')2(.&-? 05$-$&2(&=2#$,1.&-(-2$&2+:)&'@(2#5(=.65?(2(-,:.0(&(.&2#)22#$5$1.,,$&')2(.&-#)9$0+)1$',61# &$$'$'05$--65$.&%N3*?@#(1##)-A$$&$&#)&1$' A: 2#$ *.,,(--(.&M- )A(+(2: 2. 1.&'612 (,0)52()+ (&R6(5($-E %&'$$'? $9$& 2#.6=# 2#$ *.,,(--(.& #)-.F2$& -0$++$'.62 2#$.0(&(.&.F L(5-2 N)2(.&-? (2 0.--$--$- )& )''(2(.&)+ '$ F)12..A`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`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d1+)(,-F.5(&R6(5:?)&'#)-05.'61$'5$0.52-F.5 IH 1+)(,-E 3,.&= 2#.-$ IH 1)-$-? G\ #)9$ A$$& )11$02$'F.5&$=.2()2(.&-A:%N3*)&'Sg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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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j):L(5-2N)2(.&1+)(,)&'2#$ j)@)1)2..-$ L(5-2 N)2(.& 1+)(,? 2#$ %** -0$1(F(1)++: 5$1.,,$&'$' 2#)2 1)+16+)2(.&- -#.6+' (&1+6'$ )++ A)&',$,A$5-?&.,)22$52#$,.,$&2)2@#(1#2#$: `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`.:$' 2#$ &.&B )'9$5-)5()+ )2,.-0#$5$ )&' 2#$ 16+265)+ -$&-(2(9(2:.F 2#$ *.,,(--(.&E Q+9( "#6-? 2#$ *.,,(--(.& #)- )11.,0+(-#$' 2#$ '(FF(16+2 2)-O.F.FF$5(&=.A`$12(9(2: )&' &$625)+(2:? 1.&'(2(.&- 2#)2 )5$ =5$)2+:,(--(&= (& 2#$.5'(&)5: -0$1(F(1 1+)(,- 05.1$'65$ (& *)&)')E <.-(2(9$1.,,$&2-F5.,L(5-2N)2(.&-2#6-0.(&22.)& (,0.52)&2 1.&25(A62(.&.F 2#$ *.,,(--(.& 2. 2#$ -0$1(F(11+)(,-05.1$--E 305$1(.6--.651$.F(&F.5,)2(.& "#5.6=#.62 2#$ :$)5-? 2#$ %&'()& *+)(,- *.,,(--(.& #)- '$9$+.0$' (,0.52)&2 (&F.5,)2(.& )&'5$-$)51#F6&12(.&-EL(5-215$)2$'2.05.9('$(&062 2.2#$STTSe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`$12? A62 2#$: )5$.62-2)&'(&= 5$)+(X)2(.&-E Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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`$12(.&.F >0$1(F(1 *+)(,- _$-.+62(.&312 %& N.9$,A$5 GHHV? 2#$ >0$1(F(1 *+)(,- _$-.+62(.&312@)-)'.02$'A:<)5+(),$&2E%2)(,$' 2. 5$0+)1$ 2#$ %&'()& *+)(,- *.,,(--(.& A: )& %&'$0$&'$&2 *+)(,- P.': + E ;.@$9$5? @#)2 @)- )&&.6&1$')-)=5$)29(12.5:A:%N3* +( @)-0$51$(9$' 9$5: '(FF$5$&2+: A: L(5-2 N)2(.&-E 311.5'(&= 2. 2#$ 3--$,A+:.F L(5-2 N)2(.&M- 5$05$-$&2)2(9$? <#(+ L.&2)(&$?2#$A(+++$F2.62(,0.52)&25$1.,,$&')2(.&- -$2 F.52# (& 2#$ e.(&2 L(5-2 N)2(.&- B *)&)') ")-O L.51$M-'5)F2+$=(-+)2(.&E +(( L.5L.&2)(&$?2#$SH,(++(.& 1)0.& 1+)(,-? 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2M- )00.(&2,$&2 0.@$5 F.5 2#$ *$&25$M- "5(A6&)+? 2#$ )A-$&1$.F ) +)@F6+ '$F(&(2(.&.F -0$1(F(1 1+)(,- )&'.F )& $FF(1($&2 5$-.+62(.&05.1$--?)-@$++)-(&)'$R6)2$5$-.651$-?)5$ 6&)11$02)A+$ 05.9(-(.&-.F 2#$ +$=(-+)2(.& )&' -6FF(1($&25$)-.&-F.52#$3LN2.5$`$122#$A(++E +((( "#(- 0.(&2.F 9($@ #)- +$' 2#$ *.&F$'$5)1:.F N)2(.&- 2. )'.02)5$-.+62(.&?(&GHHd?-2)2(&=2#$L(5-2N)2(.&-M.00.-(2(.& 2. 2#$ 05.1+),)2(.&.F 2#$ A(++? (& 2#$ )A-$&1$.F -(=&(F(1)&2 ),$&',$&2-E +(9 %& N.9$,A$5 GHHg? 2#$ 3LN (--6$' ) 05$-- 5$+$)-$ -2)2(&= 2#)2? 2. 2#$ )--.1()2(.&M- =5$)2 1.&2$&2,$&2? 2#$ F$'$5)+ =.9$5&,$&2@)-&.2=.(&=2.(,0+$,$&2)&6&1#)&=$' *BI@(2#.622#$3LNM-)005.A)2(.&E +9 D--$&2()++:?2#$F)122#)22#(-312F)(+$'(-'6$2. 2#$ F+)@$' 1.&2$&2.F 2#$ A(++? @#(1# @)- '$2$5,(&$' 6&(+)2$5)++: A: 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2? @(2#.62 2)O(&= (&2. )11.6&22#$5$1.,,$&')2(.&-.F2#$e.(&2")-OL.51$ '5)F2+$=(-+)2(.&EN.@#$5$(&2#(-F)(+65$(-2#$%&'()& *+)(,- *.,,(--(.& 5$-0.&-(A+$E W6(2$ 2#$.00.-(2$? 2#$*.,,(--(.&#)-=$&$5)2$'0.-(2(9$F$)265$-.F2#$ -0$1(F(1 1+)(,- 5$F.5, 05.1$-- A: 05.9('(&= (&062 2. 2#$@.5O(&==5.60-E%2(-2#$5$F.5$),(-2)O$2.`6'=$ 2#$*.,,(--(.&M-(,0)12.&2#$5$F.5,05.1$--A)-$'.&2#$F)(+65$.F>0$1(F(1*+)(,-_$-.+62(.&312E 75('+.1O)2%&'()&)&'N.52#$5&3FF)(5-*)&)') 3&.2#$5 @): 2. )--$-- 2#$ +$=(2(,)1:.F 2#$ *.,,(--(.&M- @.5O (- 2. $9)+6)2$ #.@,61#,.5$ $FF(1($&22#$1+)(,-05.1$--#)-A$$&-(&1$2#$15$)2(.& Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
36.F 2#$ *.,,(--(.&E >(&1$ STUH? SVdg 1+)(,- #)9$ A$$&062F.5@)5'2.%N3*E +9( >(&1$STUV?)2.2)+.FGI\ 1+)(,-#)9$A$$&-$22+$'(&*)&)'))2+)5=$ +9((?)&'2#$ *.,,(--(.&M-@.5O#)-.&+:+$'2.2#$-$22+$,$&2.F Sg1+)(,- +9((( E4(++(.&-.F'.++)5-#)9$A$$&(&9$-2$'(& 2#$ *.,,(--(.& )&' :$2? 2#$ -$22+$,$&2 5)2$ (- '5),)2(1@#$&1.,0)5$'2.2#$&6,A$5.F1+)(,-(& 2#$-:-2$,EY&$1.6+'1.&1+6'$2#)22#$*.,,(--(.& #)- &.2 -(=&(F(1)&2+: 1.&25(A62$' 2. 2#$ 5$-.+62(.&.F 1.&F+(12-?`6'=(&=A:2#$0..55$-6+2-.F2#$05.1$--E ;.@$9$5?2#$*.,,(--(.&#)-0.(&2$'.622. 2#$ -$5(.6-05.A+$,.F (&$FF(1($&1: 5$0$)2$'+:E %& )+,.-2$)1#.F(2-)&&6)+5$0.52-?(25$1.,,$&'$'2#)2,.5$5$-.651$-A$(&9$-2$'(&.5'$52.-0$$'602#$ -$22+$,$&205.1$--?2#)2%N3*5$-.522.,$'()2(.&)&' )+2$5&)2(9$'(-062$5$-.+62(.&,.5$.F2$&?)&'2#)22#$ 0.+(1: (& (2-$+F A$,)'$,.5$ F+$Q(A+$b )++.F 2#.-$ -.+62(.&- (&.5'$5 2. #)9$ ),.5$ $FF(1($&2? $&1.65)=(&= )&'? )A.9$ )++? )11$--(A+$ -$22+$,$&2,$1#)&(-,E +(Q h$2?,.-2.f2#$*.,,(--(.&m-5$r6$-2- #)9$5$,)(&$'6&)&-@$5$')&'2#$(--6$-6&5$-.+9$'E L(&)++:? (2,6-2 A$ #(=#+(=#2$' )=)(& 2#)2 2#(- (&2$5(, A.': #)- &. A(&'(&= 0.@$5? )&' 2#)2 )+2#.6=# 2#$ *.,,(--(.& #)- 5$1.,,$&'$' 2. %N3* 2#)2,)&: 1+)(,-A$-$22+$'?2#$6+2(,)2$'$1(-(.&)A.62)1+)(,? 6&2(+)5$)+%&'$0$&'$&2*+)(,-P.':(-15$)2$'?+($- (&2#$=.9$5&,$&2M-#)&'-E K#.(-2.A+),$k *)& @$ -(,0+: )225(A62$ 2#.-$ F)(+65$- 2. %N3*M- 6&@(++(&=&$-- 2. 5$1.=&(X$ (2- F)6+2- )&' 0): F.5 2#$ -$22+$,$&2.F +.&=B+)-2(&= 1+)(,-k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h$2?.&+: %N3* #)- 2#$ '$1(-(9$ 0.@$5 2. -.+9$ 2#(- 1.,0+(1)2$' 05.A+$,E %2 (- 2#$5$F.5$ 2#$ =.9$5&,$&2M- 5$-0.&-(A(+(2: 2. F(&' @):- 2. (,05.9$ 2#$ 05.1$--? ) -2$0 (2 #)' 2)O$& (& STTS @(2# 2#$ 15$)2(.&.F 2#$ `.(&2 @.5O(&= =5.60.& 0.+(1: 5$F.5, )&'.F 2#$ %&'()& *+)(,- *.,,(--(.&E _)2#$5 2#)&,)O(&=)&)12(9$6-$.F2#.-$2..+-?%N3*#)-A+),$' 2#$ *.,,(--(.& F.5 (2- +(A$5)+ (&2$505$2)2(.&.F (2-,)&')2$ )&' #)- -$$& (2- )12(9(2($- )&' 5$0.52- )- 1#)++$&=$- 2. (2- Z-.9$5$(=&2:[ +Q( E 311.5'(&= 2. 2#$ *.&1.5'$ 75.60? Z2#$ *.,,(--(.& #)- A$$& 15(2(1(X$'A:-.,$=.9$5&,$&2.FF(1()+-(&%N3*)&' e6-2(1$f.5=.(&=@$++a$:.&')0)0$55$9($@.f)1+)(, 2#)2#)-A$$&5$`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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
37 1+)(,- (& F6&12(.&.F 2#$ $Q(-2(&= 0.+(1:E "#(- 5$-25(12(.& +(,(2$' 2#$ (&&.9)2(9$.625$)1#.F 2#$ *.,,(--(.& F.5 -$22+$,$&2 5$9($@- A$1)6-$ (2 #)' 2. @.5O @(2#(& 2#$ F5),$@.5O.F ) 0.+(1: 2#)2 @)- 5$1.=&(X$')-6&-.6&'E"#$*.&1.5'$75.605$0.52-/ l2. 2#$ $Q2$&2 2#)2 2#$ 05.1$--'$5(9$- F5., 0.+(1: )&' 2#$ 0.+(1: (- 5$1.=&(X$'A:)++)-&$$'(&=5$F.5,)&' :$2 #)- &.2 A$$& 5$F.5,$'? 2#$ *.,,(--(.&(- 6&'$5-2)&')A+: Z.62 (& F5.&2[.F m%n3*n? 2#$ C$0)52,$&2.F e6-2(1$ )&'? )5=6)A+:? 2#$ 3LN +Q((( j$$0(&= (&,(&' 2#(- 1.&25)'(12(.& (& 2#$ 5.+$ 2#$ *.,,(--(.& (- $Q0$12$' 2. 0+): A: )++ 0)52($-? 2#$ *.,,(--(.& #)- 2#$5$F.5$ '.&$ ) F)(5+: =..' `.A (& 1.0(&= @(2# 2#$ '(),$25(1)++:.00.-$' -25$&=2#-.F A.2#%N3*)&'L(5-2N)2(.&-?(&)2$&-$-(26)2(.&E "#$@):F.5@)5'/)&%&'$0$&'$&2*+)(,-P.':k K#)21)&@$$Q0$12F.52#$F6265$k>)'+:?2#$,.-2 05.,(-(&=.621.,$ 2. ')2$? 2#$ 15$)2(.&.F )& %&'$0$&'$&2*+)(,-P.':?(-&.@)+,.-21.,0+$2$+: =.&$ F5., 2#$ )=$&')E %2 (- 1.,05$#$&-(A+$ 2#)2 2#$ 3LN '$1('$' 2. +.AA: )=)(&-2 2#$ >0$1(F(1 *+)(,- _$-.+62(.&312A$1)6-$.F(2-05.9(-(.&-A62(&'.(&= -.L(5-2N)2(.&-6&'$5,(&$'2#$5$F.5,05.1$--2#)2 #)'A$$&1.&-('$5$'&$1$--)5:F.5-61#)+.&=2(,$E %&2#$$9$&22#)22#$05.`$12.F)&%*PF(&)++: 1),$2.)&$&'?-.,$-0$1(F(1A62'$1(-(9$R6$-2(.&- 5$,)(&E K#)2 @.6+' A$ 2#$ +$=)+.625$)1#.F -61# ) *.,,(--(.&k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k"#.-$)5$.&+:-.,$ $Q),0+$.FR6$-2(.&-2#)2@.6+')5(-$(&2#$$9$&22#)2 )&),$&'$'%*P@)-F(&)++:15$)2$')&'2#)2O$$0-6- F5.,1.&-('$5(&=2#$%*P)-)0)&)1$)E +Q9 J)&'1+)(,--$22+$,$&2)&'#6,)&'$9$+.0,$&2 _$1$&2+:?@(2#2#$L(5-24(&(-2$5-M*.&F$5$&1$.&L(5-2N)2(.&-(&j$+.@&)?PE*)&'2#$@)2$515(-(- (&j)-#$1#$@)&?)++$ff.52-#)9$a$$&'$9.2$'2.2#$ (--6$.F +(9(&= 1.&'(2(.&-.& 5$-$59$? )&.2#$5 1561()+ 1.,0.&$&2.F L(5-2 N)2(.&-M @$++ A$(&=E *#)&1$- )5$ 2#)22#$(--6$.F-0$1(F(11+)(,-0.+(1:@(++&.2,)O$(2- @):A)1O2.2#$-65F)1$)&:2(,$-..&E%2(-256$2#)2 2#$ +(9(&= 1.&'(2(.&-.& 5$-$59$ )5$ '5),)2(1 )&' '$-$59$ )++.65 )22$&2(.&E h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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
38.F)1$&25)+$1.&.,(15$-.651$?+)&'?@#(1#1561()+F.5 $1.&.,(1 05.-0$5(2: +Q9(( E L(&)++:? )- 2#$ 8N DQ0$52 >$,(&)5.& <5)12(1)+ DQ0$5($&1$- _$=)5'(&= %&'(=$&.6-J)&'_(=#2-)&'*+)(,-#)-)5=6$'/ l$r6(2)a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i Supreme Court of Canada Delgamuuk v. BC. (1997) ii INAC, Backgrounder: specific claims in Canada, (Ottawa, 2001) iii Indian Claims Commission, What are Land Claims, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services 2005) iv Statutes of Canada, 1985, c.31 v INAC, Backgrounder: specific claims in Canada, (Ottawa, 2001) vi INAC, Outstanding Business: a native claims policy (Ottawa, 1982) vii The 1990 Oka Crisis involved a land claim put forward by the Mohawk nation, when faced with a development project that involved the construction of a golf course on a sacred burial site. Three people died during the confrontation between the First Nation and the police force. viii Assembly of First Nations, AFN s critique of federal government land claims policy, (1990) ix Royal Commission on Aboriginal People, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services 1994). x Indian Claims Commission, Proceeding Acts, Vol. 2 (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1995). xi INAC. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) was formerly known as the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND). For comprehension purposes, this paper will only refer to the current INAC, even though, at the period the text might refer to, the department was known as DIAND. xii Royal Commission on Aboriginal People, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services 1994). xiii Indian Claims Commission, Proceeding Acts, Vol. 2 (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services 1995). xiv Concorde Inc., Review of the Indian Specific Claims Commission, (1996). xv Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report, 1997-98, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1998) xvi Ibid. xvii Supreme Court of Canada, Delgamuukw v. B.C, 1997. xviii Indian Claims Commission, Information Guide; Fairness in Claims Negotiations, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2004). xix Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1991-93/94, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1994) xx Ibid. xxi Ibid. xxii Ibid. xxiii Ibid. xxiv Ibid. xxv Ibid. xxvi Ibid. xxvii Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1999-2000, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2000) xxviii Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 2003-2004, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2004) xxix Concorde Inc., Review of the Indian Specific Claims Commission, (1996). Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
39 xxx Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 2002-2003, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2003) xxxi Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1996-97, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1997) xxxii Assembly of First Nations Specific Claims Branch and INAC, Report of the Joint First Nations-Canada Task Force on Specific Claims Policy Reform, (1998). xxxiii Indian Claims Commission, Parliament Passes Bill C-6, Landmark, Fall 2003 xxxiv Fontaine, Phil, Specific Claims Resolution Act Will Not Be Implemented: A Victory for First Nations, Assembly of First Nations, Nov. 2005 xxxv Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1997-98, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1998) xxxvi Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1998-99 (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1999) xxxvii Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1999-2000 (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2000) xxxviii Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1991-93/94; 1994-95, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1994; 1995) xxxix Ibid xl Ibid xli Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 2003-2004, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2005) xlii Indian Claims Commission, Proceeding Acts, Vol. 2 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1995). xliii Indian Claims Commission, What is a TLE claim?, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services 2005). xliv Indian Claims Commission, Building a Better Claims Process, Landmark, Summer 1998. xlv Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1996-97 (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1997) xlvi Concorde Inc., Review of the Indian Specific Claims Commission, (1996). xlvii Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1991-93/94, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1994) xlviii Ibid. xlix Indian Claims Commission, Annual Report 1999-2000, (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2000) l Indian Claims Commission, Parliament Passes Bill C-6, Landmark, Fall 2003 li INAC News Release, New Independent Claims Body on the Horizon, INAC, (November 17 th, 2003) lii Barnsley, Paul. C-6 passes, other bills die. Wind Speaker, Dec 2003. liii Ibid liv Confederacy of Nations. Resolution no.14/ 2004, Assembly of First Nations, May 2004 lv Fontaine, Phil. Specific Claims Resolution Act Will Not Be Implemented: A Victory for First Nations. Assembly of First Nations (Nov. 2005) lvi INAC, 2005. lvii INAC, 2005. lviii Indian Claims Commission, 2004. lix Indian Claims Commission, 2000. lx Concorde Inc., Review of the Indian Specific Claims Commission, (1996). lxi Ibid. lxii Ibid. lxiii Ibid. lxiv Royal Commission on Aboriginal People, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services 1994). lxv Concorde Inc., Review of the Indian Specific Claims Commission, (1996). lxvi INAC, 2001. lxvii Indian Claims Commission, Proceeding Acts, Vol. 2 (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services, 1995). lxviii United Nations, UN Expert Seminar on Practical Experiences regarding Indigenous Land Rights and Claims, (1996) Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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`*E(H393HH&%3+*3#Q%#%J%.8U;"QS(E2.677=.=6;1A.677B CD22EF55GGG.%3#H?3#%H.OH.H%5E*5H&+5*HHa(.D2+&N U;"Q.:(J()%&X1&3H-91)2D(S(22&(+(#219;%23A(Q&%3+*.Z22%G%F]3#3*2()19X$,&3H\1)W*%#J '1A()#+(#2<=YYL. U;"Q./'%2D()3#O*2)(#O2DFQ%#%J%_*",1)3O3#%&E&%#.8U;"Q=YYR.=R;1A.677B CD22EF55GGG.%3#H?3#%H.OH.H%5O*5HDOa(.D2+&N U;"Q./'%2D()3#O*2)(#O2D?Q%#%J%_*",1)3O3#%&E&%#F"E)1O)(**0(E1)2@%#$%)-=YY4.8U;"Q@%#=YY4.=R ;1A.677BCD22EF55GGG.%3#H?3#%H.OH.H%5O*5EJ95)E)2Y4a(.EJ9N U;"Q./'%2D()3#O*2)(#O2D?Q%#%J%_*",1)3O3#%&E&%#F"E)1O)(**0(E1)2.8U;"Q @$&6777.=R;1A.677BCD22EF55GGG.%3#H?3#%H.OH.H%5O*5EJ95E)1O)a(.D2+&N U;"Q;(G*0(&(%*(./;(GU#J(E(#J(#2Q&%3+*T1J-1#2D(b1)3c1#8R;1A.677L. 6R;1A.677BCD22EF55GGG.%3#H?3#%H.OH.H%5#)5E)*5*?J677L56?76MLLa(.D2+&N U;"Q.Z$2*2%#J3#OT$*3#(**`%#%23A(H&%3+*E1&3H-.Z22%G%FU;"Q<=Y46 Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
41 U;"Q./0(*1&A3#O",1)3O3#%&Q&%3+*F%E)%H23H%&O$3J(21Q%#%J3%#*.8U;"Q677L. =4;1A.677BCD22EF55GGG.%3#H?3#%H.OH.H%5E)5E$,5)$&5)$&=a(.EJ9N U;"QSE(H393HQ&%3+*T)%#HD./;%231#%&]3#3S$++%)-.8U;"Q677B.=4;1A.677B CD22EF55GGG.%3#H?3#%H.OH.H%5E*5H&+5#+*a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d$*22D(9%H2*.D2+&N U#J3%#Q&%3+*Q1++3**31#./\D%23*%VPeH&%3+I8U#J3%#Q&%3+*Q1++3**31#677B. =R;1A.677BCD22EF55GGG.3#J3%#H&%3+*.H%5(#O&3*D5E$,5d$*22D(9%H2*.D2+&N U#J3%#Q&%3+*Q1++3**31#./\D%23*Z)%&b3*21)-I8U#J3%#Q&%3+*Q1++3**31#=YYY. =R;1A.677B CD22EF55GGG.3#J3%#H&%3+*.H%5(#O&3*D5E$,5d$*22D(9%H2*.D2+&N Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
42 P%#J+%)W./T$3&J3#O%T(22()Q&%3+*X)1H(**.8U#J3%#Q&%3+*Q1++3**31#S$++()=YY4. =R;1A.677BCD22EF55GGG.3#J3%#H&%3+*.H%5(#O&3*D5E$,5#(G*&(22()*.D2+&N P%#J+%)W./X%)&3%+(#2X%**(*T3&&Q?>.8U#J3%#Q&%3+*Q1++3**31#:%&&677L. =R;1A.677B CD22EF55GGG.3#J3%#H&%3+*.H%5(#O&3*D5E$,5#(G*&(22()*.D2+&N P%#J+%)W./VD(UQQ=Lf(%)*Z#8U#J3%#Q&%3+*Q1++3**31#;1A.677M. 6R;1A.677BCD22EF55GGG.3#J3%#H&%3+*.H%5J1G#&1%J5P%#J+%)W;1A677Ma(.EJ9N 01-%&Q1++3**31#1#",1)3O3#%&X(1E&(*.0(E1)2192D(01-%&Q1++3**31#1#",1)3O3#%&X(1E&(*<Z22%G%F ]3#3*2()19S$EE&-%#JS()A3H(*<=YYM S2%2$2(*19Q%#%J%<=YYY?6777<H?6M S2%2$2(*19Q%#%J%<677L?677M<H?> S$E)(+(Q1$)219Q%#%J%.[(&O%+$$WGA.T.Q.=YYR<LS.Q.0>. Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
"#$%&%'%()&*+,-.*/01+&%22-(345#36378%+9,#3*/:2-2(;9,% 622<%29,*9=,&%*9%3>-)%&-*3?%8%&*/-2@ A*@-%$.B%*3 43 C-/;&-8B*<&-%&D3-E%&2-9: A*@-%$.B%*3-2*9F%39:79F(:%*&(/829<8%39(;G(3(<&2H(/-9-.*/I.-%3.%*38J%2%*&.,I+%.-*/-K*9-(3*9 C-/;&-8B*<&-%&D3-E%&2-9:-3C*9%&/((LM*3*8*NG-2-39%&%29-3+(/-9-.229*&9%8F,%3,%O%)*3F&-9-3);(&/(.*/ 3%F2+*+%&2*38,*2)&(F3-39(*+<&2<-9;(&*$*29%&2P%)&%%-3+<O/-.+(/-.:*3*/:2-2L-39%&3*9-(3*/&%/*9-(32 *38Q(&.(@+*&*9-E%+(/-9-.2NA*@-%.*3O%&%*.,%8*9@./%RRSTUF/<N.*N Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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`(; %1+%//-3) 9,% \&-9-2,a,*8 O%.(@% &%*/-K%8 *38 9,% 3*9-(3 F*2 +(/*&-K-3) -92 %9,3-. 8-E-2-(32N?&(@ 9,% (<92%9L >-)%&-*42 ;%8%&*/ %1+%&-@%39 8<&-3) 9,% R]_T2 *99%@+9%8 9(.&%*9% *.(3;%8%&*9% 3*9-(3 O:.(3.%39&*9-3) +(F%& -3 9,% I9*9%2 F,-/% &%/:-3) (3 * F%*W ;%8%&*/ )(E%&3@%39 9( 9%389(-39%&3*9-(3*/-22<%2N022%39-*//:L9,%.&%*9-(3(; 9,%?-&29J%+<O/-.2*F9,%8-E-2-(3(;>-)%&-*-39(9,&%% 8-29-3.9&%)-(329,*9F%&%.(39&(//%8*38@*-39*-3%8O: )(E%&3(&2 (; 9,% 9,&%% @*V(& %9,3-. )&(<+2N =,% G*<2*7?</*3- -3 9,% >(&9,L 9,% b(&<o*2-3 9,% I(<9,F%29 *38 9,% 6)O(2-3 9,% I(<9,%*29 F%&% 9,% 9,&%%8(@-3*39)&(<+2F,(,*89,%/*&)%29+(+</*9-(3 `*389,<2*/*&)%&+(+</*&E(9%a*38F%&%%1+%.9%89( O%9,%2(/%.(@+%9-9(&2;(&%1%.<9-E%(;;-.%N --- =,%;*.9 9,*9 9,% (9,%&,*/; (; 9,% +(+</*9-(3L 9,% 2(7.*//%8 45 Y@-3(&-9: >-)%&-*32ZL,*8 3%-9,%& *8%X<*9% &%+&%2%39*9-(33(&9,%*O-/-9:9(.(@+%9%;(&9,%H&-@% $-3-29%&42 c;;-.%l -//<29&*9%2,(F F%*W 9,% ;%8%&*/ 2:29%@F*2;&(@9,%O%)-33-3)L*2-9@*&)-3*/-K%8,*/; 9,%+(+</*9-(3*382%99,%)&(<38F(&W;(&9,%@-/-9*&:.(<+ (; R] N -E 63 *88-9-(3 L *2 * &%2</9 (; 9,% 2,*&+ 8-E-2-(32 9,*9 %1-29%8 O%9F%%3 9,% 8-;;%&%39 %9,3-. )&(<+2L 2<2+-.-(3 ;&(@ 9,(2% F,( F%&% 3(9-3 +(F%& 8(@-3*9%8 9,% +(/-9-.*/ /*382.*+% *38 *39*)(3-K%8 */&%*8:%1-29-3)9%32-(32N =,% ;-&29 @*V(& 2%9O*.W 9( 9,% ;%8%&*/ 2:29%@.*@% -3 R]_^ ;&(@ 9,%.(%&.-E% *38 @*3-+</*9-E% +(/-9-.*/.*@+*-)3 /*<3.,%8 O: 9,% b(&<o*3 8(@-3*9%8#.9-(3'&(<+`#'a9(&%)*-3(;;-.%N#;9%& #'"F(349,%&-))%8%/%.9-(3L9,%;%8%&*9-(3O%)*39( F*E%&*2/%*8%&2(;9,%(++(2-9-(3O%)*39(.*//(39,% @-/-9*&:;(&*+(/-9-.*/-39%&E%39-(3N E #:%*&/*9%&F,%3 9,% 2*@%.(&&<+9-E% 9*.9-.2 F%&% <2%8-3 * I9*9% %/%.9-(3L.-9-K%32 &%*/-K%8,(F;&*<8</%399,%-&2:29%@,*8O%.(@%*388%@*38%8.,*3)%N=,%;*9*/O/(F9( 9,%?-&29J%+<O/-..*@%(3R_A*3<*&:R] F,%39,% +%(+/%)(99,%-&F-2,*38$*V(&'%3%&*/AN=ND#)<-:-7 6&(32-8%+(2%8 9,%.-E-/-*3 )(E%&3@%39 *38-329-9<9%8 >-)%&-*42 ;-&29 @-/-9*&: )(E%&3@%39N E- =,% ;%8%&*9-(3,*8 /%9-92 +%(+/% 8(F3N C-8%2+&%*8.(&&<+9-(3 8%&-E%8 ;&(@ O(9, +*9&(3*)% +(/-9-.2 *38 &-))%8 %/%.9-(32,*8&(99%89,%&%+<O/-.-3(3/:2-12,(&9:%*&2 *382+<&&%89,%&-2%(;9,%@-/-9*&:.(<+N639,%%:%2(; 9,% 3%F /%*8%&L 9,%&%;(&%L ;%8%&*/-2@ F*2 * ;*-/%8 %1+%&-@%39O%2%9O:9,%+/%9,(&*(;%9,3-.)&(<+2L9,% +*9&-@(3-*/-2@ 9,*9 /-@-9%8 @-3(&-9: &%+&%2%39*9-(3 Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
*38 9,%.(&&<+9-(3 9,*9 F*2 &%2+(32-O/% ;(& 9,% ;&*<8</%39%/%.9-(32N #/9,(<), ;%8%&*/-2@ F*2 &%7-329-9<9%8-3 *.(<39%&.(<+ -3 9,% /*9% @(39,2 (; R] L >-)%&-*3 /%*8%& B9N M(/N b*w<o< '(F(3 29&<))/%8 9( @*-39*-3 9,% /%)-9-@*.: (; 9,% ;%8%&*/ 2:29%@ *2 9,% 6)O(2 9,&%*9%3%8 2<..%22-(3N P%2+-9% 8-E-8-3) 9,% 9,&%% &%)-(32-39( 9F%/E% 29*9%2 9( 8-;;<2% %1-29-3) &%)-(3*/-2@L 6)O( (++(2-9-(3 /%*8%& M,<WF<%@%W* cv<wf< &%;<2%8 9( *..%+9 W%: +&(E-2-(32 (; 9,% 3%F ;%8%&*9-(3*38/*9%&+&(3(<3.%89,*9,%F*2LY;-3-2,%8 F-9,9,%;%8%&*9-(3`*38a-9`F*2a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c/<2%)<3cO*2*3V( /*9%& &%@*&W%8-3,-2 @%@(-&2 9,*9 F,-/% >-)%&-*3 +(/-9-.-*32 F%&% ;%&E%39/: 9&:-3) 9( &%72,*+% 9,% 3%F/: -38%+%38%393*9-(3LY*99,%2*@%9-@%9,%<)/:%@O%&2 (;9&-O*/-2@*389,%-)3(&*3.%(;9,%+%(+/%9(+(F%& df%&%+&%2%39el*99,%%1+%32%(;3*9-(3*/<3-9:*389,% 3*9-(3NZ E--- C,%3*3*/:K-3)9,%.<&&%39&%)-@%L-9O%.(@%2 *++*&%399,*9@*3:(;9,%+&(O/%@29,*9,*<39%89,%?-&29 J%+<O/-. &%@*-3 9( 9,-2 8*:N #/9,(<), 3%*&/: 2-19%%3:%*&2(;@-/-9*&:&</%,*2%38%8F-9,9,%&%9<&3 (;*.-E-/-*3)(E%&3@%39L9,%cO*2*3V(*8@-3-29&*9-(3,*2 O%%3.<&2%8 F-9, 9,% (O/-)*9-(3 (; &%;(&@-3) 9,% @*3: +&(O/%@2 9,*9.(39-3<% 9( +/*)<% >-)%&-*N P%2+-9% 9,%-& %;;(&92L 9,%&% -2 *./%*& +*&*//%/ O%9F%%3 9,% 9F( &%+<O/-.2-3 9,% /*.W (; *..(<39*O-/-9: 9,*9 2%%@29(+%&2-29N?(&%1*@+/%L>-)%&-*42;%8%&*/2:29%@,*2O%%3.(@+/%9%/:8%29*O-/-K%8*2*&%2</9(;9,%3%F.(329-9<9-(3N =,-2.(329-9<9-(3 `2-@-/*& 9( 9,% DI 2:29%@ f +&%2-8%39L O-.*@%&*/ /%)-2/*9<&%L %9.Na F*2 -@+/%@%39%8 O: 9,% (<9)(-3) @-/-9*&: &%)-@% *38.%39&*/-K%8+(F%&(;9,%%1%.<9-E%(;;-.%NN -1 63%22%3.%L 9,-2)*E%,-@.(39&(/(E%&%E%&:;*.%9(;>-)%&-*3/-;% *38,*38%8,-@ 9,% *<9,(&-9: 9( 8-.9*9% F,*9 I9*9%2 F%&% %/-)-O/% 9( *..%+9 ;%8%&*/ @(3-%2N G*38-3) 9,% +&%2-8%39 9,% +(F%& 9( *//(.*9% &%2(<&.%2,*2,%-),9%3%8 9,% &*9% (;.(&&<+9-E% +&*.9-.%2 2<., *2./-%39%/-2@ *38 +*9&-@(3-*/-2@ `* 2:29%@ (; )(E%&3*3.% 9,*9-2 +&%2%&E%8 9,&(<), +*9&(3*)%aN 63 -//<29&*9-(3L H&%2-8%39 co*2*3v( F,(,*2 8-29&-O<9%8 ;<382 9( I9*9%2 O*2%8 (3 /(:*/9: *38 2<++(&9 (;,-2 Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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c;9%3li9*9%2@<29.(@+%9%;(&&%2(<&.%2f-9, ;%8%&*/.&(3-%2 F,( <2% 9,% )(E%&3@%39 *2 9,%-& +%&2(3*/O*3WN=,-23(9-(3*++%*&29(O%9&<%*2"O-) @%34 `* 2%@-7.(@+%9-9-E% (/-)*&.,:a 8(@-3*9% 9,% +(/-9-.*/ *&%3* *38 2%%W 9( ;<&9,%& 9,%-& %.(3(@-. -39%&%292@<.,9(9,%8-2+/%*2<&%(;9,%+<O/-.NH&((; (; 9,%-&.(&&<+9-E% +&*.9-.%2L -2 8%@(329&*9%8 F,%3 >-)%&-*3 (;;-.-*/2 "@-2+/*.%84 gsnh O-//-(3-3 (-/ &%E%3<%2 *;9%& 9,% '</; C*& -3 R]]RN 1-?(//(F-3) 9,-2 %E%39L @*3: >-)%&-*32 O%)*3 9( 3(9-.% Y@*3: (; 9,% @-3-29%&2 *38.(@@-22-(3%&2-3 9,% >-)%&-*3 )(E%&3@%392,*E%O%.(@%&-.,@%39,*99,%:F%&%349 9F( :%*&2 *)(NZ 1-- =,-2 +*9&(3*)% *38.(&&<+9-(3,*2 &%@*-3%82(+&%E*/%39-39,%2:29%@9,*9Y@(29(;9,% ghit O-//-(3 9,*9 9,%.(<39&:,*2 %*&3%8 ;&(@ (-/ %1+(&92-39,%+*29;-;9::%*&2,*2O%%329(/%3O:3*&&(F +(/-9-.(7@-/-9*&:%/-9%NZ 1--- =,-2,*2)&%*9/:.(39&-O<9%89( &%8<.-3)2-19:+%&.%39(;9,%+(+</*9-(3-39(*O2(/<9% +(E%&9: `8%;-3%8 *2 /-E-3) (3 /%22 9,*3 gs +%& 8*:aN 47 G%3.%L 9,% /*.W (; ;%8%&*/ ;<38-3),*2-3.&%*2%8 9,% -3%X<*/-9:)*+F,-.,,*2)-E%3>-)%&-**2.(&%(;iTN_ (39,%'6>62.*/%*38,*2+<2,%8-//-9%&*.:&*9%2<+9( 3%*&/: jtk `<+ ;&(@ itk F,-/% <38%& 9,% @-/-9*&: &%)-@%an 1-E C,-/% @*3: (; 9,%2% +&(O/%@2.*3 O% *99&-O<9%8 9( >-)%&-*42(-/%3./*E%%.(3(@:`8-2.<22%8@(&%O%/(FaL 9,%&% -2 3( 8(<O9 9,*9 9,%2% +&(O/%@2,*E% O%%3 ;<%//%8 O: 9,% F%*W ;%8%&*/ 2:29%@ 9,*9,*2 *//(F%8 O*.W&((@8%*/29(+%&2-29N #88-9-(3*//:L 9,% /*.W (; *..(<39*O-/-9: *38.-&.<@29*3.%2F-9,F,-.,I9*9%2&%@*-3&%/-*39(39,% ;%8%&*/)(E%&3@%39.(@+/%9%/:<38%&@-3%29,%3(9-(3 (;*;%8%&*/2:29%@N=,-2&%/-*3.%O&%%842+*9&(3*)%9( *99*-3 &%2(<&.%2 9,*9 I9*9%2 2,(</8 */&%*8: O% %39-9/%8 9( O<9-329%*8.(@+%9% (E%& *9 9,% +%&-/ (; 9,%-& +(/-9-.*/-39%)&-9:N6;9,%?-&29J%+<O/-.)*E%9((@<., +(F%& 9( 9,% I9*9%2 `*2 2%%3 9,&(<), 9,% \-*;&* 2<..%22-(3a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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
J%/-)-(<2*3809,3-.P-E-2-(32 [>-)%&-*-23(9*>*9-(3N69-2*@%&%)%()&*+,-.*/ %1+&%22-(3N=,%&%*&%3(l>-)%&-*32l-39,%2*@%2%32% *29,%&%*&%l03)/-2,l(&lC%/2,l(&l?&%3.,l>-)%&-*-2 @%&%/:*8-29-3.9-E%*++%//*9-(39(8-29-3)<-2,9,(2% F,(/-E%F-9,-39,%O(<38*&-%2(;>-)%&-*;&(@9,(2% F,(8(3(9NZ 1E 7cO*;%@-#F(/(F(Lb(&<O*.,-%;*38/*F:%&`R]^ja C,%3 9,% D3-9%8 I9*9%2 YC*& (3 =%&&(&Z ;(.<2%8 (3 #;),*3-29*3 *38 8%+/(:%8-92 9&((+2 (3 c.9(o%&(;sttrl9,%f(&/8.(@@<3-9:f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m%88-%L9,%&%.%39&-2% (; &%/-)-(3-3 =,-&8 C(&/8 3*9-(32.*3 /*&)%/: O% *99&-O<9%89()&(F-3)9&%3822<.,*2n9,%%1+*32-(3(;.*+-9*/-2@`F,-.,.&%*9%2-3.(@%8-29&-O<9-(3)*+2*38 ;(&.%8 @-)&*9-(3aL %.(3(@-. 29*)3*9-(3 *38 3%)/%.9 ;&(@9,%2%.</*&;%8%&*/)(E%&3@%392-39*W-3).*&%(; 9,%+%(+/%N#2*&%2</9(;9,%2%-22<%2Lm%88-%*&)<%2L 9,%+(+</*9-(32,*E%O%.(@%*/-%3*9%8L@*8%-&&-9*O/% *38,*E%9,%Y9%38%3.:9(9<&39(-8%(/()-%2LO(9,3%F 48 *38 ;*@-/-*&L F,%9,%& &-),97F-3) 3*9-(3*/-2@ (& &%/-)-(+(/-9-.2Z-3(&8%&9()-E%9,%@)<-8*3.%N 1E- \(9, &%/-)-(3 *38 %9,3-.-9: -3 >-)%&-*L,*E%.(@%9(8(@-3*9%+(+</*&2(.-%9:*38.(@@<3*/-2@ `* 29&(3) 8%E(9-(3 9( 9,% -39%&%292 (; (3%l2 (F3 @-3(&-9:(&%9,3-.)&(<+&*9,%&9,*39,(2%(;2(.-%9:*2 * F,(/%a -3 +*&9-.</*&L 29*382-3 9,% F*: (; * <3-9%8 >-)%&-*N =,% 3*9-(3,*2 O%.(@% %E%3/: 8-E-8%8 O%9F%%3 9,% >(&9,%&3 $<2/-@2L 9,% I(<9,%&3 M,&-29-*32 `@(29/: /(.*9%8-3 9,% 6)O( 8(@-3*9%8 *&%*2a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k (; 9,(2% +(//%8,*8-8%39-;-%8 9,%@2%/E%2 3(9 F-9, 9,% 3*9-(3-92%/;L O<9-329%*8 F-9, 9,%-& %9,3-.-9:N 1E--?<&9,%&@(&%L 3(9 (3/: F%&% 9,% )&(<+2 Y-8%39-;:-3) 9,%@2%/E%2-3 %9,3-. 9%&@2L &*9,%& 9,*3 *2 >-)%&-*32L 9,%: 9%38%8 (E%&F,%/@-3)/:9(%1./<8%@%@O%&2(;>-)%&-*l2(9,%& %9,3-. )&(<+2 ;&(@ 9,%-& ;%//(F2,-+N[ 1E--- H%9%& HN 0W%,,*2 &%;%&&%8 9( 9,-2 %9,3-. -8%39-;-.*9-(3 *2 "+&-@(&8-*/-2@4 `9,% ;%%/-3)2 (; (O/-)*9-(3 9,*9 +%(+/% ;%%/ 9( 9,%-& %9,3-.-9:L /*3)<*)% *38 &%/-)-(3 (E%& 9,% Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
.-E-/29*9%a*38F*&329,*99,%2%9-%29((3%2%9,3-.-9:(& &%/-)-(3-229&(3)%3(<),9(8-E-8%*3*9-(3N 1-1 H%&,*+2 (3% (; 9,% O%29 %1*@+/%2.*3 O% 8&*F3 ;&(@ 9,% >(&9,%&3 29*9%2L F,%&% $<2/-@ 6@*@2,*E% /(3) 8%./*&%8 9,%-& &-),9 9(,*E% I,*&-4* /*F -329-9<9%8-3 9,%-&.(<&92N #38 8%2+-9% >-)%&-* O%-3) (;;-.-*//: * 2%.</*& 3*9-(3L 9,% )(E%&3@%39,*2 *//(F%8 9,-2 +&*.9-.% 9(.(39-3<% O%.*<2% (; 9,% 8%%+ +&-@(&8-*/ 9-%29,*9,*E%+/*.%8+%(+/%42;*-9,(E%&9,%-&;%//(F2,-+ 9(.-E-/*<9,(&-9:N0W%,2<&@-2%29,*9YoF,-/%9,%&%-2 2(@% %1+%.9*9-(3 9,*9 9,% 3*9-(3729*9% 2,(</8 O% 9,% ;-3*/&%2(&9;(&(3%42`2(.-*/a&-),92L9,%&%-2*)&%*98%*/ (;<3.%&9*-39:-39,%@*99%&(;(3%428<9-%2N6;*3:9,-3)L 9,% @*-3 ;(.<2 (; >-)%&-*324 8<9-%2,*2 9%38%8 9( O% 9,%+&-@(&8-*/(&8%&&*9,%&9,*39,%.-E-/(&8%&NZ 11 "H&-@(&8-*/-2@4-2 ;<&9,%& +&((; (; 9,% )&%*9 8-E-2-(329,*99,&%*9%3O(9,9,%+%(+/%*389,%-39%)&-9: (;9,%3*9-(3N09,3-./(:*/9-%2,*E%(3@*3:(..*2-(32 9*W%3 +&%.%8%3.% (E%& 3*9-(3*/ -22<%2L F,-., 8%9%&-(&*9% 9,% <3-9: (; 9,% +%(+/%N =,% *O(E% %1*@+/%,*2+&(E%3%2+%.-*//:F(&&-2(@%9(>-)%&-*3 M,&-29-*32`F,(F(&&:9,*9F-9,9,%&-2%(;I,*&-4*9,%: F-// O% 9&-%8 <38%& $<2/-@ /*Fa <+ 9( 9,% +(-39 (; &%O%//-(3(E%&9,%-8%*(;8-2O*38-3)2%.</*&-2@N=,-2-2 F,: -9-2 2( E-9*/ 9( >-)%&-*42 ;<9<&% 9( @*-39*-3 29*O-/-9:*38%X<*/&%+&%2%39*9-(3N\%.*<2%(;-92/*&)% +(+</*9-(3L -92 /-@-9%8 9%&&-9(&: *38 E*29 *&&*: (;.</9<&%*38&%/-)-(3>-)%&-*-2%2+%.-*//:E</3%&*O/%9( %9,3-..(3;/-.92 *2 F-93%22%8-3 JF*38*L 9,% ;(&@%& b<)(2/*e-* *38 p*-&%n >-)%&-* -2 <3-X<% -3-92 8-2+(2-9-(3L F,-., @*W%2-9 *3 %2+%.-*//: E(/*9-/% 3*9-(3L 2( -; +%*.% -2 9( ;/(<&-2, -3 * &%)-(3 F,%&% 49,<38&%82 (; %9,3-. *38 &%/-)-(<2./*32,*E% O%%3 +<2,%89()%9,%&9,%&%9,%@<29O%*.,%.W(3&%/-)-(3L *8%X<*9%&%+&%2%39*9-(3)-E%39(9,%%9,3-.@-3(&-9-%2 *38-22<%2 @<29 O% 2(/E%8 2(/%/: 9,&(<),.(<&92 *38 /%)-2/*9<&%N #/*2L 8<% 9( * F%*W%3%8 ;%8%&*/ 2:29%@L 2.*&.-9:(;&%2(<&.%2*38&-2%-3%9,3(7&%/-)-(<2+(/-9-.2L >-)%&-* -2 O%)-33-3) 9( F-93%22-92%/; ;*// E-.9-@ 9( * )&%*9 F*E% (; -329*O-/-9: F-9, 9,% &%9<&3 (; *.-E-/-*3 )(E%&3@%39L *38 9,% ;*9*/./*2, (; $<2/-@2 *38 M,&-29-*32N 63E*&-*O/:L 9,-2,*2 /%;9 9,(<2*382 8%*8-3 9,%-&F*W%NP%@(329&*9-(32(;2<.,-329*O-/-9:F*22%%3-3 9,% %9,3-. E-(/%3.% 9,*9 %&<+9%8-3 B*)(2-3?%O&<*&:(;STTSLF,%3$<2/-@G*<2*2./*2,%8F-9, I(<9,%&3 b(&<o*2n #;9%& %E*.<*9-3) 9,(<2*382 (; &%2-8%392L9,%.(3;/-.9%38%8F-9,*8%*9,9(//(;3%*&/: RTT +%(+/%N 11- # @(&% &%3(F3%8-329*3.%.*@% -3 P%.%@O%& (; 9,*9 2*@% :%*& F,%3 $<2/-@ &-(9-3) (..<&&%8-39,%29&%%92(;m*8<3*(E%&>-)%&-*,(29-3) 9,%$-22C(&/8O%*<9:+*)%*39N=,-2*;9%&;(<&8*:2(; E-(/%3.%*389,%8%*9,2(;STT+%(+/%L9,%+*)%*39F*2 X<-.W/: @(E%8 9( \&-9*-3N 11-- 69 2,(</8 O% 3(9%8L,(F%E%&L 9,*9 >-)%&-*3 M,&-29-*32 *&% V<29 *2 )<-/9: (;.(@@-99-3)9,%2%*9&(.-(<2*.92N63?%O&<*&:(;STT_L 3%*&/:(3%,<38&%8+%(+/%F%&%2/*-3O:@*.,%9%2-3 *3 *39-7$<2/-@ &-(9-3 I(<9,%*29%&3 >-)%&-*N c3% &%2-8%398%2.&-O%89,%2.%3%*2Y@*V(&29&%%92o/-99%&%8 F-9, O(8-%2 (; +%(+/% W-//%8 9(8*:L @(29 (; 9,%@ 3(&9,%&3%&2NZ 11--- =,%.(3;/-.9F*2*++*&%39/:*&%+&-2*/ *99*.W *;9%& 9,-&9: M,&-29-*32 F%&% W-//%8-3 >(&9,%&3 $<2/-@9(F32N Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
B*29/:L >-)%&-*42 29*9<2 *2 * W%: @%@O%& (; 0McC#I `0.(3(@-. M(@@<3-9: (; C%29 #;&-.*3 I9*9%2a */(3) F-9, -92 (-/ -38<29&-%2 *38 /*&)% +(+</*9-(3L @*W%2 %9,3-..(3;/-.9-3 9,% &%)-(3 3(9 (3/: 8*@*)-3) 9( >-)%&-*3 ;%8%&*/-2@L O<9 */2( 9,&%*9%32 9,% 29*O-/-9: -3 9,% &%)-(3N 022%39-*//:L *3:.(3;/-.9-3>-)%&-*F-//,*E%*2+-//(E%&%;;%.99,*9F-//,*E%.(32%X<%3.%2 ;(& 9,% %.(3(@-%2L 29*O-/-9: *38 +%(+/%(;2<&&(<38-3)3*9-(32N D3;(&9<3*9%/:9,%&%-23(2,(&9*)%(;%1*@+/%2 F,%&% %9,3-. E-(/%3.%,*2 %&<+9%8-3 >-)%&-* O<9-9 *++%*&2*29,(<),-9-2O%.(@-3)@(&%+&%E*/%39<38%& H&%2-8%39 co*2*3v(42 *8@-3-29&*9-(3N =,%2%,(&&%38(<2 *.92 -//<29&*9% * 3*9-(3 9,*9 @<29 @*W% *.&-9-.*/ 8%.-2-(3 *O(<9-92 ;<9<&%N c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c-/7?-&2940.(3(@: [69@<29O%./%*&9,*99,%>-)%&-*3)(E%&3@%39.*33(9 +&(9%.9:(<&F(&W%&2(&*22%92NB%*E%(<&/*38F,-/% :(<.*3L(&8-%-3-9Nc<&*-@-29(9(9*//:8%29&(:9,%.*+*.-9:(;9,%>-)%&-*3)(E%&3@%399(%1+(&9(-/N[ 11-E 7#8%./*&*9-(3O:9,%$(E%@%39;(&9,%0@*3.-+*9-(3 (;9,%>-)%&P%/9*`$0>Pa9((-/.(@+*3-%2N =,%/*29)&%*9-22<%*99,%.&<1(;9,%>-)%&-*3 X<*)@-&% &%E(/E%2 *&(<38 9,% 3*9-(342 %.(3(@:L 2+%.-;-.*//:9,%-22<%(;(-/N>-)%&-*.(39&(/2(3%(;9,% /*&)%29 (-/ &%2%&E%2 (<92-8% 9,% $-88/% 0*29 F,-., @*W%2-9 9,% 2-19, /%*8-3) (-/ +&(8<.%& -3 9,% F(&/8N $(29(;9,%&%2%&E%2&%2-8%-39,%>-)%&P%/9*L*2@*// &%)-(3-3 9,% 2(<9,%&3 +(&9-(3 (; 9,%.(<39&: 9,*9-2 /*&)%/:8(@-3*9%8O:9,%6V*F*38c)(3-@-3(&-9-%2N 11E 69-2,%&%9,*9*/@(299F(@-//-(3O*&&%/2*&%+&(8<.%8 8*-/:L F,-., +&(8<.%2 9,% E*29 &%E%3<%2 9,*9 /-3% 9,% +(.W%92(;>-)%&-*3*<9(.&*92N 11E- C,-/% 9,-2 @(3(7.&(+ %.(3(@:.(39-3<%2 9( *.X<-&% /*&)% *@(<392 (; -39%&3*9-(3*/ -3E%29@%392L W%: +&(O/%@2 *22(.-*9%8 F-9, 9,% -38<29&: 9,&%*9%3 9,% -39%)&-9: (; 9,% ;%8%&*9-(3N?-&29L 9,% -38<29&:,*2,*8 +&(;(<38 *;;%.92 (3 9,% %3E-&(3@%39N I9&%*@2 *38 Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
/*W%2 *&% +(//<9%8L ;-2, *38 F-/8/-;% *&%.(39*@-3*9%8 *38*.-8&*-3(..<&22(;&%X<%39/:9,*9-9-2*;;%.9-3)9,% X<*/-9: (; 9,% 2(-/N 11E-- C-9,(<9 9,% I9*9%24 *O-/-9: 9(.,%.W 9,% -39%&%292 (; 9,% ;%8%&*/ )(E%&3@%39L 9,% )&(F-3) %3E-&(3@%39*/ 8%)&*8*9-(3 9,*9 %1-292 -3 9,% *&%* 9,&%*9%32 6V*F *38 c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c3.% * /%*8-3) *)&-.</9<&% %1+(&9%&L -3 9F%39:79F( :%*&2 >-)%&-*42 (-/ &%E%3<%*2*+%&.%39(;9(9*/&%E%3<%2&(2%;&(@^NRk -3R]_h9(q^k-3R]qi`9,%;-)<&%-2.<&&%39/:*&(<38 ]TkaN 11-1 C,*99,-2@%*32-29,*9>-)%&-*428%+%38%3.: (3 (-/ *2 * @%*32 (; 3*9-(3*/ &%E%3<%,*2 9*W%3 +&%.%8%3.% (E%& 9,% -39%&%292 (; 9,%.-9-K%32N '(E%&3@%39-39%&E%39-(3-3 9,% *&%*,*2 (;9%3 O%%3 E-(/%39 F,-.,,*2 /%8 9( 9,% 8%*9,2 (;.(<39/%22 6V*F *38c)(3-F,(L*..(&8-3)9(9,%;%8%&*/)(E%&3@%39L 9,&%*9%39,%29*O-/-9:(;9,%&%)-(3N$(&%-@+(&9*39/:L %E%3F,%3*.(3;/-.98(%23(9&%/*9%9(9,%(-/-38<29&:L )(E%&3@%39 (;;-.-*/2,*E% (;9%3.-9%8 (-/ *2 9,% &((9.*<2%(;9,%-3.-8%39`29*9-3)-9*2*3-22<%(;3*9-(3*/ 51 2%.<&-9:aNm%33%9,c@%V%,*2&%;%&&%89(9,-29&%38*2 "(-/-;-.*9-(34*38*&)<%29,*99,%)(E%&3@%39F-//(;9%3 9-%3(37(-/.(3;/-.92-39,%&%)-(39(*.9<*/(-/.(3;/-.92L F,-.,)(E%&3@%39(;;-.-*/29,%3<2%9(V<29-;:9,%-&<2% (;E-(/%39-39%&E%39-(3-39,%*&%*N 111 >(9(3/:8(%29,-2 9*.9-.X<%//9,%.-E-/<3&%29LO<9-9-2*3*99%@+99(2,(F 9,%(-/.(@+*3-%29,*99,%)(E%&3@%39F-//3(99(/%&*9% *3:-329*O-/-9:-39,%&%)-(3N#W%:%1*@+/%9,*9c@%V% <2%2 9( -//<29&*9%,-2-8%* (; "(-/-;-.*9-(34.(@%2 ;&(@ 9,% 9(F3 (; c8-n #;9%& :(<9, )*3)2.*+9<&%8 *38 @<&8%&%8 2%E%3 +(/-.% (;;-.%&2-3 9,% 9(F3 (; c8-l 3%F/: %/%.9%8 H&%2-8%39 co*2*3v( 8-2+*9.,%8,-2 @-/-9*&: 9( 9,% &%)-(3N D2-3) 9,-2-3.-8%39 *2 *3 (++(&9<3-9:9(2,(F,-229&%3)9,LcO*2*3V(29*9%89,*9 9,%2%@<&8%&2F%&%*3*99*.W(329*O-/-9:-39,%&%)-(3 *38 9,<2 *3 *99*.W (3 9,% (-/ -38<29&: -92%/;N C,*9 ;(//(F%8F*2*@<&8%&(<2.*@+*-)39,*9/%;99,%9(F3 8%.-@*9%8*38(E%&9F(79,(<2*38+%(+/%@<&8%&%8-3.(/8O/((8N 111- I*8/:L-9*++%*&2*29,(<),9,%&% -23( %38-3 2-),99(9,%2%*O<2%2*389,-2-2*;*.99,*99,%.-9-K%32,*E% 3(9 9*W%3 /-),9/:NN #3)%&%8 (E%& %3E-&(3@%39*/ 8%)&*8*9-(3L +((& &%+&%2%39*9-(3L /*.W (; ;-3*3.-*/.(@+%32*9-(3 *38 )(E%&3@%39 *))&%22-(3L 9,% 6V*F *38c)(3-+%(+/%2,*E%./*2,%8F-9,9,%)(E%&3@%39 (32%E%&*/(..*2-(32N=,%2%./*2,%2,*E%(..*2-(3*//: +&(E%39(O%+%*.%;</L2<.,*29,%.*2%-3STTSF,%3 >-)%&-*3 F(@%3 +%*.%;<//: O(*&8%8 *3 (-/ +/*9;(&@ *38 8-2&(O%8-3 (&8%& 9( 2,*@% 9,% +(/-.%L 2(/8-%&2 *38 (-/ F(&W%&2 ;&(@.(39-3<-3) 9,%-& F(&WN 111-- #88-9-(3*//:@*3:6V*F@-/-9-*2,*E%O%)<329%*/-3)(-/ `W3(F3 *2 "O<3W%&-3)4a *38,*E% 2(/8-9 (3 9,% O/*.W Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
@*&W%9 9( 8%;: 9,% ;%8%&*/ )(E%&3@%39 *38 )*&3%& 2(@%@<.,3%%8%8&%E%3<%N#F*&%(;9,-2+&*.9-.%9,% (-/.(@+*3-%2*389,%)(E%&3@%39,*E%*//(F%8-99( +%&2-29L 9,%&%;(&% *E(-8-3) *3: 8-&%.9.(3;&(39*9-(32 F-9, 9,% )*3)2N >%E%&9,%/%22L 9,% @*V(&-9: (; 9,%2%./*2,%2,*E% 3(9 O%%3 *2 +%*.%;</N 63 STThL 2%E%&*/ +(/-.%L 2(/8-%&2 *38 (-/ F(&W%&2 F%&% W-//%8-3 9,% C*&&-&%)-(3F,%3*3*3)&:@(O9((W9(9,%29&%%92-3 +&(9%29N 111--- 63&%.%39:%*&2L9,%.(3;/-.9,*2(3/:)(99%3 @(&% (&)*3-K%85 YI-3.% @-87P%.%@O%& (; STT_L 9F( @*V(& +-+%/-3%2,*E% O%%3 O/(F3 <+ -3 9,% >-)%& P%/9*L,(@% 9( *// (; >-)%&-*l2 (-/N >-3% +%(+/% F%&% W-//%8-3 *3 *99*.W (3 9,% 69*/-*3 (-/.(@+*3: #)-+N?(<& ;(&%-)3%&2 F%&% W-83*++%8 ;&(@ *3 (;;2,(&% &-) `*38/*9%&&%/%*2%8L+&%2<@*O/:(3+*:@%39(;*/*&)% &*32(@aN #38 *9 /%*29 2%E%39%%3 +%(+/% 8-%8-3 * @(9(&O(*9&*-8(3*I,%//;/(F29*9-(3-39,%2F*@+2 *&(<38C*&&-NZ 111-E C,-/% -9 @*: O% 8*@*)-3) 9( 9,% ;%8%&*9-(3L 9,%+%(+/%42&%*.9-(329(9,%)(E%&3@%3942-32(/%3.%-2.(@+/%9%/: <38%&29*38*O/%N =,% 6V*F2 *38 c)(3- (; 9,% >-)%& P%/9* *&% E-.9-@2 (; *3 <3&%+&%2%39*9-E% )(E%&3@%399,*9,*2W-//%8*38+-//*)%89,%&%)-(3;(& 8%.*8%2N=,%*O(E%*9&(.-9-%2./%*&/:29*38-39,%F*: (;*<3-9%8;%8%&*9-(3N#39-7)(E%&3@%39(&)*3-K*9-(32L )<%&-//* ;-),9%&2 *38.&-@% 2:38-.*9%2 *&% (3 9,% &-2% *38 9,%-& -3;/<%3.% (E%& 9,% +<O/-. -2 )&(F-3) O: 9,% 8*:N #2 )(E%&3@%39 /%*8%&2.(39-3<% 9,%-& *O<2%2 (3 9,% +(/-9: *38 8%3: 9,%-& &%X<%292L 9,% 29&<.9<&% (; ;%8%&*/-2@-2X<-.W/:O&%*W-3)8(F3*389,%&%*++%*&2 9( O% 3( &%.(3.-/-*9-(3 O%9F%%3 9,% 9F( 2-8%2N #/9,(<), -9-2 <3/-W%/: <38%& 9,%.<&&%39 &%)-@%L 52 &%+&%2%39*9-(3*38*8%X<*9%.(@+%32*9-(3;(&9,%(-/ %19&*.9-(3@*:X<%//9,%<3&%29-39,%*&%*N=,-2-29&</: *9&(<O/-3)9-@%;(&O(9,8%@(.&*.:*38;%8%&*/-2@-3 >-)%&-* *38,(+%2 ;(& * &%9<&3 9( (&8%&.(39-3<% 9( 8-@-3-2,O:9,%8*:N G(F%E%&L F,-/% @*3: +&(O/%@2 @*: %1-29 -3 9,%?%8%&*9-(3 (; >-)%&-*L *// -23(9 /(29 f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`%2+%.-*//: *&(<38 %/%.9-(3 9-@%aN B*29/:L >-)%&-*,*2 O%.(@% * E-9*/ +*&9 (; 0McC#I F,-., *-@2 9( 29*O-/-K% 9,% %.(3(@: -3 C%29%&3 #;&-.* *38 +/*32 9( ;(&@ * @(3%9*&:.(*/-9-(3 2-@-/*& 9( 9,*9 (; 9,% 0<&(+%*3 D3-(3N 111E- #3 %1*@+/% F,%&% >-)%&-* F*2-3;/<%39-*/9(9,%0McC#I-329-9<9-(3F*2F,%3 9,%:2%39+%*.%7W%%+-3)9&((+29(@*-39*-329*O-/-9:-3 I-%&&*B%(3%LB-O%&-**386E(&:M(*29N 111E-- 63.(3./<2-(3L 9,% /*.W (; *..(<39*O-/-9:L &*@+*39.(&&<+9-(3L %9,3-. *38 &%/-)-(<2.(3;/-.9 *38 9,%3*9-(342,*38/-3)(;-92(-/-38<29&:,*2.(@+/%9%/: <38%&@-3%8 9,% >-)%&-*3 ;%8%&*9-(3L @*W-3) -9./%*& 9,*99,%;%8%&*9-(3-2<38%&2%E%&%9,&%*9;&(@-39%&3*/ Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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h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i Davis, Thomas J. and Azubike Kalu-Nwiwu. Education, Ethnicity and National Integration in the History of Nigeria: Continuing Problems of Africa's colonial legacy. The Journal of Negro History. Maryland: Association for the Study of African-American Life and History, Inc, 2001. p.3. ii Kew, Darren and Peter Lewis. Nigeria. Introduction to Politics of the Developing World. 3 rd ed. Ed. WilliamA Joseph, Mark Kesselman and Joel Krieger. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 246. iii Ibid. iv Ekeh, Peter P. Citizenship and Political Conflict: A sociological Interpretation of the Nigerian Crisis. Nigeria: Dilemma of Nationhood. Ed. Joseph Okpaku. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Company, 1972. p. 94. v Obasanjo, Olusegun. My Command: An account of the Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970. London: Morrison & Gibb Ltd, 1980. p. 3. vi Ibid, p. 6. vii Ibid, p. 11. viii Ibid, p. 3. ix Kew, Darren and Peter Lewis. Nigeria. Introduction to Politics of the Developing World. 3 rd ed. Ed. William A Joseph, Mark Kesselman and Joel Krieger. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 249. x Brown, Andrea. Nigeria. Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo. 6 February 2006. xi Graf, William D. The Nigerian State. London: Heinemann Educational Books Inc, 1982, p. 136. xii Ibid. xiii Dyer, Gwynne. Addicted to Oil. Gwynne Dyer. 2 February 2006 PAG Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
54 xiv Brown, Andrea. Nigeria. Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo. 6 February 2006. xv Davis, Thomas J. and Azubike Kalu-Nwiwu. Education, Ethnicity and National Integration in the History of Nigeria: Continuing Problems of Africa's colonial legacy. The Journal of Negro History. Maryland: Association for the Study of African- American Life and History, Inc, 2001 p. 5. xvi Keddie, Nikki R. The New Religious Politics: Where, When and Why do Fundamentalisms Appear? Comparative Studies in Society and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. p. 701. xvii Davis, Thomas J. and Azubike Kalu-Nwiwu. Education, Ethnicity and National Integration in the History of Nigeria: Continuing Problems of Africa's colonial legacy. The Journal of Negro History. Maryland: Association for the Study of African- American Life and History, Inc, 2001 p. 6. xviii Ibid. xix Ekeh, Peter P. Citizenship and Political Conflict: A sociological Interpretation of the Nigerian Crisis. Nigeria: Dilemma of Nationhood. Ed. Joseph Okpaku. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Company, 1972. p. 77. xx Ibid, p. 83. xxi BBC. Timeline: Nigeria. BBC NEWS. 21 February 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/106769 5.stm xxii Ibid. xxiii BBC. Bodies Pile up after Nigerian Riot. BBC News. 23 February 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4743672.stm xxiv Dyer, Gwynne. Addicted to Oil. Gwynne Dyer. 2 February 2006 http://www.gwynnedyer.net/articles/gwynne%20dyer%20articl e_%20%20addicted%20to%20oil.txt xxv Kew, Darren and Peter Lewis. Nigeria. Introduction to Politics of the Developing World. 3 rd ed. Ed. William A Joseph, Mark Kesselman and Joel Krieger. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 241-295. xxvi Dyer, Gwynne. Addicted to Oil. Gwynne Dyer. 2 February 2006 http://www.gwynnedyer.net/articles/gwynne%20dyer%20articl e_%20%20addicted%20to%20oil.txt xxvii Omeje, Kenneth. The State, Conflict & Evolving Politics in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Review of African Political Economy. United Kingdom: ROAPE Publications Ltd., 2004. p. 425. xxviii Ibid. xxix Graf, William D. The Nigerian State. London: Heinemann Educational Books Inc, 1982. xxx Omeje, Kenneth. The State, Conflict & Evolving Politics in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Review of African Political Economy. United Kingdom: ROAPE Publications Ltd., 2004. p. 425. xxxi Ibid, p. 431. xxxii Ekeh, Peter P. Citizenship and Political Conflict: A sociological Interpretation of the Nigerian Crisis. Nigeria: Dilemma of Nationhood. Ed. Joseph Okpaku. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Company, 1972. xxxiii Dyer, Gwynne. Addicted to Oil. Gwynne Dyer. 2 February 2006 http://www.gwynnedyer.net/articles/gwynne%20dyer%20articl e_%20%20addicted%20to%20oil.txt xxxiv Ibid. xxxv Kew, Darren and Peter Lewis. Nigeria. Introduction to Politics of the Developing World. 3 rd ed. Ed. William A Joseph, Mark Kesselman and Joel Krieger. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 241-295. xxxvi Ibid. xxxvii Ibid. McLean 12 PAG Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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`9>U=)2`9>/21(C,)M`9>`9>Q''(C $ 1)'`9>1&`9>_(,#1a1$$ $ JD)C@(P$;),(a$X#$I2/5*(1(&5$/5'$I2/5*0&2H/1(&5$(5$J/*1)25$3(4)2(/A$Q$L&C(&.&,(1(C/,$[(*1&2=$&0$_8)22($/5'$(1*$ [(51)2,/5'P$EN>9YENFG#$_@(&A$I@)$X)51$L1/1)$S5(T)2*(1=$+2)**P$ENbN#$$ $ JD)@P$+)1)2$+#$%"(1(W)5*@(.$/5'$+&,(1(C/,$"&50,(C1A$Q$*&C(&,&4(C/,$Z51)2.2)1/1(&5$&0$1@)$$ 3(4)2(/5$"2(*(*7#$ 3(4)2(/A$U(,)HH/$&0$3/1(&5@&&'#$J'#$V&*).@$_D./D-#$"&55)C1(C-1A$^2))58&&'$+-<,(*@(54$"&H./5=P$ENG9#$ $ G?YEEG#$ $ ^2/0P$K(,,(/H$U#$I@)$3(4)2(/5$L1/1)#$R&5'&5A$[)(5)H/55$J'-C/1(&5/,$&&D*$Z5CP$ENb9#$$ $ $ X)''()P$3(DD($6#$%I@)$3)8$6),(4(&-*$+&,(1(C*A$K@)2)P$K@)5$/5'$K@=$'&$$ %;-5'/H)51/,(*H*7$Q..)/2c7$ "&H./2/1(T)$L1-'()*$(5$L&C()1=$/5'$[(*1&2=#$$ "/H<2('4)A$"/H<2('4)$S5(T)2*(1=$+2)**P$ENNb#$?N?YG9:#$$$$ $ X)8P$U/22)5$/5'$+)1)2$R)8(*#$%3(4)2(/#7$Z512&'-C1(&5$1&$+&,(1(C*$&0$1@)$U)T),&.(54$K&2,'#$: 2' $)'#$J'#$K(,,(/H$ Q$V&*).@P$]/2D$X)**),H/5$/5'$V&),$X2()4)2#$&*1&5A$[&-4@1&5$](00,(5$"&H./5=P$9FEY9NO#$$ $ _</*/5d&P$_,-*)4-5#$]=$"&HH/5'A$Q5$/CC&-51$&0$1@)$3(4)2(/5$"(T(,$K/2$EN?GYENG>#$$ R&5'&5A$]&22(*&5$e$ ^(<<$R1'P$ENb>#$ $ _H)d)P$X)55)1@#$%I@)$L1/1)P$"&50,(C1$e$JT&,T(54$+&,(1(C*$(5$1@)$3(4)2$U),1/P$3(4)2(/#7$$ 6)T()8$&0$Q02(C/5$ +&,(1(C/,$JC&5&H=#$S5(1)'$X(54'&HA$6_Q+J$+-<,(C/1(&5*$$R1'#P$9>>F#$F9OYFF>#$ Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
"#$%&&$'()&*+,(-./-+01$0$.-23(-($3(.4'(4.$5)+6)7$.+-+'$,+(#$1$0$.-28$94:2,')& 6$.;-+/-+0(#$*+,($0<,+=0);)&6.$-(>.,(-,+-+0?).(#$.+@.$2-+0 A-+3B+4.C)D5C, 56 *+,7$.5,(/)&12).,0- A-+3B+4.C)D5C,,5-5$')+0/$-.5(40$+(-((#$*+,7$.5,(/)&12).,0-EF4..$+(2/#$,55(40/,+=()');92$($- >-'#$2).)&G.(5,+H)2,(,'-23',$+'$-+0-+@+($.+-(,)+-28$2-(,)+5F$.(,&,'-(,)+9.)=.-;EA-+92-+5)+-(($+0,+= 2-D5'#))2-+05(40/,+=')+5(,(4(,)+-22-DE Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
58.$59)+5,:,2,(/ &). (#$ $+-'(;$+( )& =)7$.+;$+(M -+0 $7$+ %4.)9$-+ *+,)+M 9)2,'/,+,(,-(,7$5E "#,5-59$'( )& =)7$.+-+'$,+(.)04'$5 /$( -+)(#$. 7$() 9),+(M &). $7$+,& (#$ >4+0$5.-( -0)9(5 2$=,52-(,)+ (#$ 2J+0$. ;-/5,;92/0,5.$=-.0,(E"#45(#$&$0$.-25(.4'(4.$)& 6$.;-+/2$-7$5;-+/)9(,)+5)9$+&).(#$2J+0$.() $I$.',5$ (#$,. 9)D$.M +)( 54.9.,5,+= ')+5,0$.,+= (#-( (#$&$0$.-25(-($D-5'.$-($0D,(#(#$'$+(.-2,B-(,)+)& 9)D$.,+TUWP5,+;,+0E"#,5,+'.$0,:2/5(.)+=&$0$.-2 5(.4'(4.$,5-'(,+=$I-'(2/-5,(5#)420M#)D$7$.M,( 0)$5 2$ -7$(#$5(-($742+$.-:2$()2$=,52-(,7$0$-02)'CE '.$-(,)+ )& (#$ 3')((,5# H-.2,-;$+( -+0 (#$ [$25# G55$;:2/E "#$.$=,)+-2 =)7$.+;$+( )&?).(#$.+ @.$2-+0.$;-,+5M $55$+(,-22/M 4+0$. (#$ -4(#).,(/ )& - '$+(.-2,B$0=)7$.+;$+(M,E$EMD#-(X)+0)+=,7$5,('-+ -25)(-C$-D-/E@+)+2/(D)/$-.5&)22)D,+=$2$'(,)+(#$?$DX-:)4.=)7$.+;$+(#-0'.$-($0(#$5$9.)7,5,)+5-5 D$22-5 (#$ 6.$-($. X)+0)+ G4(#).,(/ K".-7$.5M OPPOLE N)D$7$.M [$5(;,+5($. 5(,22 #)205 0$&,+,(,7$ ')+(.)2 )7$. %0,+:4.=#M -+0 )7$. -22 )& (#$ *+,($0 <,+=0);M,+ - 4+,(-./ 5(-($E \$7)24(,)+ 0)$5 +)( ;$-+&$0$.-2,5;E "#$0$7)24(,)+)&=)7$.+;$+('-;$,+5$7$.-2 "#$*+,(-./3(-($)&(#$*+,($0<,+=0); 9-.(5E "#$ 3')((,5# H-.2,-;$+( D-5 '.$-($0 () :$ - "#$:,'-;$.-22$=,52-(,7$:.-+'#)&(#$*+,($0 54:).0,+-($ 9-.2,-;$+( )& (#$ 4+,(-./ 5(-($E <,+=0);,5 5(.4'(4.$0 ;4'# 0,&&$.$+(2/ &.); (#-( )& 34:5$.7,$+( () [$5(;,+5($.M :4( -4()+);)45M 6$.;-+/E %7$+ &)22)D,+= (#$.$&).;5 )& (#$ X-:)4. =)7$.+;$+((#$N)45$)&X).05M(#$499$.'#-;:$. 5(,22 ')+(-,+5 #$.$0,(-./ 9$$.5.$9.$5$+(,+= +) ')+5(,(4$+'/:4((#$,.)D+&-;,2/+-;$M(#)4=#(#$/ -.$+)D&$D,++4;:$.E"#$499$.'#-;:$.,5D$-C ');9-.$0 () (#$ >4+0$5.-( -+0 '-+ 0) 2,((2$ ;).$ (#-+ 0$2-/ ;)5( 2$=,52-(,)+ )& (#$ N)45$ )& F);;)+5M (#$ (.4$ 5$-( )& =)7$.+;$+(E "#,5-5/;;$(.,'-2 :,'-;$.-2,5;.$04'$5 (#$ +4;:$. )& 7$()92-/$.5D,(#D#,'#(#$=)7$.+;$+(;45(')+($+0M -+0D,(#(#$#,=#0$=.$$)&9-.(/2)/-2(/,+(#$N)45$ %0,+:4.=#,5 &.$$ () 7)($ )+ ;-(($.5.$2$7-+( () 3')(2-+0 D,(#)4(,+($.&$.$+'$ )& ]H5 &.); %+=2-+0 ).@.$2-+0E"#$3')((,5#G'(59$',&,'-22/-22)D5&).(#$ 549.$;-'/ )& (#$ *+,($0 <,+=0);^5 9-.2,-;$+( -+0M -5 54'#M (#$ '$+(.-2 =)7$.+;$+(.$(-,+5 7$() 9)D$. )7$.(#$3')((,5#H-.2,-;$+(E"#$0,7,5,)+)&9)D$.5 :$(D$$+ 9-.2,-;$+(5 D,22 :$ )7$.5$$+ :/ (#$ A40,',-2 F);;,(($$ )& (#$ H.,7/ F)4+',2M -5 )4(2,+$0,+ (#$ 3')(2-+0 G'(_ #)D$7$.M (#,5 )''4.5 )+2/,+ '-5$5,+ D#,'# V4.,50,'(,)+ )7$. 2$=,52-(,)+,5 R4$5(,)+$0 K>)=0-+).M TUUULE "#$ 6.$-($. X)+0)+ G4(#).,(/ )& F);;)+5M =)7$.+;$+(5.-.$2/ &-'$ ;4'# -22)D5 &). =.$-($. 2)'-2 ')+(.)2 )7$. (#$ ',(/ -+0 (#$ )99)5,(,)+ () (#$,. 9)2,',$5E "#$ 4+,(-./ +-(4.$ )& =)7$.+;$+(,+ (#$ *+,($0 <,+=0); ;$-+5 (#-( 9.$7,)45()(#$.$&).;5)&(#$X-:)4.H-.(/M.$=,)+-2 =)7$.+;$+(5 $I,5($0 )+2/ () -'(,+ -'').0-+'$ D,(# 0,.$'(,)+ &.); [$5(;,+5($. KN-+')'C $( -2M OPPWLE "#)4=#$55$+(,-22/;-0$49)&&)4.5$9-.-($+-(,)+5M (#$5$5(-($5#-0+)7),'$,+=)7$.+;$+(9.,).()(#$ -.$- 54..)4+0,+=,(E "#$ ;-/). )& X)+0)+ D,22 +)D :$ 0,.$'(2/ $2$'($0E N)D$7$.M $7$+ :$&).$ (#$ &,.5( $2$'(,)+ H.,;$ ],+,5($. >2-,. $I$.',5$0 (,=#( ')+(.)2 )7$. (#$ $2$'(,)+ (#.)4=# 9-.(/ 5$2$'(,)+ )& (#$ '-+0,0-($5E H.$7$+(,+= (#$ &).;$. 2$-0$. )& (#$ 6.$-($.X)+0)+F)4+',2M<$+X,7,+=5()+$M().4+&). (#$ 9)5( 4+0$. (#$ X-:)4. 9-.(/M #,5 )D+ 9-.(/M,5 - Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
59 5#)D)&9)D$.Z(#)4=##$D-5-:2$()5$'4.$(#$V): D,(#)4( X-:)4.^5 5499).(E @+ (#$ $+0M [$5(;,+5($..$V$'(5 '#-22$+=$5 (),(5 ')+(.)2 )7$. (#$ 4+,(-./ 5(-($ K%')+);,5(MOPPPLE"#$[$25#G55$;:2/$+V)/5$7$+ 2$55-4()+);/ (#-+ (#$ 3')((,5# H-.2,-;$+( -+0M,+ 9.-'(,'$M,5 2,((2$ ;).$ (#-+ - 0,.$'(2/ $2$'($0 ');;,(($$ )+ [$25# -&&-,.5E [,(#)4( 0$7)24(,)+ () (#$.$=,)+5 )& %+=2-+0M (#$ *+,($0 <,+=0); D,22 :$ 2J+0$..$&45$0()(-C$9-.(EG5-.$542(M(#$',(,B$+5)& 6$.;-+/ (-C$ - ;).$ -'(,7$ 9-.(,+ %4.)9$-+,+($=.-(,)+ (#-+ (#$,. ')4+($.9-.(5,+ (#$ *+,($0 <,+=0);E d7$.-22m (#$ &$0$.-2 5(-($ #-5 D).C$0 D$22 &). 6$.;-+/ -+0 #-5 54''$$0$0,+ ;-C,+=,(,;9)55,:2$ ().$(4.+ () - (,;$ )& '$+(.-2,B$0 9)D$.E [#$+ D$ 2))C ;).$ '2)5$2/ -( (#$ >4+0$5.-(M (#$ 9.):2$;5-55)',-($0D,(#&$0$.-2,5;:$');$'2$-.E &-. &.); - &$0$.-2 5(-($E [,(# )7$. `Pa )& (#$ \4$()9-.(/9)2,(,'5M(#$>4+0$5.-(+)2)+=$. 9)942-(,)+.$5,0,+=,+ %+=2-+0M +) &$0$.-2 5(-($ )& )+2/ &)4. +-(,)+5M %+=2-+0M [-2$5M 3')(2-+0 -+0?).(#$.+ @.$2-+0M ')420 $7$. $I,5( D,(#)4( :$,+= 0);,+-($0 :/ %+=2-+0 KN)9C,+5M OPPbLE "#$.$&).$M -5,0$ &.); 9)55,:2$ 0$7)24(,)+ () %+=2,5#.$=,)+5 5($;;,+= &.); (#$ Yc)4. 8$=,)+M c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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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d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d99)+$+(5 )& 0$7)24(,)+ '2-,;$0 (#-(,(D)420#,+0$.(#$%+=2,5#.$=,)+5,+(#$9)2,(,'-2 -.$+-E "#$ &$-.,5,..-(,)+-2M (#$ %+=2,5# D)420 "#$ 0,&&,'42(/ D,(# '$+(.-2,B$0 =)7$.+;$+( 0);,+-($ 9-.2,-;$+( :-5$0 )+ 5#$$. +4;:$.5M 5($;5 &.); (#$ #$($.)=$+$,(/ )& (#$ 5)',$(/E "#$.$=-.02$55)&0$7)24(,)+E[$.$0$7)24(,)+())''4.,+ Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
61 (#$ $,=#(.$=,)+5 )& %+=2-+0 (#$/ D)420 :$ -;)+=5( 3')((,5# H-.2,-;$+( -+0 (#$,+').9).-(,)+ )& (#$ (#$ ;)5( 9)942)45,+ (#$ $+(,.$ %4.)9$-+ *+,)+M A40,',-2 F);;,(($$ )& (#$ H.,7/ F)4+',2,+ '2$-.2/ #)20,+= -+ -07-+(-=$ )7$. )(#$..$=,)+-2 V4.,50,'(,)+-2 '2-,;5 K>)=0-+).M TUUULE "#)4=# (#$,. :)0,$5,+4+D$,=#($07)(,+=EG+/0$7)24(,)+()(#$5$ 549.$;-'/ #-5 =)+$ 4+'#-22$+=$0 (#45 &-.M.$=,)+5 D)420 2,C$2/ :$ '2)5$.,+ 5(.4'(4.$ () (#$ [$25#G55$;:2/.-(#$.(#-+(#$3')((,5#H-.2,-;$+(E "#45MD#,2$=)7$.+,+=D,22:$,;9.)7$004$()(,=#($. 2)'-2 ')+(.)2 )7$. 9)2,'/ -+0,;92$;$+(-(,)+M (#$ '$+(.-2 =)7$.+;$+( D,22 :$ =,7,+= -D-/ 2,((2$ 9)D$.E *+2,C$ (#$ 3')(2-+0 G'(M (#$ 5(-(4($ (#-( '.$-($0 (#$ [$25# G55$;:2/ $I92,',(2/ )4(2,+$5 (#$ )+2/ -.$-5,+ D#,'# (#$ G55$;:2/ #-5 V4.,50,'(,)+E [$.$ (#$ %+=2,5#.$=,)+5 () :$ =.-+($0 5$;,Q-4()+);/M (#$ 5(.4'(4.$)&=)7$.+;$+(D)4202,C$2/:$5,;,2-.()(#-( )&[-2$5KN)9C,+5MOPPbLE [$5(;,+5($. ;45( :$ '-.$&42 () -7),0 ($5(,+=,(5 :)4+0-.,$5E[$.$(#$'$+(.-2=)7$.+;$+(()2)5$,+- 9)D$.')+($5(M,(D)4205$(-0-+=$.)459.$'$0$+(,+ 0$-2,+=D,(#?).(#$.+@.$2-+0Ec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e5,'f 54:).0,+-($()[$5(;,+5($.Ec$(M(#,50-+=$.)455($9 ()D-.05 &$0$.-2,5; ;-/ #-7$ :-'C&,.$0E 1). (#$ *+,($0 <,+=0); (#$.$ D,22 :$ 2,((2$ D-/,+ D#,'# ().$(-,+')+(.)2)7$.3')(2-+0,&(#$9-.2,-;$+(,+0$$0 0$&,$5 [$5(;,+5($.E "#$ 3')(5 D,22 2))C () (#$ 1,.5( ],+,5($. )& 3')(2-+0-5 (#$,. 2$-0$..-(#$. (#-+ (#$ H.,;$ ],+,5($. )& (#$ *+,($0 <,+=0);E "#$ (#.$$ '#-.-'($.,5(,'5)&&$0$.-2,5;-55(-($0,+(#$X-D)&(#$ F)+5(,(4(,)+ -.$ Y(#$ 549.$;-'/ )& (#$ ')+5(,(4(,)+M (#$ 0,5(.,:4(,)+ -;)+= :)0,$5 D,(# 2,;,($0 -+0 ')Q ).0,+-($-4(#).,(/Me-+0f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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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`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d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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
[$5(;,+5($. E [,(# (#,5 &.-;$ )&.$&$.$+'$ (#$ >4+0$5.-(-99$-.5)4()&')+(.)2E F)+'245,)+ "#$ 0-+=$.5 )& &$0$.-2,5; &). %+=2-+0 -.$ -99-.$+( -+0 ;45( :$ 5$.,)452/ ')+5,0$.$0 :$&).$ &4.(#$.0$7)24(,)+()(#$%+=2,5#.$=,)+5)''4.5E"#$ 6$.;-+=)7$.+;$+('-++)(:$.$&).;$0D,(#)4((#$ -99.)7-2 )& (#$ 2J+0$.E "#$.$&).$M.-(#$. (#-+.$5(.4'(4.,+=M 6$.;-+/ 5#)420 &)'45 )+ 9.$7$+(,+= &4.(#$. 9)D$. =.-:5 :/ (#$ >4+0$5.-(E "#,5 D,22 :$');$ ;).$,;9).(-+( -5 %4.)9$-+,+($=.-(,)+ ')+(,+4$5()&)'45)+.$=,)+-20$7$2)9;$+(,+,(,-(,7$5E "#$ =)7$.+;$+( ;45(.$=-,+,(5 9)5,(,)+ -( (#$ +$=)(,-(,)+ (-:2$,+ (#$ %4.)9$-+ *+,)+M - 9)5,(,)+ '4..$+(2/&,22$0:/(#$4+$2$'($0>4+0$5.-(K>);:$.= -+0 H$($.5)+M TUU`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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
64 "#$%&'()*+& "#$%&'&()#*+,-./0/&123&'(*+,-./045+,)6,)780/&1"/9/&7)0-:;/#<= >)1)#/9'0.?@)#./&>)1)#/9@-A)#&.)&<'&/B'A'1)1C)('09/<%#)45D%#-E)/& F-%#&/9-:;-9'<'7/9G)0)/#7,H-94IJKLMMMN?OPQROIS "-(1/&-#*H)#&-&45B)A-9%<'-&?B)7)&<#/9'0/<'-&-#B'0'&<)(#/<'-&T5+,);-9'<'7/9 U%/#<)#9=H-94QPV-4OKLMMMN?LWXRLMS "-(1/&-#*H)#&-&45G):-#.-:<,)Y-%0)-:C-#10?Z[7)E<'7/9H')\45+,);-9'<'7/9 U%/#<)#9=H-94QPV-4SKLMMMN?IQXRIWL "-.])#(*D9'^/])<,/&1;)<)#0-&F-,&45D%#-E)/&_&'-&B)7'0'-&`/8'&(?+,)G-9)-: [%]R&/<'-&/9Z%<,-#'<')045;-9'<'7/9[<%1')0H-94SJV-4OKLMMWN?OLMROIX "#=/&<*6,#'0<-E,)#@4Z45+,)0)D&(9/&10*-#a,)#)B-)0B)A-9%<'-&C)/A)<,) D&(9'0,T5V/<'-&0/&1V/<'-&/9'0.H-94MV-4IKOPPIN?IMIRSLO Y/&7-78*B-&/91`4*6-&#/1<*B/A'1;4*;)<)#0*"4@%=*[/:#/&*a'99'/.*a,'<)[<)E,)& /&1b/#'08'*G/E,/)94;-9'<'70'&D%#-E)46,/<,/.Y-%0);%]9'0,)#0-:[)A)& "#'1()04OPPI Y)##07,)9*+/00'9-/&1V)\./&*;)<)#45V)\G)('-&0'&D&(9/&1/&1@)#./&=?Z& Dc/.'&/<'-&-:<,)d&<)#/7<'-&-:6-&0<'<%<'-&/9[<#%7<%#)0*>-#./9G)('-&0/&1 d&:-#./9d&0<'<%<'-&045_#]/&[<%1')0h-94iqv-4qkopppn?llwxrlopo Y-E8'&0*a4F-,&45Z&D&(9/&1-:G)('-&0T+,)_2@-A)#&.)&<e0;#-E-0/90:-# D&(9'0,B)A-9%<'-&45D%#-E)/&;%]9'7C/\H-94LPV-4OKOPPSN?OSXROJP 23&'(*+,-./045"'7/.)#/9'0./&1;/#<=;-9'<'70'&@)#./&=?Z&D.E'#'7/9[-7'/9 6,-'7)Z&/9=0'045;-9'<'7/9[<%1')0H-94SMKOPPLN?SLLRSIQ +#/A)#0*+-&=45+,)C-&([<#%((9)45V)\[</<)0./&4`/=OPPO?LXRLJ 5+,)")<<'&('&<,)"%&1)0#/<45D7-&-.'0<H-94IXPV-4WLPJ>)]4LMMM 5+,)B/&()#0-:B)A-9%<'-&45D7-&-.'0<H-94IXSV-4WLXM>)]4OPPP Federalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
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ederalism-e Undergraduate Journal Volume 7 - May 2006
"#$#%&'()*+,+-./%0&'10(2+%)(3&(%+ 4.'/*+5,6&(7889 10(2+%)(3#$+:/++0);<0)3(3/3$+)=+'&3(.0)<03+%>./2+%0+*+03&'+)?.''@>+6('(3&(%+=.A&'$+?&0&$&;B#C&%3+*+03$+DE(+0E+)F.'(3(G/+)+3HE.0.*(G/+)
2 H$(3+/%+0?I+JKD(*.0L./)(>0&03?.''@>+6('(3&(%+=.A&'$/?&0&$&?.0)+('$MH$(3(.0N 6(EI+''+6/%%&A 10(2+%)(3#BMO33&P& O%(>(0&(%+$+'&=#C/Q'(G/+$+)D+AEI+''+);+''+#3/$(++0DE(+0E+C.'(3(G/+&2+E/0+)C#E(&'()&3(.0+0=+'&3(.0 (03+%0&3(.0&'+)R'M10(2+%)(3#$MO33&P&ST''+)M(03#%+))+C&%3(E/'(@%+*+03&/UC.'(3(G/+)).E(&'+);%&CC.%3) (03+%>./2+%0+*+03&/U;*./2+*+03).E(&/U;.%$%+*.0$(&'+3>./2+%0&0E+S Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
3 L&Q'+$+)6&3(@%+)N =#)/*#) V <03%.$/E3(.0C&%'+=#$&E3+/% W XMY'Q+%3&+3'&"#$#%&3(.0?&0&$(+00+ Z8 D(*.0L./)(>0&03?.*C&%&().0$+)L%.()DA)3@*+)"#$#%&3(J)$+XMY''+*&>0+[Z\58,788W] 75 F&3%(E^X+*(+/U X+"#$#%&'()*++0?.03+U3+6/'3(,T3I0(ET)3,('4(&Q'+RX.0>L+%*+_ `5 6+%./&06+^./&% a'&=+0e.03%+$+b+/uy03(0&3(.0&'()3+)nx&f+0)#+b&3(.0&'()3+$+l%/$+&/+3c+$./%(+ W8 6&U(*+F+%%+&/'3 YCC+'&/UY%3(E'+)N4.'/*+\ 9` Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
4 =#)/*#)N XMY'Q+%3&+3'&"#$#%&3(.0?&0&$(+00+ T0E+3&%3(E'+;'d&/3+/%+UC'.%+'+C.'(3(G/++3$#2+'.CC+*+03).E(.,#E.0.*(G/+$+'&C%.2(0E+$dY'Q+%3&SF&%E.0)#G/+03;'+ Q/3$+E+3&%3(E'+$.(3C%./2+%G/dY'Q+%3&.EE/C+/0C%(0E(C&'%e'+$&0)'+?&0&$(+0J#$#%&3(.0*&()f/)G/dRE+ G/d&/f./%$dI/(0d&(3C&)%+g/'d($+03(J(E&3(.0C.'(3(G/+C./%'+'+/%(*C.%3&0E+;C/()G/+'+>./2+%0+*+03J#$#%&'$+*+/%+ (0)()3&03)/%'+*&(03(+0C/())&0E+$+0.%*&'()&3(.0#E.0.*(G/++3C.'(3(G/++0$#C(3$/C.'(3(G/+$()f.(03+3&)C(%&3(.0) ).E(.,#E.0.*(G/+)G/(+U()3++03%+'+)$+/U+03(3#)S?.*C&%&().0$+)L%.()DA)3@*+)"#$#%&3(J)$+XMY''+*&>0+[Z\58,788W]?+3&%3(E'+E.*C&%+'+)3%.()J#$#%&/U)A)3@*+)#3&Q'()+0Y''+*&>0+$+C/()'d/0(J(E&3(.0&''+*&0$+['+$+/U(@*+T*C(%+ Y''+*&0$;'&=#C/Q'(G/+$+h+(*&%+3'&=#C/Q'(G/+J#$#%&'+$dY''+*&>0+]+3C%#)+03)$(JJ#%+0E+)+3E.0)3&03+) (0)3(3/3(.00+''+)+03%++/UC./%&2.(%/0*+(''+/%2/+$d+0)+*Q'+$+'d#2.'/3(.0$/J#$#%&'()*+$&0)E+C&A)S X+"#$#%&'()*++0?.03+U3+6/'3(,T3I0(ET)3,('4(&Q'+RX.0>L+%*+_ T0E+3&%3(E'+'d+*CI&)++)3*()+)/%+JJ+3)$+'&G/+)3(.00&3(.0&'+;+0C&%3(E/'(+%'&G/+)3(.0+3I0(G/+;)/%$#2+'.CC+*+03 $+J#$#%&'()*+SL&0$()G/+'&G/+)3(.00&3(.0&'+&*+0#$&0)Q+&/E./C$+E&)R'&J.%*&3(.0$d/0+J#$#%&3(.0$&0) Q+&/E./C$d#3&3)$+0&3(.0;'d&/3+/%EI+%EI+R$#*.03%+iG/+'d(*C&E3$+'&G/+)3(.0+3I0(G/+)/%'&'.0>#2(3#$/$+%0(+% EI&0>+$d/0+0&3(.0R'd&/3%+SF&%E.0)#G/+03;$&0)'+E&)$+'&LEI#E.)'.2&G/(++3$+'&j./>.)'&2(+'&G/+)3(.0+3I0(G/+& f./#/0c%(0e(c&'%e'+$&0)'&e+))(.0$+"#$#%&'()*+3&0$()g/d+0d/())++3+0k+'>(g/++''+0d&c&)s a'&=+0e.03%+$+b+/uy03(0&3(.0&'()3+)nx&f+0)#+b&3(.0&'()3+$+l%/$+&/+3c+$./%(+ Y2+E'd&)E+0)(.0$+'&>'.Q&'()&3(.0$+))/)'&)E@0+(03+%0&3(.0&'+;('A&+//0++UC'.)(.0$+%+EI+%EI+$&0)'d#3/$+$/ 0&3(.0&'()*+;+3G/(.03&00.0E#).0+U3%#*(3#./).0&CC'(E&3(.0SB&0)E+3&%3(E'+;'d&/3+/%$()E/3+'d#'#2&3(.0+3'+)+JJ+3)$/ 0&3(.0&'()*+C&%'+)3%&2&/U$dT'(+c+$./%(++3$+F(+%%+T''(.33L%/$+&/ST0E.*C&%&03X+)C+0)#+)$+c+$./%(++3$+ L%/$+&/;'d&/3+/%EI+%EI+R+UC'.%+%'+)%&().0)$+'+/%&33(3/$+I.)3('+)./3+0/+&CC&%+03++02+%)'+0&3(.0&'()*+SF/()G/d(' &&'d(*c&e3j.%3)/%'&e.0e+c3(.0$/j#$#%&'()*+'+*.0$++3&/?&0&$&+)3/0+j#$#%&3(.0j.%>#)+0c&%3(+c&%l%/$+&/s Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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`E8E@<F?6?8=Q).=<=:)6?6H@?:)>G98?)C78BE>E@<=578)8?)6?==?8=)P9G?8)C76698)P9?)C?@=<58?:)D7F5=5P9?:)C766?)F<)>EB?8:?) 8<=578<F?Q)FG<@6E?)?=)F<)D7F5=5P9?)EC78765P9?K)a)F<)J9?)>?)C?:)>?9O)>EB585=578:Q)5F)?:=)EJ5>?8=)P9?)C?:)>?9O)=?@6?:) :78=)=@]:)>5BBE@?8=:K)) ) L79@)?8)@?J?85@)I)FG56D7D9F<@5=E)>9)BE>E@<F5:6?Q):78)ECA?C)><8:)DF9:5?9@:)D<b:Q)C766?)?8)c79;7:F<J5?)?=) F<)#CAEC7:F7J<P95?Q)=?8>)I)879:)678=@?@)P9?)FG5>E?)>G.=<=:)BE>E@<9O)J5<HF?:)?:=)>5BB5C5F?)I)<CC?D=?@Q)J75@?) 1 Réjean Pelletier et Manon Tremblay, Le parlementarisme canadien, Presses de l'université Laval, 2005, page 526 2 Réjean Pelletier et Manon Tremblay, Le parlementarisme canadien, Presses de l'université Laval, 2005, page 44 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
6 56D7::5HF?)I)<DDF5P9?@K)+GE=9>?)>9)BE>E@<F5:6?)8?):?@<5=)>78C)J79E?)P9GI)FG7H:?@J<=578)>?:)D@7HF]6?:)>?)C?) :b:=]6?)d7f5=5p9?)?=)>?:)c<9:?:)>?):?:)eca?c:)4)&<8:)c?==?)7d=5p9?q)c?@=<58?:)d?@:788?:):?)=79@8?8=)j?@:)>g<9=@?:) B7@6?:)>?);79J?@8?6?8=Q)D@EBE@<8=)E=9>5?@)C?FF?:)>?)FG<J?85@Q)79)P95)?8)78=)98K) ) &?)678)Cd=EQ)Y?)8?):95:)D<:)D@M=)I)F<5::?@)F?)BE>E@<F5:6?)D79@)67@=K)F)?:=)J@<5)P9?)C?@=<58:).=<=:)BE>E@<9O) 78=)>e)C?::?@)>G?O5:=?@Q)79):G?8):78=)=@79JE:)=@]:)<BB<5HF5:Q)I)C<9:?)>?)=@7D);@<8>?:)=?8:578:)58=?@8?:)79)?=A85P9?:) P9?)F?)BE>E@<F5:6?)8G<)D9)<5>?@)I)C<F6?@K)(?@=<58?:)BE>E@<=578:)C78=589?8=)>?):9H:5:=?@)<J?C):9CC]:)?=):<8:);@<8>:) =@79HF?:)<DD<@?8=:Q)FG/FF?6<;8?)?=)F<)095::?):78=)>?9O)?O?6DF?:)>?)BE>E@<=578:):=<HF?:K)(766?)=79=)<9=@?):b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b:Q)5F)?:=)D7::5HF?Q)J75@)8EC?::<5@?)>?)@?:D?C=?@)F?:)C<@<C=E@5:=5P9?:) C9F=9@?FF?:)>?:)6?6H@?:)<9)676?8=)>?)F<)>5:=@5H9=578)?=):ED<@<=578)>?:)C76DE=?8C?:)?8=@?)F?)D79J75@)C?8=@<F)?=) F?:)D@7J58C?:K)(G?:=)D@7H<HF?6?8=)D79@)C?==?)@<5:78)P9?)F<)6<Y7@5=E)>?:)7H:?@J<=?9@:)?:D]@?8=)P9G98):b:=]6?) BE>E@<F):?@<)<DDF5P9E)?8)@<PQ)<B58)>G7H=?85@)98).=<=)D@7:D]@?)7f)DF9:5?9@:)?=A85?:)D79@@78=):?)Cd=7b?@)?8)D<5OK)g?) C@75:)P9?)DF9:5?9@:)ECA?C:)>?)BE>E@<=578:Q)C766?)F<)c79;7:F<J5?Q)D?9J?8=)M=@?)F5E:)I)FG58E;<F5=E)><8:)F?)=@<5=?6?8=) >?:)?=A85?:)79)C9F=9@?:)J5J<8=)?8)F?9@):?58K)L79@)C?@=<58:Q)98?):5=9<=578):565F<5@?Q)6<5:):<8:)J57F?8C?Q)?:=)?8)=@<58)>?) :?)D@7>95@?)?8=@?)C?@=<58?:)D@7J58C?:)?=)F?)@?:=?)>9)(<8<><K) ) g?)8?):<5:)d<:)d79@)j79:q)6<5:)c766?)6?8=5788e)df9:)a<9=q)yg<5)fg56d@?::578)p9?)fge=9>?)>9)be>e@<f5:6?)?:=)?8)=@<58)>?):ge=?58>@?)<9)(<8<><k)l?9)>?);?8:):?6hf?8=):95j@?)f?:)c79@:):9@)f?):9y?=)j7f78=<5@?6?8=q):<9b):g5f:) :78=)7HF5;<=75@?:)D79@)FG7H=?8=578)>G98)>5DFd6?K)(?==?):5=9<=578)?:=):<8:)>79=?)>9?)I)FGECN9@?6?8=);E8E@<F)P9?)YG<5) 6?8=5788E)DF9:)=d=Q)6<5:)<9::5)D<@)F<)C@<58=?)>?)@EJ?5FF?@)F<)P9?:=578Q)C?)B<5:<8=Q)@?F<8C?@)F?)>EH<=):9@)FG<>AE:578)>9) h9eh?c)i)f<)c78:=5=9=578q)>78c)f<)be>e@<=578)c<8<>5?88?k)'8?)b75:)f?)>eh<=)f<8ceq)5f)b)<)=79y79@:)98);@<8>)@5:p9?) P9?)F<)D@7J58C?)D@?88?)>EB585=5J?6?8=)F?):?8:)7DD7:E)?=)P95==?)>EB585=5J?6?8=)F?)(<8<><K)&78CQ)8?)D<:)D<@F?@)>9) BE>E@<F5:6?):?@<5=)98?)=?8=<=5J?)>?)6<58=?85@)F?):=<=9)P97)<9)D<b:Q)>G?:DE@?@)P9?)F?)h9EH?C);<@>?):<)DF<C?)?=)P9?) F?:):79J?@<585:=?:)D?@>?8=)>?)F?9@)67@><8=)<J?C)F?)=?6D:K) ) g?)c@75:)p9g5f)b<9>@<5=)p9?)f?:)(<8<>5?8:)@e<f5:?8=)p9g5f)b)<)>i<9=@?:).=<=:)be>e@<9o)><8:)f?)678>?)?=)p9?) F?9@)E=9>?)D79@@<5=)M=@?)=@]:)HE8EB5P9?)<9)D<b:K)/9::5)5F)8Gb)<)D<:)P9?)F?)h9EH?C)P95)6?8<C?)>?):?):ED<@?@K) Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
7 +G/FH?@=<Q)<b<8=)C?@=<58?:)5>E7F7;5?:)>5BBE@?8=?:)D<@)@<DD7@=)I)F<)6<Y7@5=E)>9)(<8<><)?8)DF9:)>G98?);@<8>?) 58>ED?8><8C?)EC78765P9?)@5:P9?)>GM=@?)F<)D@?65]@?)D@7J58C?)I)P95==?@)F<)BE>E@<=578Q)<J<8=)6M6?)F?)h9EH?CK) ) ) -E>E@<F5:6?3?) ) )+?)Y79@8<F)<)@?j9)98)B7@=)<DD95)>?)FG8:=5=9=)>?:)$?F<=578:)58=?@;79J?@8?6?8=<F?:)?=)F?)$E:?<9)C<8<>5?8) >G.=9>?:)BE>E@<F?:)>?D95:):?:)>EH9=:K)+G98)>?:)7HY?C=5B:)>?)C?)Y79@8<F)?:=)>?)@?879J?F?@)FG58=E@M=)D79@)F?) BE>E@<F5:6?)?8):G<>@?::<8=)>5@?C=?6?8=)<9O)E=9>5<8=:)>?)D@?65?@)CbCF?)985J?@:5=<5@?)D79@)C?)P95)?:=)>?)F<) :7965::578)>G<@=5CF?K)(?9O3C5):78=)<F7@:)@EJ5:E:)D<@)98)C765=E)>?)@E><C=578)C76D7:E)>G<9=@?:)E=9>5<8=:)>?)D@?65?@) CbCF?K)"79:)?8C79@<;?78:)FG?8J75)>G<@=5CF?)=79CA<8=)98)6<O5696)>G<:D?C=)>9)BE>E@<F5:6?Q)P9?)C?):75=):9@)F?)DF<8) EC78765P9?Q)DA5F7:7DA5P9?Q)C9F=9@?FQ)D7F5=5P9?)79)58=?@8<=578<F)D<@)?O?6DF?K)"79:)<CC?D=78:)<9::5)>?:)<@=5CF?:) D@7J?8<8=)>?)D<@=79=)I)=@<J?@:)F?)678>?Q)=<8=)P9?)C?9O3C5)78=)E=E:)EC@5=:)D<@)98)E=9>5<8=)><8:)98)D@7;@<66?)>?) D@?65?@)CbCF?)985J?@:5=<5@?K)F)?:=)8EC?::<5@?)>?)6?8=5788?@)P9?)F?:)<@=5CF?:):78=):EF?C=5788E:)>?)6<85]@?)F<)DF9:) 7HY?C=5J?)D7::5HF?)<9)C79@:)>G98?):EF?C=578)<J?9;F?K)+?:)<@=5CF?:):78=)D@E:?8=E:)<9)C765=E)>?):EF?C=578):<8:)F?)876) >?)FG<9=?9@)?=)>?):78)D@7B?::?9@Q)85)>?):78)985J?@:5=EK)+<)=<5FF?)>9)C765=E)>ED?8>);E8E@<F?6?8=)>9)876H@?)>?) :7965::578)@?j9K) ) g?)c@75:)p9?)c?=)?o?@c5c?)?:=)8ec?::<5@?)<b58)>?);<@<8=5@)f?)@?879j?ff?6?8=)c78=589?f)>?)d?8:?9@:)><8:)c?) >76<58?K)(766?)Y?)FG<5)6?8=5788E)DF9:)A<9=Q)FG58=E@M=)D<@)@<DD7@=)<9)BE>E@<F5:6?)?8);E8E@<F):?6HF?):G?:=76D?@) <9)(<8<><K)F)@?J5?8=)>78C)<9O)E=9>5<8=:)>?)@?F<8C?@)F?)>EH<=Q)79)>?):?)D@ED<@?@)?8)J9?)>?)C?F953C5Q)C<@)98)Y79@)79) FG<9=@?Q)F<)P9?:=578)C78:=5=9=5788?FF?)C<8<>5?88?)>?J@<)M=@?)@E:7F9?K)+?:)EF5=?:)D7F5=5P9?:)P95)E=<5?8=)<9)C?8=@?)>?:) >?@85?@:)>EH<=:)C766?8C?8=)I)>5:D<@<k=@?Q)Y?)D<@F?)5C5)>?)$?8E3+EJ?:P9?Q)$7H?@=)l79@@<::<Q)L5?@@?).FF57=)#@9>?<9)?=)H5?8)>G<9=@?:Q)P95)8?):78=)DF9:)>?:)8d=@?:K)F)b)<)<9::5)C?9O)P95)78=)>EC5>E)>?):?)@?=5@?@)>?)F<)J5?)D7F5=5P9?Q) C766?)g?<8)(A@E=5?8)?=)+9C5?8)l79CA<@>Q)D79@)8?)8766?@)P9?)C?9O3C5K)) ) F)6?):?6HF?)P9G<C=9?FF?6?8=Q)<9C98)D7F5=5C5?8)8G?:=)58=E@?::E)I)D<@F?@)>?)F<)C78:=5=9=578)?=)>9) @<B@<kCA5::?6?8=)>9)BE>E@<F5:6?)C<8<>5?8K)g?)C@75:)P9G5F)J<)B<FF75@)98)Y79@)79)FG<9=@?)F<)B<5@?)EJ7F9?@)<B58)P9G?FF?) @?BF]=?)F?)(<8<><)>G<9Y79@>GA95K)F)B<9>@<)<9::5)b)58CF9@?)F?)h9EH?CK)'8?)=?FF?)@?B78=?)8?):?)B?@<)D<:):<8:)D?58?Q) 6<5:):<8:)?OD?@=:):9@)F?)BE>E@<F5:6?)79)D?8:?9@:Q)C?==?)=mCA?):?6HF?)56D7::5HF?K)+<)D7D9F<=578)8G?:=) D@7H<HF?6?8=)D<:)?8C7@?)D@M=?)I)@79J@5@)79)@?B78>@?)F<)C78:=5=9=578Q)6<5:)C?F<)8?)J?9=)D<:)>5@?)P9G5F)8?)B<9=)D<:) :Gb)D@ED<@?@K)F)@?J5?8=)>78C)I)879:Q)F<);E8E@<=578):95J<8=?Q)>?)879:)b)D@ED<@?@K)g?)C@75:)P9?)C?)Y79@8<F)?:=)98?) D?=5=?)E=<D?)J?@:)C?==?)D@ED<@<=578)?=)C78=@5H9?)E;<F?6?8=)I)58B7@6?@):?:)F?C=?9@:):9@)>5J?@:)<:D?C=:)>9):9Y?=K)) +?:)<@=5CF?:)B@<8C7DA78?:)>?)C?==?)E>5=578) Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
8 ) /9)>EH9=)>?)C?=)E>5=7@5<FQ)YG<5)6?8=5788E)F?)D7=?8=5?F)>9)BE>E@<F5:6?)C766?)98)67b?8)>?)B<5@?)C7A<H5=?@) DF9:5?9@:)?=A85?:)I)FG58=E@5?9@)>G98):?9F).=<=)BE>E@<FK)+?)BE>E@<F5:6?)D79@@<5=)9F=56?6?8=)985B5?@)DF9:5?9@:)D?9DF?:K) +?)D@?65?@)<@=5CF?)>?)C?==?)E>5=578)=@<5=?):DEC5B5P9?6?8=)>?)C?):9Y?=K)1?@79<8)1?n79<@)>?6<8>?):5)F?)BE>E@<F5:6?) ><8:)98)C78=?O=?)69F=5?=A85P9?)?:=)J5<HF?)I)F78;)=?@6?K)/B58)>?)@ED78>@?)I)C?==?)P9?:=578Q)5F)D<::?)?8)@?J9?) DF9:5?9@:).=<=:)69F=5?=A85P9?:)P95)78=)<>7D=E)F?)BE>E@<F5:6?)C766?):b:=]6?)D7F5=5P9?K)(?@=<58:).=<=:)C766?)F<) l?f;5p9?)?=)f<)095::?)78=)d@79je)p9g5f)e=<5=)d7::5hf?)>?):9@j5j@?)?8)=<8=)p9?)be>e@<=578k)&g98)<9=@?)cd=eq)f<) #CAEC7:F7J<P95?)?=)F<)c79;7:F<J5?):78=)>?:)?O?6DF?:)BF<;@<8=:)>GECA?C:)P95):?):78=)D<@B75:):7F>E:)D<@)98?) :ED<@<=578)J57F?8=?)>?:)?=A85?:)?8)>?)DF9:)D?=5=?:)?8=5=E:)E=<=5P9?:K)F)?ODF5P9?)F?:)C<9:?:)>?:)ECA?C:)79)>?:) @E9::5=?:Q):?F78)F?)C<:K)) ) '8?)<9=@?)@E9::5=?)?8)C?)P95)C78C?@8?)98).=<=)BE>E@<F)?:=)FG/FF?6<;8?Q)6<F;@E)F?:)A<9=:)?=)F?:)H<:) A5:=7@5P9?:)>?)C?)D<b:Q)5F)<)@E9::5)I)C78:?@J?@):78)58=E;@5=E);E8E@<F?Q):5)78)79HF5?)F<)DE@57>?)>?:)>?9O)/FF?6<;8?:) F7@:)>?)F<)`9?@@?)B@75>?K)(?@=<58:)>5@78=)P9?):95J@?)FGA5:=75@?)BE>E@<F?)>?)FG/FF?6<;8?)@?J5?8>@<5=)I):95J@?)FGA5:=75@?) >9)BE>E@<F5:6?)?8)=<8=)P9?)=?FK o )+?):?C78>)<@=5CF?Q)EC@5=)D<@)L<=@5Cn)+?65?9OQ)D@E:?8=?)F<)C76D<@<5:78)>?:)=@75:) :b:=]6?:)be>e@<=5b:)<ff?6<8>:q)>?)rtvw)i)uwwpk)/9)>eh9=)>9):?c78>),6d5@?q)f?)be>e@<f5:6?)<)e=e)d?@j9)c766?)98) 67b?8)D<C5B5P9?)?=)FE;<F)>?)C78:?@J?@)DF9:5?9@:)?8=5=E:)D7F5=5P9?:)DF9:)D?=5=?:)?=)>G?8)<88?O?@)P9?FP9?:)<9=@?:)D<@) F<)8E;7C5<=578K)+G<9=?9@)D<@C79@=)FGA5:=75@?)<FF?6<8>?)?=)?ODF5P9?)F?:)>EC5:578:)D@5:?:)I)FGED7P9?)<9):9Y?=)>?:) D79J75@:)D<@B75:)C?8=@<F5:E:Q)D<@B75:)>EC?8=@<F5:E:K)F)>5:C9=?)<9::5)>?)FG56D7@=<8C?)>?:);9?@@?:)><8:)F?)@?67>?F<;?) >9)BE>E@<F5:6?)<FF?6<8>K) ) (766?)Y?)FG<5)6?8=5788E)<9)>EH9=Q)5F)b)<)DF9:5?9@:)=?8:578:)<9=79@)>?)F<)C78:=5=9=578)C<8<>5?88?K)&G98?) D<@=Q)F?)h9EH?C)8?):?):?8=)D<:)@?:D?C=EQ)85)@?C7889)D<@)@<DD7@=)<9O)D@7J58C?:)<8;F7DA78?:K)&G98?)<9=@?)D<@=Q) C?@=<58?:)C76DE=?8C?:):9DDFE6?8=<5@?:):78=)@ECF<6E?:)D<@)F<)D@7J58C?Q)87=<66?8=)><8:)F?)>76<58?)>?)F<)C9F=9@?)?=)>?:)<BB<5@?:)E=@<8;]@?:K)F)8?)B<9=)C?D?8><8=)D<:)79HF5?@)P9?Q)D@?:P9?)><8:)FG76H@?Q)FG/FH?@=<)C766?8C?)I):?) :?8=5@)C9F=9@?FF?6?8=)I)D<@=)?=)P9?):?:)5>E7F7;5?:)8?):78=)D<:)@?:D?C=E?:K)+<)D7::5H5F5=E)P9?)C?==?)D@7J58C?):?):ED<@?) >9)(<8<><)<J<8=)6M6?)F?)h9EH?C)DF<8?)=79Y79@:K)&<8:)F?)=@75:5]6?)<@=5CF?Q)>78=)Y?):95:)FG<9=?9@Q)YG?ODF7@?)I) =@<J?@:)FGA5:=75@?)<FH?@=<58?):78)F5?8)D<@)@<DD7@=)<9)(<8<><)?=)F<)BE>E@<=578K)g?)=?8=?)>G<8<Fb:?@Q)<J?C)FG<5>?)>?) >788E?:):=<=5:=5P9?:Q)D79@P975)C?@=<58?:)D7F5=5P9?:)?=)5>E7F7;5?:)D?9J?8=)M=@?):5)>5BBE@?8=?:)>9)@?:=?)>9)D<b:Q)<9) D758=)>?)J79F75@):G?8):ED<@?@K)gG?ODF7@?)E;<F?6?8=)P9?FP9?:)@?F<=578:)D@E:?8=?:)?=)D<::E?:)?8=@?)FG/FH?@=<Q)F?) (<8<><Q):?:)D@7J58C?:)J75:58?:)?=)>G<9=@?:)D<b:)><8:)F?)678>?K) ) L5?@@?).FF57=)#@9>?<9)?:=)FG98)>?:)D?@:788<;?:)P95)<)F?)DF9:)C78=@5H9E)I)B7@;?@)F?)BE>E@<F5:6?)C<8<>5?8)=?F) P9G5F)?:=)<9Y79@>GA95Q)D@58C5D<F?6?8=);@mC?)I):78)@<D<=@5?6?8=)>?)F<)C78:=5=9=578)>?)RSTR3RSTUK)F)C@7b<5=)?8)F<) 3 Paul Colonge, Les Fédéralismes : travaux et recherches, Presses universitaires Septentrion, 1996, p83 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
9 B7@=?)C?8=@<F5:<=578)>?:)D79J75@:K)0?F78)F95Q)F?)8<=578<F5:6?)?=A85P9?)8G<J<5=)D<:):<)DF<C?)<9)D<b:Q):<)J5:578)E=<5=) DF9:)985J?@:<F5:=?)q)=79=)F?)678>?)?:=)E;<FQ)D?@:788?)8G<9@<)>?)=@<5=?6?8=)>?)B<J?9@K)L79@)C?@=<58:Q)98?)=?FF?)D?8:E?) <DDF5P9E?)<9):b:=]6?)D7F5=5P9?)C<8<>5?8)EF75;8?)F?)D<b:)>G98?)BE>E@<=578K)/9)>ED<@=)C78=@?)F?)8<=578<F5:6?Q) #@9>?<9)CA<8;?)>?)D7:5=578)D79@)C@E?@)98)C?@=<58)8<=578<F5:6?)C<8<>5?8Q)H<:E):9@)F?:)>5BBE@?8C?:)?=A85P9?:)?=)F?) 69F=5C9F=9@<F5:6?K)+?)P9<=@5]6?)<9=?9@Q)1<O56?)L?@@?<9F=)E=9>5?)FG<8=58<=578<F5:6?)>?)#@9>?<9)?8)F?)C76D<@<8=) I)r?>79@5?K)F)?ODF5P9?)F?:)<@;96?8=:)>?)C?)>?@85?@)D79@)?8:95=?):?)@<DD7@=?@)I)#@9>?<9)?=)I):78)CA?658?6?8=K)F) F?)6?=)?8:95=?)><8:)F?)C78=?O=?)D7F5=5P9?)><8:)F?P9?F)C?F953C5)<)EJ7F9E)D79@)?8B58)?ODF5P9?@):?:)>?@85]@?:)D7:5=578:) I)F<)=M=?)>9)(<8<><K) &?@85?@:)67=:) ) +?)BE>E@<F5:6?)?:=)?8C7@?)>G<C=9<F5=EQ)8?):?@<5=3C?)P9G?8)C?)P95)C78C?@8?)F?)(<8<><Q)879:Q)F?:)E=9>5<8=:)?8) ;E8E@<FQ):?@78=)<DD?FE:)I)@ED78>@?)<9O)P9?:=578:)D7:E?:)D<@)87:)C78C5=7b?8:)F7@:)>?:)>EH<=:)C78:=5=9=5788?F:) B9=9@:K)(?)Y79@8<F)8?):G<>@?::?)D<:):?9F?6?8=)<9O)E=9>5<8=:Q)6<5:)I)=79=?)D?@:788?)>E:5@?9:?)>G?8):<J75@)DF9:):9@) F?)BE>E@<F5:6?K)F)D?@6?=)I)=79:)>?)J75@)7f)?8):78=)F?:)E=9>5<8=:)985J?@:5=<5@?:)>?)D@?65?@)CbCF?)><8:)F?9@)@EBF?O578) D<@)@<DD7@=)<9)BE>E@<F5:6?)?=)D79@)879:)C<8<>5?8:Q)>?)J75@)7f)879:)<FF78:)><8:)98)B9=9@)@<DD@7CAEK)"79:)?:DE@78:)P9?)C?==?)E>5=578)J79:)DF<5@<Q)879:)b)<J78:)65:)H?<9C79D)>?)=?6D:)?=)>G?BB7@=:K)05)J79:)<J?s)>?:) C766?8=<5@?:)79):7965::578:)D79@)98?)E>5=578)B9=9@?Q)879:)F?:)<CC?D=78:)>]:)6<58=?8<8=K)05)J79:)J79F?s)B<5@?) D<@=5?)>?)87=@?)EP95D?)>?)C7FF<H7@<=?9@:)79)>?)@E><C=578Q)8GAE:5=?s)D<:)I)879:)?8)B<5@?)D<@=K)) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) l5hf57;@<da5?) ) (@75:<=)1<9@5C?Q)+?)BE>E@<F5:6?)><8:)F?:)>E67C@<=5?:)C78=?6D7@<58?:Q)178=CA@?:=5?8Q)L<@5:Q)RSSpK) ) /FF<58)/KQ)&9D78=)1KQ)t?<@8)1KQ)+?:)-E>E@<F5:6?:Q)L@?::?:)985J?@:5=<5@?:)0?D=?8=@578Q)L<@5:Q)RSSu) ) #@?6HF<b)1<878Q)L?FF?=5?@)$EY?<8Q)+?)D<@F?6?8=<@5:6?)C<8<>5?8Q)L@?::?:)>?)F^'85J?@:5=E)+<J<FQ)h9EH?CQ)UWWp) Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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édéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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`//-%*0-1(''')%'6)(.&561G.>'U;*0>%56*50/(-?5.D.D*.'0)-'%*=G*66'*5=*(.&/5')K%#/(.70*%')-' %* >A=G'@ $5 a<a' 6.8=%'C %'6 =/5('5(6 -'6 &/.6 ') 3*(=G*0-6 -' H/5((5('6 6' 6/0) 3*(.,6 K -'6 $3,(.0-.'00'6C%'5(6'0H*0)66/0)-'D'056-'69,).6@ Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
12 1'6-'(0.'(6/0)=(,,%'5(3/-'-'D.'65(%'3/-8%' -'%'5(6*0=A)('6$3,(.0-.'06@ "'>('3.'('5(/>,'0K*))'.0-('%#$%&'()**,), %'=/5('5(-'6&/.6$0)G/0;O'0-*;'0[b^cE[b^^/d.%6#'6)I/.0)K%*)(.&5M%*=TH//)>/5('B>%/('(')*%%'( =G*66'(%'&.6/0@$D'=%#*((.D,'-'6V5(/>,'06C %*D.' -'6$3,(.0-.'06'6)>*66,'-'D.'0/3*-'K50'?5. 3'))*.)%*=G*66'*5&.6/0')%*?5A)'-'6H/5((5('6*5 ='0)(' -' %'5(6 >(,/==5>*)./06@ "'6,=G*07'6 -' H/5((5(' /0),7*%'3'0) >'(3.6 -#*=?5,(.( -'6.0H/(3*)./06 >(,=.'56'6?5*0) K %* 7,/7(*>G.' -' %* (,7./0@ "'6)'(('6-'%#P5'6)=*0*-.'0/0)*>>*()'05K %*=/3>*70.'-5Q/(-EP5'6)I56?5#K6*H56./0*D'=%* =/3>*70.'-'%*M*.'-#O5-6/0'0[_e[Z'%%'6H5('0) *%/(6)(*06H,(,'6K='))'-'(0.8(''03A3')'3>6?5' %* H56./0@ f >*().( -' [_c]c %#$%&'()* -'D.'0) %* =.&%' -'6 3.66./00*.('6C?5. 6#;,)*&%.(/0) *H.0 -' (,>*0-(' %'5(H/.=G'g%'6$3,(.0-.'06@"*>%5>*()-'63.66./06 -' %#,>/?5' /0),), %* &*6' -' >%56.'5(6 D.%%'6 /5 D.%%*7'6*=)5'%6@ V0[_b]C%*=/3>*70.'-'%*M*.'-#O5-6/0* ('3.6%*)/)*%.),-'6'6)'(('6'0$3,(.?5'-5Q/(-*5 1*0*-*@"'7/5D'(0'3'0)=*0*-.'0/5D('%#P5'6)K%* =/%/0.6*)./0'0[_be')=(,'%*>/%.='3/0),''0[_bh@ V0[_bcC.%%'6'0D/.',)*&%.(%'5(>('3.'(>/6)'-*06 %*(,7./0K+/()9*=%'/-C*D'=C>/5(>('3.8('3.66./0C -' =/0)(J%'( %' =/33'(=' -5 `.6T;@ V0 [ hc %' =G'3.0-'H'()(*06=/0).0'0)*%*((.D'')/5D('%#P5'6) K%*=/%/0.6*)./0@ [ 1/0)(*.('3'0) K -#*5)('6 >(/D.0='6C %#$%&'()* 0#*>*6=G/.6.-#*-G,('(*51*0*-*@"*>(/D.0='*,), =(,,' 6/56 %#*5)/(.), -' %* "/. =/06).)5)./00'%%' -' [_b['0d'()5-'%*"/.65(%#$%&'()*%'e]i5.%%')[\]^@ e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i(*0-'em(')*70'c -#$%%'3*70'C-#NT(*.0'')-':/53*0.'@ h "* >/>5%*)./0 -' %#$%&'()* =(/j) )(86 (*>.-'3'0)-'>5.66*=(,*)./0k'0[ [/00'('='06'?5'[]]]0/0$3,(.0-.'06/50/09,).6C[b^]]'0 [_\[C bh]ee '0 [\][ ') hbce\^ '0 [\[[C >/5( '0 *((.D'(Ke\bc_]b'0e]][@ c V0>%56-'60*.66*0='6C %#.33.7(*)./0.0)'(>(/D.0=.*%' '6) 50 7(*0- H*=)'5( -#*==(/.66'3'0) -' %* >/>5%*)./0 *%&'()*.0'@ $>(86 %* =(.6',=/0/3.?5' -' [\e\c %'6.33.7(*0)6,)(*07'(6 ='66'0)-'6#;,)*&%.(@ "* >/>5%*)./0 *%&'()*.0' *5 -,>*(),)*.) 3*I/(.)*.('3'0) (5(*%'C 3.6 K >*() %/(6 -' %* >,(./-' *D*0) [\]^ /d '%%',)*.) 5(&*.0' K b^lc =*( %* =*3>*70'0#,)*.)>*6'0=/('-,D'%/>>,'')%*D.%%'>%56 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
13 6m('@ W86 [\[[C nhl -'6 7'06 D.D*.'0) '0 '0 3.%.'5B (5(*%C>(.0=.>*%'3'0)K=*56'-'%#*%%/=*)./07(*)5.)'-' %/)6-')'(('6=5%).D*&%'6*5B0/5D'*5BD'056@W'>5.6 =' )'3>6C %* >/>5%*)./0 * =/0).05, -' 6#5(&*0.6'( I56?5#'0[\^[/dc_l-'%*>/>5%*)./0'6)5(&*.0'@W' 0/6 I/5(6 _[l -'6 $%&'()*.06 D.D'0) '0 D.%%'@^ $566.C 3A3'6.%*>/>5%*)./0(5(*%'C-'3A3'?5'%'0/3&(' )/)*%-'H'(3'6-.3.05'C%*>/()./0-'6)'(('6=5%).D,'6 =/0).05'-#*573'0)'(@W'[\\nKe]][C%'0/3&('-' H'(3'6 '6) >*66, -' ^\]]b K ^hn^e3 )*0-.6?5' %* )*.%%'3/;'00'-'6H'(3'6'6)>*66,'-'h^nG'=)*('6K h\h@ n 1'))' )'0-*0=' 6'3&%' A)(' %* 3A3' >*()/5) K )(*D'(6%'1*0*-*C6*5H?5'%*)*.%%'-'6)'(('6'0=*56' '6).33'06'@ "*>/>5%*)./0H(*0=/>G/0'-*06%*>(/D.0='* )/5I/5(6,), 50' 3.0/(.),@ $566.C %'6 >/%.).?5'6 %'6 =/0='(0*0)*D*.'0)>/5(3.66./0-'%'6*66.3.%'(C0/56 *%%/06 =/5D(.( ='%%'6E=. >%56 %/.0@ "* >/>5%*)./0 H(*0=/>G/0' *=)5'%%' 6' (,653' K ^_nc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kK%#P5'6)C'%%''6)&/(-,'>*(%'6:/=G'56'6C?5.H/(3'0)50'6/()'-'35(%#'3>A=G*0)-'D/.(%* 1/%/3&.'EM(.)*00.?5'@$565-C.%6#*7.)-'6R(*.(.'6C50 )'((.)/.(' D.-' -#*(&('6C 3*.6 H'().%'@ "'6 R(*.(.'6 >*66'0)>*(H/.6*5)(*D'(6-#,>.6/-'6-'6,=G'('66'6') -#.0/0-*)./06 =;=%.?5'6C 3*.6 '0 3/;'00'C %* )'3>,(*)5(' '6) >(/>.=' K %#*7(.=5%)5('@ $5 0/(-C %* (,7./0 '6) =/5D'()' -' H/(A)6 ') -' %*=6.33'06'6 ') >%56%/.0C='6/0)%*)/50-(*')%'>'(7,%.6/%@f%#V6)C%'6 R(*.(.'6 6' >(/%/07'0) '0 2*6T*)=G'U*0@ f =*56' -'6 :/=G'56'6C?5. *((A)'0) %* 3*I/(.), -'6 05*7'6 ') %#G53.-.), '0 >(/D'0*0=' -' %#/=,*0 R*=.H.?5'C %' =%.3*) '6) )(86 6'=@ "'6 G.D'(6 6/0) )(86 H(/.-6C )*0-.6?5'%'6,),6*66'g=G*5-@ "*(,7./0-'6R(*.(.'6'6))(86H'().%'')-,7*7,' -' )/5) /&6)*=%' 0*)5('%C ='?5. '6) >(/>.=' K %#*7(.=5%)5(' '0 )/5) 7'0('@ "#$%&'()* '6) 50 7(*0- >(/-5=)'5( -' &%,C -#/(7' ') -' 3*%)@ "* >(/D.0=' >(/-5.),7*%'3'0)50'7(*0-'?5*0).),-'&/D.06')-' >/(=6 *.06.?5#50'?5*0).), 3/;'00' -' D/%*.%%' ') -#*70'*5B@ b V%%' >/668-' 50.33'06' &*66.0 -' ('66/5(='6 0*)5('%%'6@ V%%' '6) %* >%56 7(*0-' >(/-5=)(.=' -' >,)(/%'C -' 7*g 0*)5('% ') *5)('6 >(/-5.)6 -,(.D,6 *5 1*0*-*@ V%%' >/668-',7*%'3'0) %'66*&%'6&.)53.0'5BC?5.6/0)'0=/('.0'B>%/.),6@V%%' >(/-5.)&'*5=/5>-'=G*(&/0C6/5HH('CH'(C0.=T'%')-' >(/-5.)6 H/('6).'(6C?5#'%%' 'B>/()' >*()/5) -*06 %' 3/0-'@ $H.0 -' (,-5.(' 6* -,>'0-*0=' H*=' *5B ('D'056 >(/D'0*0) -'6 >(/-5.)6 >,)(/%.'(6C %#$%&'()* =/33'0='K>(/-5.('')'B>/()'(-'%*3*=G.0'(.'') Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
14 -'6 >(/-5.)6 -' G*5)' )'=G0/%/7.'@ "* >(/D.0=' *==5'.%%',7*%'3'0) &'*5=/5> -' )/5(.6)'6@ 1'6 -'(0.'(6 ; D.'00'0) 7,0,(*%'3'0) *H.0 -' D.6.)'( %* 0*)5('C *-3.('( %'6 >*;6*7'6 ') D.6.)'( %'6 7%*=.'(6 =/33'='%5.>(,6'0)KM*0HH@N0'*5)('*))(*=)./0C?5' %* >(/D.0=' /HH('C '6) %'6 `'6) V-3/0)/0 9*%%C?5. =/5D('>%56-'c_>X),6-'3*.6/06K%5.6'5%')'6)%#50 -'6 >%56 7(*0-6 *5 3/0-'@ _ "#$%&'()* '6),7*%'3'0) %#'0-(/.)*53/0-'/d.%;*%*>%567(*0-'>(,6'0='-' H/66.%'6')-#/6-'-.0/6*5('6*53/0-'@ V0='?5.=/0='(0'%*3*.0-#/'5D('C%#$%&'()* '3>%/.' h[hh]] >'(6/00'6 -' [^ K ec *06 ') [c_[^]]-'e^*06')>%56@"'6'=)'5(>5&%.='3>%/.' h]c]]] >'(6/00'6C %' >(.D, [ [^]^]]C )*0-.6?5' %' 0/3&('-#'3>%/;,6*5)/0/3'6*))'.0)hc]c]]@ \ O.6)/.('>/%.).?5'-'%#$%&'()* R%56.'5(6,D,0'3'0)6/0).0H%5'0=,%*>/%.).?5' *%&'()*.0' *5 =/5(6-5 aa' 6.8=%'@ L/.=. 50 &('H *>'(o5 -' ='5BE=.C 0/56 *%%/06 '0 'B>%/('( ='()*.06 >%56 '0 >(/H/0-'5( >%56 %/.0@ 1/33' 0/56 %#*D/06 3'0)./00, =.E-'6656C %* >/%.).?5' H,-,(*%' -#.33.7(*)./0 ') -' =/%/0.6*)./0 -' %#P5'6),)*.) *7('66.D' ') *))(.&5*.) 7(*)5.)'3'0) -'6 )'(('6@ 1'))' >/%.).?5' '6) K %* 6/5(=' 3A3' -5 &//3 -,3/7(*>G.?5'C?5' %* >(/D.0=' * =/005 -*06 6'6 -,&5)6@ 1'>'0-*0)C %* =(.6',=/0/3.?5' -'6 *00,'6 [\h]c?5.h5)*==/3>*70,'>*(50'7(*d'6,=g'('66'c* 6)/>>, 0') %#'B>*06./0 -' %* >/>5%*)./0 ') * 3A3' H/(=, >%56.'5(6 K?5.))'( %* >(/D.0=' *H.0 -' >/5D/.( 65&6.6)'(@ "* -,=/5D'()' -#.3>/()*0)6 7.6'3'0)6 -' >,)(/%' -'>5.6 [\cb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p%*3*%*-.'-'%*D*=G' H/%%'q*)/5=G,-5('3'0)%'6,%'D'5(6-'&,)*.%@1'5BE=. 0' >'5D'0) >%56,=/5%'( %'5(6 *0.3*5B >/5( %* =/06/33*)./0 G53*.0'C K =*56' -' %#'3&*(7/ 3*.0)'05>*(%*>%5>*()-'6>*()'0*.('6-'%*>(/D.0='C *H.0 -' 0' >*6 >(/>*7'( %* 3*%*-.' =G'g '5B@ $566.C %#$%&'()**)/5I/5(6'550'>/%.).?5'-#*66.3.%*)./0-'6 H(*0=/>G/0'6@R/5(='H*.('C'%%'*5).%.6,6*I5(.-.=)./0 -*06 %' -/3*.0' -' %#,-5=*)./0C *H.0 -#,D.)'(C *5)*0)?5' >/66.&%'C?5' ='5BE=. *.'0) 50',-5=*)./0 '0 H(*0o*.6@ "' 7/5D'(0'3'0) H,-,(*% * ='>'0-*0) D/), ='()*.0'6 %/.6 -/00*0) *==86 K 50',-5=*)./0 H(*0=/>G/0'%K/d%*=/0='0)(*)./0-'>/>5%*)./0,)*.) 65HH.6*0)'@ V0 $%&'()*C >5.6?5' %* >/>5%*)./0 H(*0=/>G/0',)*.) =%*.(6'3,'C %* %/. * '5 )(86 >'5 -#'HH')@ "/(6 -' %#*-/>)./0 -' %* 1G*()' -'6 -(/.)6 ') %.&'(),6>*(%'7/5D'(0'3'0)-'R.'(('V%%./))4(5-'*5C %#$%&'()**-m%*('6>'=)'(')h/5(0.(50',-5=*)./0'0 H(*0o*.6K)/56='5B?5.%'-'3*0-*.'0)@ [] Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
15 "'6R('3.'(69.0.6)('6 "#$%&'()* * %* )(*-.)./0 -#A)(' )(86 6)*&%' *5 0.D'*5>/%.).?5'C'0,%.6*0)C>/5(-'%/075'6>,(./-'6 -' )'3>6C %'6 3A3'6 >*().6 *5 >/5D/.(@ W*06 ='?5. 65.)C 0/56 *%%/06,0/0='( %* %.6)' -'6 R('3.'(6 9.0.6)('6 *%&'()*.06 *5 =/5(6 -' %#G.6)/.(' -' %* >(/D.0='C *.06.?5' %'5(6 (*>>/()6 *D'= %' 7/5D'(0'3'0)H,-,(*%@ [[ $%'B*0-'(1*3'(/0:5)G'(H/(--'[\]^K[\[] <% -'D.'0) %' >('3.'( K /==5>'( %' >/6)' -' R('3.'( 9.0.6)('C )(,6/(.'( ') 3.0.6)(' -' %rf-5=*)./0 -' %* 0/5D'%%' >(/D.0=' -' %r$%&'()*@ 2/0 7/5D'(0'3'0) >(,=/0.6' %r'06'.70'3'0) >5&%.=C 50 (,6'*5 -' ),%,>G/0'>5&%.=')%'-,D'%/>>'3'0)-'6=G'3.06-' H'(@Q/56>/5D/060/))'(?5'='7/5D'(0'3'0)*50' ='()*.0' )'0-*0='.0)'(D'0)./00.6)' ') 6/=.*%.6)'C *5I/5(-#G5.-.6>*(5''0$%&'()*@ $()G5("'U.62.H)/0-'[\[]E[\[b <%'6)%r50-'6>('3.'(6K-,H'0-('*D'=H'(D'5(%'6)*)5) -'>(/D.0='@<%>(,=/0.6'%')(*06H'()K%*>(/D.0='-'6 ('66/5(='6 0*)5('%%'6C?5' s@v@ M(/U0%'' /&).'0-(* H.0*%'3'0) '0 [\h]@ V0 [\[nc.% *==/(-' %' -(/.) -' D/)'*5BH'33'6C')-'5B-r'0)(''%%'66/0)0/33,'6 I57'6 1G*(%'62)'U*()-'[\[bK[\e[ 2/0'HH.=*=.),=/33'=G'H-'7/5D'(0'3'0)K%*)A)' -r50 >*(). -.D.6, >*( -'6 6=*0-*%'6 '0)/5(*0) %*?5'6)./0-'6=G'3.06-'H'(C*.06.?5'>*(%*=(.6'-'%* =/06=(.>)./0 *5 H,-,(*%C '6) =/06)*33'0) ('3.6' '0?5'6)./0@ W' [\]^ K [\e[c %'6 ".&,(*5B /0),), *5 >/5D/.(@<%6/0)*%/(6%*.66,%*>%*='*5B+'(3.'(650.6 -'%#$%&'()*@ O'(&'()i(''0H.'%--'[\e[K[\e^ "'>*().-'6+'(3.'(650.6-'%#$%&'()**,),=(,,>'5 *D*0) %'6,%'=)./06 >(/D.0=.*%'6@ i(''0h.'%- -.(.7' %'6 'HH/()6-5 7/5D'(0'3'0).0'B>,(.3'0), -'6 +N$C >/5((,6/5-('%'6>(/&%83'6-'6,=G'('66'')-'=(,-.)?5'=/00*.66'0)%'6=5%).D*)'5(6-'%r$%&'()*C')>/5(%'6 *.-'( K H/(3'( 50 ('7(/5>'3'0) D/%/0)*.(' -*06 %' 6'=)'5( -5 &%, ') -r*5)('6 ('7(/5>'3'0)6 -' 3.6' '0 3*(=G,-'6>(/-5.)6-'&*6'@ s/g0v-u*(-m(/u0%''-'[\e^k[\hc 2*(,*%.6*)./0%*>%56.3>/()*0)''6)%*0,7/=.*)./0-5 )(*06H'() K %r$%&'()* -5 =/0)(J%' -' 6'6 ('66/5(='6 0*)5('%%'6C 50' '0)'0)'?5r.% (,-.7' ') 6.70' %' [c -,='3&('[\e\@ :.=G*(-i*D.0:'.-'0[\hc')[\h^ <% >(,6'0)' -'6 %/.6 0/D*)(.='6 ('%*).D'3'0) *5 (87%'3'0)-'6-'))'6C.%'6)%'-'(0.'(R('3.'(9.0.6)(' ('>(,6'0)*0)%'6+N$@ 25.)'K%*=(.6',=/0/3.?5'-'[\e\C%'1(,-.) 6/=.*%>('0-%*)A)'-'%*>(/D.0='C*D'=-'6.-,'6>/5( (,-5.(' %#.3>*=) -'6 6,=G'('66'6 ') -' %* =(.6' 65( %'6 H'(3.'(6')%*>/>5%*)./0'07,0,(*%'@ Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
16 `.%%.*3$&'(G*()-'[\h^K[\ch R*6)'5( ') H'(D'0) ('%.7.'5BC $&'(G*() 6r.0),('66'C '0 [\hec *5B -/=)(.0'6 -' (,H/(3' 3/0,)*.(' -5 3*I/( 1@O@W/57%*6C.07,0.'5(&(.)*00.?5'C?5.=(/.)?5'%' =*>.)*%.63' =%*66.?5' 6r'HH/0-('(*,D'0)5'%%'3'0)C =*( %' =/0)(J%' >(.D, -5 =(,-.) 380'(* K 50'.065HH.6*0=' =G(/0.?5'-5>/5D/.(-r*=G*)-'%*3*66'@"*6/%5)./0C 6'%/0%5.C-'3'5('%*65(D'.%%*0=',)*).?5'-5=(,-.)') %* -.6)(.&5)./0 -' (*&*.6 *5B =/06/33*)'5(6C >/5(,)*&%.(50,?5.%.&(''0)('%*=/06/33*)./0')%*>%'.0' >(/-5=)./0@ $&'(G*() 3/-.H.' ') D5%7*(.6' ='))' -/=)(.0' '0 50' >(/>/6.)./0 6'%/0 %*?5'%%' =G*?5' =.)/;'0 ('o/.) 50' t-.d.-'0-' -' &*6' u -' e^ v >*( 3/.6C>/5(*=G')'(%'6*().=%'6-'&*6'Z='))'6/33'CK %#,>/?5'C'6),0/(3'@ N0' H/.6 R('3.'( 9.0.6)('C $&'(G*() 6' ('0- =/3>)'?5r.% 0' >'5) )'0.( 6'6 >(/3'66'6,%'=)/(*%'6@ 2/03/(*)/.('65(%'('=/5D('3'0)-'-'))'6,>*(70' ='()*.0'6 H'(3'6 ') ='()*.06 H/;'(6C 3*.6 6/0 =/0='>) -51(,-.)6/=.*%0'6r'6)I*3*.6=/0=(,).6,@V0[\hbCK %*65.)'-r50'.3>/()*0)'=(.6'*56'.0-'6/0=*5=56C.% 6'D/.)/&%.7,-r*=='>)'(%r*.-'-'6,3.66*.('6-53*I/( W/57%*6 D'056 -r$07%')'(('@ "* %/. 3/0,)*.('?5r.%6 >(,6'0)'0) '6) (*>.-'3'0) -,6*D/5,' >*( %' 7/5D'(0'3'0) H,-,(*% ') >(,=.>.)' %* =(,*)./0 -' %* 1/33.66./0 :/U'%%E2.(/.6 65( %'6 ('%*)./06 '0)(' %' W/3.0./0')%'6>(/D.0='6@ V(0'6)1G*(%'69*00.07-'[\chK[\n_ $5B,%'=)./06 -' [\ccc.% 6r/>>/6' K %* -'3*0-' -5 11+ -' 0*)./0*%.6'( %'6 '0)('>(.6'6?5. /HH('0) -'6 6'(D.='6 >5&%.=6 ').% %r'3>/()' G*&.%'3'0)@ "' 7/5D'(0'3'0) -' 9*00.07 '6) 3*(?5, >*( 50' >/%.).?5' H.0*0=.8(' =/06'(D*)(.=' ') -'6 (,H/(3'6 6/=.*%'6>(5-'0)'6@$>(86%*-,=/5D'()'-'%r.33'06' =G*3> -' >,)(/%' -' "VWN1C '0 [\cbc %' 7/5D'(0'3'0)'0)('D/.)C7(X='K='60/5D'*5B('D'056C %*>/66.&.%.),-'H.0*0='(50t&/07/5D'(0'3'0)u@<% *-/>)' -'6 >/%.).?5'6 >,)(/%.8('6?5. *)).('0) %'6 =*>.)*5B').%'B>%/.)'='6('66/5(='6*53*B.353@"'6.0-56)(.'6 6' -,D'%/>>'0) (*>.-'3'0)C %'6 ('D'056 >(/D.0=.*5B3/0)'0)'0H%8=G'')-'6H/0-66/0)D'(6,6 K %r,-5=*)./0c %* 6*0), ') %' )(*06>/()C 6. &.'0?5' %r$%&'()*'0)('-*06%r8('3/-'(0'@"r*-3.0.6)(*)./0-' 9*00.07 0r'6) >*6 3*(?5,' >*( %* =/((5>)./0 ')C 3*%7(,-r,0/(3'665(>%56&5-7,)*.('6C%*=(/.66*0='-5 7/5D'(0'3'0)'6)&.'03*j)(.6,'@ W'H*.&%'6)*B'6C6*5H-5(*0)?5'%?5'63/.6'0 [\hnc/d%'7/5d'(0'3'0)*%&'()*.00'>(,%8d'>*6-' )*B' -' D'0)' >(/D.0=.*%'C =/5>%,'6 K -'6 6'(D.='6 'HH.=*='6C 6*06 =/3>)'( %* ('=).)5-'.0,&(*0%*&%' -' 9*00.07C /0) H*.) -' %5. 50 G/33' >/%.).?5'.0D.0=.&%'@V0-,6*==/(-*D'=%r/(.'0)*)./0t7*5=G.6)'u -5 H,-,(*%C >%56 >*().=5%.8('3'0) *>(86 %r,%'=)./0 -'6 %.&,(*5B'0[\nhC6/56"'6)'(M@R'*(6/0C.%6r/>>/6'K >%56.'5(6 >/%.).?5'6 H,-,(*%'6C 0/)*33'0) K %r*665(*0='e3*%*-.' /&%.7*)/.(' K %r,=g'%%' 0*)./0*%'@ <% >(,6'0)' 6/0 >(/>(' (,7.3' -r*665(*0='e3*%*-.' 0/0 /&%.7*)/.('C 3*.6 %r$%&'()* '6) H.0*%'3'0) /&%.7,' -r*-g,('(*5(,7.3'h,-,(*%@"*d'05'-'9*00.07*5 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
17 >/5D/.(6.70'%*H.0-'6>/%.).?5'6-'7*5=G'6C=/33' %* 3*I/(.), -'6 *5)('6 >(/D.0='6 =*0*-.'00'6@ 1' -'(0.'(('6)'e_*06*5>/5D/.(C*66'g-')'3>6>/5( H/(7'(50'=5%)5('>/%.).?5''),=/0/3.?5'-.6).0=)''0 $%&'()*@ O*((;V-U.02)(/3-'[\n_K[\b[ <% '6) %' >('3.'( $%&'()*.0 -' 0*.66*0=' K /==5>'( %' >/6)'-'R('3.'(9.0.6)('-'%r$%&'()*C3*.66/0(870' *,), ('%*).D'3'0) =*%3'@ <% '6) %' -'(0.'( R('3.'( 9.0.6)('*>>*()'0*0)*51(,-.)6/=.*%@ W' [\b[ K *5I/5(-#G5.C %#$%&'()* *,), 7/5D'(0,>*(%'>*().1/06'(D*)'5(@ R')'("/57G''--'[\b[K[\_^ 2* >('3.8(' 7(*0-' 3'65(' '6) -r*573'0)'( %'6 ('-'D*0='6?5'%'66/=.,),6>,)(/%.8('6-/.D'0)D'(6'(K %*>(/D.0='@Q,7/=.*)'5()'0*='C.%'6),7*%'3'0)G*&.%' -*06 6'6 ('%*)./06 *D'= %'6 3,-.*6@ "'6 >(.0=.>*%'6.0.).*).D'6 -' 6/0 7/5D'(0'3'0) =/06.6)'0) '0 %r*==(/.66'3'0) -'6 ('D'056 -'6 ('66/5(='6 0*)5('%%'6 -' %* >(/D.0='C '0 %* >(/3/)./0-5 -,D'%/>>'3'0).0-56)(.'% ') -' %* -,='0)(*%.6*)./0 5(&*.0'C ') '0 %r*3,%./(*)./0-'66/.06-'6*0),w0/5d'*5bgj>.)*5b') *.-'*==(5'K%*('=G'(=G'3,-.=*%'x')-'66'(D.='6-' %/.6.(6w>*(=65(&*.06')%r.33'06'>*(=-'%*(,7./0-' y*0*0*6t.6x "'6 >/%.).?5'6 -' -,D'%/>>'3'0).0-56)(.'% -' "/57G''- '0=/5(*7'0) %r.0-56)(.' '0 =(/.66*0=' -' %* >,)(/=G.3.'C?5.).('>(/H.)-'6.33'06'6(,6'(D'6'0 7*g 0*)5('% -' %* >(/D.0='@ 2*=G*0) &.'0?5' %'6 (,6'(D'6 '0 >,)(/%' =%*66.?5' 6r,>5.6'(/0)C "/57G''-C *5 3/;'0 -' >/%.).?5'6 H.6=*%'6 H*D/(*&%'6 ') -r.0d'6).66'3'0)6 -.('=)6C H*D/(.6' %r'b>%/.)*)./0 -'6.33'06'6 (,6'(D'6 -' >,)(/%' %/5(- ') -' 6*&%'6 &.)53.0'5B@ V0 [\b_c %' >(/I') -' 6*&%'6 &.)53.0'5B -' 2;0=(5-' 1*0*-*C %' >%56.3>/()*0) =/3>%'B' -' =/3&56).&%'66;0)G,).?5'6*53/0-'C'6)(,*%.6,*D'=%* >*().=.>*)./0-5 7/5D'(0'3'0) >(/D.0=.*%@ P0 =(,',7*%'3'0) %' M5('*5 -' ('=G'(=G' ') -' )'=G0/%/7.' -'66*&%'6&.)53.0'5B-'%#$%&'()*C*H.0-r*3,%./('(%* )'=G0/%/7.' -' %* >(/-5=)./0 -' >(/-5.)6 >,)(/%.'(6 0/0=/0D'0)./00'%6@ "/57G''- 6r.0),('66',7*%'3'0) K %* -.D'(6.H.=*)./0 *7(.=/%' w=r'6)eke-.(' K %r'66/( -' %r.0-56)(.' -' %* )(*06H/(3*)./0 -'6 *%.3'0)6C K %r*==(/.66'3'0) -' %r.((.7*)./0 ') K 50' >%56 7(*0-' -.D'(6.), -'6 =5%)5('6x ').% =(,' %r$%&'()* O'(.)*7' +/50-*)./0H/(9'-.=*%:'6'*(=G@<%('=/00*j)?5'6/0 &5)5%).3'C-.D'(6.H.'(%r,=/0/3.'-'%*>(/D.0='>/5( *.06.*665('(6*>(/6>,(.),*5E-'%K-5>,)(/%'')-57*gC '6)H('.0,'0(*.6/0-'%*H*.&%'>/>5%*)./0-'%r$%&'()*C -' 6/0,%/.70'3'0) -'6 3*(=G,6,)(*07'(6 ') -5 =/0)(J%'-'6)*(.H6-/5*0.'(6>*(%'H,-,(*%@ 2* 7(*0-' (,*%.6*)./0C &.'0 -,)'(3.0, K 3*B.3.6'( %'6 ('D'056 -' %* >(/D.0=' ') K *665('( 50 *D'0.( 6*.0 -' 6/0,=/0/3.' K %/07 )'(3'C '6) %* =(,*)./0C'0[\bnC-'%r$%&'()*O'(.)*7'2*D.0764(56) +50-C?5. 3') -' =J), 50' >*().' -'6 ('D'056 >(/D'0*0) -5 >,)(/%' ') -5 7*g ')?5. 'HH'=)5' -'6 >%*='3'0)6K%/07)'(3'@ Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
18 W*06 %'6 *00,'6 b]c "/57G''- )(*D*.%%' K -/00'( 50 (J%' >%56.3>/()*0) K %r$%&'()* -*06 %'6 >(.6'6 -' -,=.6./06 K %r,=g'%%' 0*)./0*%'C 50 (J%'?5. =/(('6>/0-' K 6/0,=/0/3.' '0 =(/.66*0='@ <% 0' )/%8('*5=50'.0=5(6./0-5H,-,(*%-*06%'6*HH*.('6-' %*>(/D.0='@f%r.665'-'60,7/=.*)./06?5./0)3'0,K %*"/.=/06).)5)./00'%%'-'[\_eC.%-,H'0-*D'=H/(='%* >(/=,-5(' -' 3/-.H.=*)./0?5.C 6*06 -/00'( 50 -(/.) -' D')/C /HH('?5*0-3A3' *5B >(/D.0='6 '0 -,6*==/(- 50' />)./0 -' (')(*.) -'D*0) )/5) *3'0-'3'0)>/5D*0)(,-5.('%'5(6>/5D/.(6@<%6'H*.) >'(6/00'%%'3'0)%'=G*3>./0-'%*=%*56'*665(*0)%* >(.3*5),-'6*66'3&%,'6%,7.6%*).D'665(%'6)(.&50*5B@ 2/0>%567(*0-*HH(/0)'3'0)*D'=P))*U*C('%*).D'3'0) *5B('D'056>,)(/%.'(6C-/00'H.0*%'3'0)%.'5'0[\_[C K50''0)'0)'65(%*)*(.H.=*)./0-'%r,0'(7.'C>5.6K-'6 *==/(-65%),(.'5(6C?5./&%.7'(/0)%'H,-,(*%K0,7/=.'( %'6'0)'0)'665(%'6>(.B')%'6('='))'6-5>,)(/%'')-5 7*g>%5)J)?5'-'>(/=,-'(50.%*),(*%'3'0)@ "/57G''--/3.0'%*>/%.).?5'>(/D.0=.*%'-'%* 3A3' H*o/0?5' 9*00.07 50' 7,0,(*)./0 *D*0) ').% -/00'D/.B*5=G*>.)('*5B$%&'()*.06C?5.6/0)*%/(6 &%'66,6 -*06 %'5( /(75'.% ') 7(*0-'3'0) -,)'(3.0,6 K 6'H*.(''0)'0-('65(%*6=80'0*)./0*%'@ W/0*%-:/66i'));-'[\_^K[\\e <% H*.) H*=' K -'6 >(/&%83'6 -' 7'6)./0C *%/(6?5' %* D*%'5( K %* &*.66' -'6 ('66/5(='6 '0)(*j0' 50' 6,D8(' -.3.05)./0-'('D'056-*06%*>(/D.0='@i'));'6)50 H'(D'0) -,H'06'5( -' %#*==/(- -' ".&('E,=G*07' *D'= %'6F)*)6EN0.6C3*.66/0*-/>)./00r*?5'>'5-r'HH')6 65(%r,=/0/3.'=G*0='%*0)'-'%*>(/D.0='@ V0 (*.6/0 -'6 >'()'6 3*66.D'6 -' -'0.'(6 >5&%.=6 -*06 -'6 =/3>*70.'6 6/5)'05'6 >*( %rf)*)c =/33' Q/D*)'%C 0/)*33'0)C %* >/>5%*(.), -' i')); 6r'HH(.)' '0=/(' -*D*0)*7'@ <% =G'(=G' K 6' -/00'( 50 ('7*.0-'>/>5%*(.),'0/HH(*0)6/0*>>5.,0'(7.?5'K 50 2,0*),%5 ') *5B >.'(('6 -' )/5=G' )(*-.)./00'%%'6 -'6 >(/)'6)*)./06 -' %rp5'6)c )'%%' %r/>>/6.)./0 *5 &.%.075.63'/HH.=.'%@ "' 7/5D'(0'3'0) -' W/0*%- :/66 i')); * 3A3'3.6H.0*56/5).'0')K%#'0)(').'0-5%.'5)'0*0) 7/5D'(0'5(@f%#,>/?5'C=#'6)%'7/5D'(0'3'0)H,-,(*%?5.*D*.)-m.0)'(D'0.(')%/5'(50'65.)'-*0650GJ)'% *>(86?5' %* >(/D.0=' '5) H'(3, %* (,6.-'0=' -5 %.'5)'0*0)7/5D'(0'5(')'B>5%6,6/0/==5>*0)@ [e i')); =/0).05' K (,=%*3'( 50' (,H/(3' -5 2,0*)').%'6)(,=/3>'06,-*066*%5))'>*(%r.0=%56./0C -*06 %r$==/(- -' 1G*(%/))')/U0C -r50 2,0*) =/3>/()*0)500/3&(',7*%-'3'3&('6>/5(=G*?5' >(/D.0='@ 1r'6) %' =/5(/00'3'0) -' %* =*((.8(' >/%.).?5'-'i'));').%*00/0='?5r.%6'(').('-'%*D.' >/%.).?5'*>(86%*6.70*)5('-'%r$==/(-C%'\6'>)'3&(' [\\ec6.b6'3*.0'6*d*0)?5r50(,h,('0-530'('i'))' %r$==/(-'0$%&'()*')-*06>('6?5')/5)%'1*0*-*@ :*%>Gy%'.0-'[\\eK*5I/5(-rG5. $5B>(.6'6*D'=50'6.)5*)./0,=/0/3.?5'-,>%/(*&%' %*.66,' '0 G,(.)*7' >*( %' 7/5D'(0'3'0) i'));c.% '6) 0,*03/.06'03'65('-'-.66/=.'(6/07/5D'(0'3'0) -'6>/%.).?5'6-'6/0>(,-,='66'5(')(,566.)C7(X='K6* Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
19 >/>5%*(.),CK3'0'(6/0>*().K%*D.=)/.('*5B-,>'06 -'6%.&,(*5BC%/(6-'6,%'=)./06>(/D.0=.*%'6-5[^I5.0 [\\h@ "'7/5D'(0'3'0)-'y%'.0*-/>)'50'%/.?5. =/0)(*.0) %' 7/5D'(0'3'0) K,?5.%.&('( 6/0 &5-7') *D*0) [\\ne[\\b@ Wr.3>/()*0)'6 6,(.'6 -' =/5>5('6 -*06 %'6 -,>'06'6 6/0) 'HH'=)5,'6 6*06 )(/> -' (,6.6)*0=' -' %* >*() -r50' >/>5%*)./0 -,=.-,' K ='?5r/03'))'-'%r/(-('-*066'6H.0*0='6>5&%.?5'6@"' 65==86-'6'6>(/7(*33'6-'(,-5=)./0-'6-,>'06'6 %5.=/06'(D'%r*>>5.-'%*>/>5%*)./0C')='6.0.).*).D'6 6'(D'0) -' 3/-8%' >/5( %'6 *5)('6 7/5D'(0'3'0)6 >(/D.0=.*5B *5B >(.6'6 *D'= -r.3>/()*0)6 -,H.=.)6 &5-7,)*.('6@ <% (*%'0).) *%/(6 %r'hh/() -' (,-5=)./0 -' %* -'))' ') =/33'0='K(,.0D'6).(-*06-'6>(/7(*33'6)'%6?5' %*6*0),')%r,-5=*)./0@ W'[\\bKe]][C%'6('-'D*0='6-5>,)(/%'') -5 7*g ('3>%.66'0) %'6 =/HH('6-5 7/5D'(0'3'0) -' %r$%&'()*@"'7/5d'(0'3'0)-'y%'.0-,3/0)('?5'='6 65(>%566/0)%'(,65%)*)-'6/0>(/7(*33',=/0/3.?5' -' -.3.05)./0 -'6.3>J)6 ') -' 7/5D'(0'3'0) 3.0.3*%C 6/5D'0) -,6.70, =/33' %rt *D*0)*7' -' %r$%&'()* u@ "' 7/5D'(0'3'0) >/5(65.) %* -,(,7%'3'0)*)./0 ') %* >(.D*).6*)./0 )/5) '0 &*.66*0) '0=/(' %'6.3>J)6@ "'6 >(.0=.>*5B 'B'3>%'6 6/0) %* -,(,7%'3'0)*)./0'03*).8('-r,%'=)(.=.),K%*7(*0-'5( -' %* >(/D.0='C %'6.0.).*).D'6 >/5(.0),7('( -'6 =%.0.?5'6 ') -'6 GJ>.)*5B >(.D,6 -*06 %' 6;6)83' -' 6/.06-'6*0),')%r*-/>)./0-r50(,7.3'-r.3>J)K)*5B 50.H/(3'>/5()/56%'6$%&'()*.06'0e]][@ N0' &*.66' )'3>/(*.(' -'6 >(.B -5 7*g ') -5 >,)(/%' =(,' 50' 6.)5*)./0 -' =(.6' *5 0.D'*5 -'6 ('='))'6@ W*06 6/0 &5-7') -5 -,&5) -' e]]ec %' 7/5D'(0'3'0) y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édéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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h] =/33' 0/56 %#*D/06 3'0)./00,>%56G*5)@R*(%*65.)'C%/(6-'%#.06)*5(*)./0 -' q3'-.=*('q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h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c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n Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
21 $50.D'*5.0)'(0*)./0*%C0/56*D/06*>>(.6?5' %#$%&'()*'6))(86>(,6'0)'-*06%*3*I/(.),-'6>*;6@2* >(,6'0=' 6' D/.) 65()/5) *5 0.D'*5,=/0/3.?5' *D'= 6'6.0D'6).66'3'0)6 ') 'B>/()*)./06@ "* >(/D.0=' 'B>/()' &'*5=/5> -' 3*=G.0'(.' *7(.=/%' ') -#'B>%/.)*)./0 >,)(/%.8('C '0 >%56 -' 6'6 ('66/5(='6 0*)5('%%'6 ') *7(.=/%'6@ V%%' 'B>/()',7*%'3'0) -'6 >(/-5.)6 -' G*5)' )'=G0/%/7.'C =/33' -'6 =/3>/6*0)'6 -#/(-.0*)'5(6 ') -' ),%,=/350.=*)./0@ FD.-'33'0)C %* >(/D.0=' * 50' ('%*)./0 >(.D.%,7.,' *D'=%'6F)*)6EN0.6C/d'%%''B>/()'6/0>,)(/%'')6'6 >(/-5.)6 *7(.=/%'6@ "'6 F)*)6EN0.6 *=G8)'0) >/5( _\l -'6 'B>/()*)./06 >(/D.0=.*%'6 '0 e]]cc >/5( ^_@\ 3.%%.*(-6 -' -/%%*(6@ "#$%&'()* *,7*%'3'0)?5'%?5'6 *==/(-6&.%*),(*5B*D'=%'6F)*)6D/.6.06@ [b L.'0)'065.)' %*1G.0'C/d'%%''B>/()'6'6('66/5(='60*)5('%%'6')-' %#*0).7'% >(.0=.>*%'3'0)@ V0 e]]cc %* >(/D.0=' * 'B>/(), >/5( [@hn 3.%%.*(-6 -' -/%%*(6@ "* 1G.0' *,7*%'3'0)50*==/(-&.%*),(*%*D'=%#$%&'()**565I')-' %*2.'0=''))'=G0/%/7.'@ "'6-/66.'(6=G*5-6')%#*D'0.( V0 ='?5. =/0='(0' %'6 -/66.'(6 =G*5-6C %' >(/7(*33'-#'0('7.6)('3'0)-'6*(3'6KH'5*656=.), %* =/0)(/D'(6' '0 $%&'()*@ Q/0 6'5%'3'0) %' >(/7(*33' * =/m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p3'-.=*('q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g H/() *5 >*(%'3'0)@ 1'>'0-'0)C %* -,3/7(*>G.' *.-*0)C %* >/>5%*)./0 =(/j) &'*5=/5> >%56 (*>.-'3'0)?5' ='%%' -'6*5)('6>(/D.0='6C='?5.D'5)-.('?5#P))*U*0#*5(* -#*5)('=G/.B?5'-#*==/(-'(>%56-'6.87'6K%#$%&'()*@ "* 3A3'?5'6)./0 6' >/6' *5 65I') -5 6,0*)Z %* Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
22 >(/D.0='-,6.('(*.)*D/.(506,0*),%5')500/3&('-' 2,0*)'5(6,7*% K )/5)'6 %'6 >(/D.0='6C *H.0?5' =G*=50'6*.)50'D/.B,7*%''0)/5))'3>6@ "' >%56 7(*0-65I') -#*=)5*%.), '0 $%&'()* '6) %#*-G,6./0 *5 >(/)/=/%' -' y;/)/@ "#$%&'()* 6#'6) H*.) %'*-'(-53/5D'3'0)-'=/0)'6)*)./0-'6>(/D.0='6@<% '6),D.-'0)?5'%*3.6''0/'5D('-5>(/)/=/%'*5(*-' 7(*0-'6.3>%.=*)./06 >/5( %* >(/D.0='C >5.6?5' 6/0,=/0/3.' -,>'0-7(*0-'3'0) -' %#.0-56)(.' >,)(/%.8('C G*5)'3'0) >/%%5*0)'@ [\ "' 3.0.6)8(' -' %#'0D.(/00'3'0) *%&'()*.0 * H*.) 6*D/.(?5' 6/0 7/5D'(0'3'0) 0#*-G8('(*.) >*6 *5 >(/)/=/%' '),)*&%.(*.)6'6>(/>('6(87%'6-'(,-5=)./0-'6,3.66./06 -' 7*g6 K 'HH') -' 6'(('C?5.C 6'%/0 %5.C 6'(*.'0) )/5)'6 *566. 'HH.=*='6C 3*.6 3/.06 -/33*7'*&%'6 K %#,=/0/3.'-'%*>(/D.0='@ e] V0 ='?5. =/0='(0' %#*D'0.( -' %#$%&'()*C )/5) 6'3&%'.0-.?5'(?5' 6/0,=/0/3.' D* =/0).05'( K =(/j)('c*.06.?5'6/0'b>*06./0-,3/7(*>g.?5'@1'))' 'B>*06./0 (.6?5' -#*==(/j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m -' 3*0.8(' 'B>/0'0).'%%'@ 9A3' 6. '%%' *,), =/%/0.6,' >*( 50' 3*I/(.),-#$3,(.=*.06K%#,>/?5'C%*>(/D.0='*D*.)50' =5%)5('>/%.).?5'6.3.%*.('*5B*5)('6>(/D.0='6C=#'6)K -.(' ='0)(,' 65( %' -,D'%/>>'3'0) ') %'6.0D'6).66'3'0)6>(/D.0=.*5B-*06-'66'=)'5(6-'&*6'@ "'=G'3.0-'H'(*,7*%'3'0)=/0)(.&5,K%#'B>%/6./0 -,3/7(*>G.?5'-'%*(,7./0@ $D'= %* -,=/5D'()' -5 >,)(/%' '0 [\cbc %'6 ('D'056 -' %* >(/D.0=' 6' 6/0) *==(56 7(*0-'3'0)@ $D'= %'6 *00,'6C %* D.6./0,=/0/3.?5' -' %#$%&'()* 6#'6) -,>%*=,' D'(6 %* -(/.)'C -.3.05*0) *5 3.0.353 %#.3>%.=*)./0 >(/D.0=.*%' -*06 >%56.'5(6 6'=)'5(6 ') 6#/>>/6*0)*5B>/%.).?5'6H,-,(*%'67*5=G.6)'6=/33' p3'-.=*('q@"*>(/d.0='6#'6))/5i/5(6&*))5'c*h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édéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
23 *(3'6KH'5C%'>(/)/=/%'-'y;/)/')p3,-.=*('q>*( 'B'3>%'C.% 0#'6) >*6,)/00*0)?5' %'6 $%&'()*.06 -,6.('0)6'6,>*('(-51*0*-*@9A3'6.='6'0).3'0) '6)'0=/('H*.&%'C.%'6)'0H/()'=(/.66*0='@ 1 Pour l histoire de l Alberta jusqu à ce point http://www.gov.ab.ca/home/index.cfm?page=27, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 2 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?pgnm=t CE&Params=F1SEC791302, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 3 http://www.gov.ab.ca/home/index.cfm?page=27, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 4 Statistiques en annexe http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo62j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 5 Statistiques en annexe http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo62j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 6 Statistiques en annexe http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/agrc25j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 7 Statistiques en annexe http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/prim55j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/prim52j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/prim51j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/prim50j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 8 http://www.westedmontonmall.com/about/default.asp, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 9 Statistiques en annexe Octobre 2005 http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/labr66j.htm, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 10 http://www.canlii.org/ca/doc/chart/s-29.html, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 11 Toutes les références concernant les Premiers Ministres proviennent du site http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?pgnm=tc E&Params=F1ARTF0011842, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 12 Patrick Nagle, Opinion-Canada, Vol 6 no 3, octobre 2004, http://www.opinion-canada.ca/fr/articles/article_109.html, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 13 http://www.solon.org/constitutions/canada/english/proposals/p roposal.french.txt, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 14 http://www.iir.gov.ab.ca/canadian_intergovernmental_relations /interprovincial_relations_ab_bc_premiers.asp, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 15 http://www.scics.gc.ca/pubs/premiers_report_f.pdf, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 16 Statistiques en Annexe http://www.finance.gov.ab.ca/aboutalberta/population_reports/2 005_2ndquarter.pdf, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 17 http://www.iir.gov.ab.ca/international_relations/documents/usa -2005.pdf, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 18 http://www.rds.ca/chasse/chroniques/114878.html, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 19 http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2002/09/18/alberta_kyoto020918, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 20 http://www.radiocanada.ca/nouvelles/politique/2005/11/22/009-kyotoalberta.shtml, consulté le 4 décembre 2005 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
24 "#$"%&'()*"+, "#$%&'()$"*+,-&$.%'/0)123*+,2+4)")*(5%3+,3*+#)"'"63*+,3+7897:3%(';+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC#)"'"63C.$DC':C6'A':$2('7:3%('A,3&$.%'/0)6E)"#$%&'()$"C0(&7 + F('()*()123*+,-&$.%'/0)123*+,2+*36$",+12'%(+,3+78'""-3+=>>?;+4)")*(5%3+,3*+#)"'"63*+,3+7897:3%(';+=G+ *3/(3&:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?++ 0((/@AABBBC#)"'"63C.$DC':C6'A':$2('7:3%('A/$/27'()$"E%3/$%(*A=>>?E=",12'%(3%C/,#++ + H$&/'%')*$"+,-&$.%'/0)123*+3"(%3+78I"('%)$+3(+7897:3%(';+4)")*(5%3+,3*+#)"'"63*+,3+78I"('%)$;+=G+"$D3&:%3+ =>>J;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?++ 0((/@AABBBC#)"C.$DC$"C6'A#%3"60A,3&$.%'/0)6*A,(%>JKKC0(&7 + L$""-3*+.-"-%'73*+*2%+7897:3%(';+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AA#%CB)M)/3,)'C$%.AB)M)A97:3%(' + L$""-3*+*2%+73+F-"'(;+N"6O67/-,)3+6'"',)3""3;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC(036'"',)'"3"6O67$/3,)'C6$&A)",3PC6#&QR.S&TUHNVR'%'&*TWK9XUW>>>Y=GZ + L$62&3"(+,3+7896(3+,89&-%)123+,2+S$%,+[%)('")123+,3KGZY;+N"6O67$/-,)3+6'"',)3""3;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC(036'"',)'"3"6O67$/3,)'C6$&A)",3PC6#&QR.S&TUHNVR'%'&*TWKFNHY\KJ>= + ])*($)%3+,3+7897:3%(';+F)(3+,2+^$2D3%"3&3"(+,3+7897:3%(';+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC.$DC':C6'A0$&3A)",3PC6#&QR'.3T=Y + H$"*3"*2*+X3/$%(+I"+U03+H$"*()(2()$";+H0'%7$((3($B";+=G+'$_(+K\\=;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC*$7$"C$%.AH$"*()(2()$"*AH'"','AN".7)*0AR%$/$*'7*AH0'%7$((3($B"H$"*3"*2*C0(&7 + X$**+]2%73O;+`'&3*"a3+,-:'(+6$"*()(2()$""37+6'"',)3"@+L3+7b-6036+,3+7b'66$%,+,2+7'6+43360+,3+K\GY+'2+ %-#-%3",2&+,3+K\\="\+#-D)%3%+=>>K;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC/6$c :6/C.6C6'A')'A,3#'27(C'*/Qa'".2'.3TWVR'.3T6$"*#)73VF2:TU03H$"*()(2()$"'7L3:'(3 + + S'.73;+R'(%)6M;+9/%5*+KK+'"*;+73+6$2%$""3&3"(;+I/)")$"+H'"',';+d$7+Z+S$JK;+K<+$6($:%3+=>><;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC$/)")$"c6'"','C6'A#%A'%()673*A'%()673EK>\C0(&7 + [$)*&3"2;+^-%'%,;+a3*+-623)7*+,2+a'6+43360;+a8'""-3+/$7)()123+'2+e2-:36+K\GYcK\GG;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+ =>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC/2&C2&$"(%3'7C6'A'/16AGYEGGA:$)*&3"2A:$)*&3"2C0(& + X3623)7+,3+,-6)*)$"*+%37'()D3*+f+7'+H0'%(3+6'"',)3""3+,3*+,%$)(*+3(+7):3%(-*;+g2)"+K\\Z;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+ =>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC6'"7))C$%.A6'A,$6A60'%(A*c=\C0(&7 + Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
25 a)*(3+,3*+r%3&)3%+4)")*(%3*+97:3%(')"*;+n"6o67$/-,)3+6'"',)3""3;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC(036'"',)'"3"6O67$/3,)'C6$&A)",3PC6#&QR.S&TUHNVR'%'&*TWK9XUW>>KKG<= + R2:7)6'()$"+*2%+73*+3"(3"(3*+3(+7'+6$$/-%'()$"+)"(3%/%$D)"6)'73*+3"(%3+7897:3%('+3(+73*+'2(%3*+/%$D)"63*;+ ^$2D3%"3&3"(+,2+H'"',';+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AA','/('()$"C"%6'"C.6C6'A,)*/7'OE'77E/%$g36(*E#C'*/Q67'**TKKG + a)*(3+,3*+6$"#-%3"63*+,3*+r%3&)3%*+4)")*(%3*+/%$d)"6)'2p;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC*6)6*C.6C6'A/2:*A/%3&)3%*E%3/$%(E#C/,# + F)(3+,3*+%37'()$"*+)"(3%"'()$"'73*+'7:3%(')"3*;+4)")*(5%3+,3*+%37'()$"*+)"(3%.$2D3%"3&3"('73*+3(+)"(3%"'()$"'73*;+ 6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC))%C.$DC':C6'A)"(3%"'()$"'7E%37'()$"*A + X37'()$"*+3"(%3+73*+h('(*ci")*+3(+7897:3%(';+4)")*(5%3+,3*+%37'()$"*+)"(3%.$2D3%"3&3"('73*+3(+)"(3%"'()$"'73*;+ 6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC))%C.$DC':C6'A)"(3%"'()$"'7E%37'()$"*A,$62&3"(*AiF9c=>>?C/,#++ + a)*(3+,3*+%3"6$"(%3*+,3+6$$/-%'()$"+3"(%3+7897:3%('+3(+7'+h$7$&:)3c[%)('"")123;+4)")*(5%3+,3*+%37'()$"*+ )"(3%.$2D3%"3&3"('73*+3(+)"(3%"'()$"'73*;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC))%C.$DC':C6'A6'"',)'"E)"(3%.$D3%"&3"('7E%37'()$"*A)"(3%/%$D)"6)'7E%37'()$"*E':E:6E/%3&)3%*C'*/ + a)*(3+,3*+6$"#-%3"63*+,3*+r%3&)3%*+4)")*(%3*+,3+78i23*(;+4)")*(5%3+,3*+%37'()$"*+)"(3%.$2d3%"3&3"('73*+3(+ )"(3%"'()$"'73*;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC))%C.$DC':C6'A6'"',)'"E)"(3%.$D3%"&3"('7E%37'()$"*A)"(3%/%$D)"6)'7E%37'()$"*EB3*(3%"E/%3 &)3%*E6$"#3%3"63C'*/ + R'.-;+`3'";+W)'*6$+,2+H$"(%j73+,3*+'%&3*;+X-*3'2+,3*+*/$%(*;+#-D%)3%+=>>K;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC%,*C6'A60'**3A60%$")123*AKK<GYGC0(&7 + H[H+S3B*;+97:3%('+7'2"603*+6'&/')."+'.')"*(+kO$($;+H[H;+KG+*3/(3&:%3+=>>=;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC6:6C6'A*($%)3*A=>>=A>\AKGA'7:3%('EMO$($>=>\KG X',)$cH'"',';+ab97:3%('+#%3)"3+73*+'D'"6-3*+6'"',)3""3*;+X',)$cH'"',';+==+"$D3&:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-"73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBC%',)$c6'"','C6'A"$2D3773*AR$7)()123A=>>?AKKA==A>>\cMO$($c'7:3%('C*0(&7 + F)(3+,2+l3*(+N,&$"($"+4'77+f+N,&$"($";+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBBCB3*(3,&$"($"&'77C6$&A/7'OA,3#'27(C'*/ " " " " " " #$%$&'$&()*'"+%,%-%"./,')0$1+0*"2"-1.*345*"6778" + Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
26 R$/27'()$"+:O+*3P+'",+'.3+.%$2/+mS2&:3%;+:$(0+*3P3*n;+:O+/%$D)"63+'",+(3%%)($%O;+=Y+$6($:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+ 73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA,3&$JK'C0(& + S3(+#'%&+)"6$&3;+:O+/%$D)"63+m97:3%('n;+=?+"$D3&:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA'.%)>=)C0(& + R).+)"D3"($%)3*;+:O+/%$D)"63+m12'%(3%7On+m97:3%('n+;+=J+"$D3&:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA/%)&?KgC0(& + R$/27'()$"+:O+&$(03%+($".23;+:O+/%$D)"63*+'",+(3%%)($%)3*+m=>>K+H3"*2*n;+=Y+g'"D)3%+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA,3&$KK6C0(& + R$/27'()$"+2%:'"+'",+%2%'7;+:O+/%$D)"63+'",+(3%%)($%O+m97:3%('n;+K3%+$6($:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+ =>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA,3&$Z=gC0(& + R%$,26()$"+$#+/$27(%O;+:O+/%$D)"63+m97:3%('n;+=<+"$D3&:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA/%)&??gC0(& + F033/+)"D3"($%)3*;+:O+/%$D)"63+m97:3%('n;+=<+"$D3&:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA/%)&?=gC0(& + U$('7+'%3'+$#+#'%&*;+7'",+(3"2%3+'",+7'",+)"+6%$/*;+:O+/%$D)"63+mK\GKc=>>K+H3"*2*3*+$#+9.%)627(2%3n+m97:3%('n;+ J>+&')+=>><;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA'.%6=?gC0(& + H'((73+)"D3"($%)3*;+:O+/%$D)"63+m97:3%('n;+=J+"$D3&:%3+=>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA/%)&?>gC0(& + N&/7$O&3"(+:O+'.3;+*3P;+(O/3+$#+B$%M;+67'**+$#+B$%M3%+'",+/%$D)"63+m&$"(07On+m97:3%('n;+K3%+,-63&:%3+ =>>?;+6$"*27(-+73+<+,-63&:%3+=>>?+ 0((/@AABBB<>C*('(6'"C6'A7>KA6*(>KA7':%ZZgC0(& Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
27 "#$%&'&()#*+,)-'#()./)01$,)23+3'&0(4)+,56788,$&9*,:;<=>?@>>AB C&0'(DE5,$(,FG 56H*(I,')(03+,J#*0'3&8 C&0'(DE 5,$(,FG,)0 30F+(&*0 +, %',$(,' D/D8,,* )D(,*D, %#8(0(KF, L 86H*(I,')(03 +, J#*0'3&8,0 &FG(8(&(', +, ',DM,'DM, L 8& "M&(', +, ',DM,'DM, +F "&*&+&,* 30F+,) 38,D0#'&8,)N.,) (*03'O0) +, ',DM,'DM, %#'0,*0 )F' 8& D#$$F*(D&0(#*%#8(0(KF,P86#%(*(#*%FQ8(KF,P8&%#8(0(KF,D&*&+(,**,,0KF3Q3D#(),,08,)(+3#8#9(,)%#8(0(KF,)N Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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`$%(', &88,$&*+ 5& %',$(1', 0,*0&0(I, +, 43+3'&8()&0(#* KF6& D#**F86788,$&9*,&FD#F')+,)#*M()0#(',',$#*0,L ;<a=n.f(0, L 863D8&0,$,*0 +, 8& "#*43+3'&0(#* +,) b0&0) &88,$&*+)P 30&Q8(,,* ;<;A 8#') +F D#*9'1) +, c(,**,p,0 L F* +(443',*0 &I,D 867F0'(DM, &%'1) F*, 9F,'', D#*0', 8, Z&*,$&'E I()&*0 L &**,G,' 8,.DM8,)d(9?e#8)0,(* ( P 8& C'F)), 4#'$, F*, *#FI,88, #'9&*()&0(#* +6b0&0) &88,$&*+) )#FI,'&(*)_ 8& "#*43+3'&0(#* +6788,$&9*, +F f#'+n ",88,?D( D#$%',*+P #F0', 8& C'F)),P e&**#i',p e,)),?g&)),8p f&))&fp2'&*d4#'0p8&.&g,p8,.dm8,)d(9,08,e#8)0,(*n 7%'1) $#F80 *39#D(&0(#*) &I,D 8,) b0&0) +6788,$&9*, +F)F+P8,DM&*D,8(,'h()$&'DE%&'I(,*0L($%#),'F*, *#FI,88,D#*)0(0F0(#*,0F*)/)01$,%#8(0(KF,43+3'&8L 0#F0,) D,),*0(03)N W ),) /,FGP 8, 43+3'&8()$, &%%&'&i0 D#$$, 8, $#+18, %#8(0(KF,,0 D#*)0(0F0(#**,8 (+3&8P D&'(8)6&I1',$#(*)%'#Q83$&0(KF,839&8,$,*0P&DD#'+, &FGb0&0)$,$Q',)+&I&*0&9,+6&F0#*#$(,,0D#*)0(0F, F*,Q&''(1',D#*0',0#F0,S0,*+&*D,%&'8,$,*0&(',,0 +3$#D'&0(KF,U:jF*8(DE)@>>\P@ABN 5& D#*)0(0F0(#* +, 8& 23+3'&0(#* +6788,$&9*, +F f#'+,*0',,* I(9F,F' 8, ;,' XF(88,0 ;<a=n `88, %'3I#(0 *#0&$$,*0 KF, 8& 4#*D0(#*,G3DF0(I, +, 8& 43+3'&0(#*,)0&))F'3,%&'F*S%'3)(+,*043+3'&8UPKF( )6&I1',O0',8,'#(+,C'F)),N`*%8F)+6,G,'D,'8,'k8, +, D#$$&*+&*0,* DM,4 +,) 4#'D,) &'$3,)P (8 & 8, %#FI#('+,*#$$,'8,DM,4+F9#FI,'*,$,*0,0+#(0 &%%'#FI,' 0#F0,) 8,) 8#()N Z,FG DM&$Q',) &))F',*0P %#F'8,F'%&'0P8&4#*D0(#*839()8&0(I,_8,l,(DM)0&9,08, hf*+,)'&0n 78#') KF, 8& %',$(1', &))F', 8& ',%'3),*0&0(#* +, 8& %#%F8&0(#* &88,$&*+, %&' 8638,D0(#*+,+3%F03)&F)F44'&9,F*(I,'),8P8&),D#*+, D#*)0(0F,8,DmF'+F%'(*D(%,43+3'&8PD&',88,%,'$,0 8& ',%'3),*0&0(#* +,) b0&0),0 +, 8,F') %'(*D,) )F' 8,) KF,)0(#*) ',8&0(I,) &F %#FI#(' KF( 8,F' )#*0 +3I#8F) :86&%%8(D&0(#*+,8&8#(P8&',8(9(#*P8&4()D&8(03+(',D0,,0 863+FD&0(#*P *#0&$$,*0B :jf*8(de) @>>\P @ABN 7(*)(P 0#F0 %'#X,0 +, 8#( +#(0 O0', &%%'#FI3 %&' 8,) 0'#() (*)0&*D,)%#F'KF,)#*&+#%0(#*)#(0D#*4('$3,NJ&() Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
29 8,) '&%%#'0) +, 4#'D, )6&I1',*0 (*39&FG +&*) 8& ',%'3),*0&0(#* +,) b0&0)?$,$q',) &F ),(* +F hf*+,)'&0p8&c'f)),%#))3+&*0;=+,)]\i#(g&f),(* +, 8& DM&$Q',P D, KF( 8F( %,'$,0 +, %'3I,*(' 0#F0 %'#X,0KF(8F(),'&(0*34&)0,:jF*8(DE)@>>\P@ABN 5&D#*)0(0F0(#*+F.,D#*+`$%(',P839&8,$,*0 D'33L%&'0('+,X&*I(,';<=;P&%'1)86F*(4(D&0(#*+,8& 23+3'&0(#* +6788,$&9*, +F f#'+,0 +,) b0&0) 9,'$&*(KF,) +F )F+P $#+(4(, %,F 8& *&0F', +F 43+3'&8()$, %'&0(KF3,* 788,$&9*,P 30&Q8( 8#') +, 86&+#%0(#* +, 8& D#*)0(0F0(#* +, 8& ;<a=n 5, '#( +, C'F)), +#$(*, 0#FX#F') 86,G3DF0(4 )#F) 8, 0(0', +6,$%,',F' :g&(),'b,0 & 8, %#FI#(' +, *#$$,' 8, J(*()0',?C'3)(+,*0 +, 86b0&0 +, C'F)), &F %#)0, +, DM&*D,8(,'P KF(,)0 8, DM,4 +F 9#FI,'*,$,*0N ", +,'*(,' %'3)(+, 8, hf*+,)'&0,0 +#(0 +34,*+', 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0+,I&*08,l,(DM)0&9P)&*)0#F0,4#()&I#(' L D#*),'I,' 8& D#*4(&*D, +, D,00, +,'*(1', DM&$Q', :jf*8(de)@>>\p@abn 5,) b0&0)?$,$q',) ), DM(44',*0P &%'1) 86F*(4(D&0(#*PL@AP,0#*08&%#))(Q(8(03+,4&(',,*0,*+', 8,F' I#(G %&' 86,*0',$(), +, 8& ),D#*+, DM&$Q',P 8, hf*+,)'&0p #n 8,F') +3839F3) I#0,*0 ),8#* 8,F') +(',D0(I,)N -#F0 D#$$, &F ),(* +, 8& 23+3'&0(#* +6788,$&9*,+Ff#'+PD,00,DM&$Q',&P,*0M3#'(,P8, %#FI#('+,'&0(4(,'#F*#*0#F0%'#X,0+,8#()#F$()%&' 86F*, +,) +,FG &F0',) (*)0&*D,)N A< +3839F3) D#$%#),*0 D,0 #'9&*, D#*)0(0F0(#**,8_ 8& C'F)),,* %#))1+,;=P8&h&I(1',P)(GP8,op'00,$Q,'9PKF&0',P8&.&G,P KF&0',P,0 8,) ;= &F0',) b0&0)?$,$q',),* +30(,**,*0 F* DM&DF*N 7'0MF' jf*8(de) )#F8(9*, KF, 8,) %#FI#(') +3I#8F) &FG b0&0) %&' 86&'0(D8, ] +, 8& D#*)0(0F0(#*',)0,*0$#+,)0,)P$&()KF6,*%'&0(KF,P(8) *,D,)),*0+,D'#i0',&I,D8,0,$%):+&*)8,)D#F')+, XF)0(D,P8,)%'#D3+F',)XF+(D(&(',),0+&*)86&%%8(D&0(#* +F D#+, D(I(8 *&0(#*&8P *#0&$$,*0B :jf*8(de) @>>\P @<BN h',4p)(8,43+3'&8()$,+&*)8,.,d#*+`$%(', &%%&'&i0 L %',$(1', IF, 8($(03P,* '&()#* +F %#(+) +3$,)F'3+,8&C'F)),:KF(+#$(*,86,G3DF0(4D,*0'&8,0 D#*0'k8,,*%&'0(,8,hF*+,)'&0B%&''&%%#'0&FG&F0',) b0&0)?$,$q',)p (8 D#*I(,*0 +, )#F8(9*,' KF, D,00, %',$(1', $#F0F', +F 43+3'&8()$,,* 788,$&9*, 4#*D0(#**, ',8&0(I,$,*0 Q(,* XF)KF6L 8& C',$(1', jf,'',j#*+(&8,p,0kf6,*+3%(0+,),)8&df*,)p(8*, )6&9(0 %&) +6F* 43+3'&8()$, +, 4&Y&+,N.,8#* c#x0,dm J&)0*/P8,)/)01$,43+3'&8&88,$&*++,D,00,%3'(#+, ',%#),Q,8,0Q(,*)F'8&'198,+F+'#(0PKF(%,'$,0&F 43+3'&8()$, +, 4#*D0(#**,' L 86(*03'(,F' +, D,'0&(*,) 8($(0,),0 +6&))F',' &(*)( )& D#*0(*F(03 :J&)0*/ @>>>P =;BN ;V;V?;V\]_ 5, 43+3'&8()$, +&*) 8& '3%FQ8(KF, +, o,($&' W8&4(*+,8&C',$(1',jF,'',J#*+(&8,P+,) '34#'$,) +3$#D'&0(KF,) )6($%#),*0 4&D, L 8& +34&(0, $(8(0&(',+Fl,(DM,0&F+()D'3+(0+,)I(,(88,)+/*&)0(,) '39*&*0,)N `* X&*I(,' ;V;VP +,) 38,D0(#*) )F'I(,**,*0 +&*)0#F0,86788,$&9*,&4(*+638(',+,)',%'3),*0&*0)L F*, &)),$Q83, D#*)0(0F0(#**,88, ($$(*,*0, :7)),$Q83, f&0(#*&8,bp,0 +#*0 8, QF0 D#*)()0, L 38&Q#',' F*, *#FI,88, D#*)0(0F0(#* :jf*8(de) @>>\P Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
30 @VBN 7%'1) +,) %#F'%&'8,'),*0', 8,) +3839F3) +,) +(443',*0,) 4#'$&0(#*) %#8(0(KF,) ',%'3),*03,)P D,) +,'*(,')4(*()),*0%&'&+#%0,'F*0,G0,D#*)0(0F0(#**,8 KF(,*0',,*I(9F,F',*&#q0;V;VN 5& D#*)0(0F0(#* +, o,($&' %'3I#(0 &(*)( +, %'#4#*+,)$#+(4(D&0(#*)+,))0'FD0F',),*%8&D,+,%F() 863%#KF, Q()$&'DE(,**,N C8&(+&*0,* 4&I,F' +6F* '39($,+,+3$#D'&0(,%&'8,$,*0&(',P,88,)0(%F8,KF,8, DM&*D,8(,'+3%,*++#'3*&I&*0+Fl,(DM)0&9P,0KF,8, %#)0, +, %'3)(+,*0 +,I(,*0 +3)#'$&() 38,D0(4N 5, hf*+,)'&0 +,I(,*0 8, l,(dm)'&0,0 D#$%',*+ aa +3839F3) :+#*0 +,FG D(*KF(1$,) )#*0 &DD#'+3) L 8& C'F)),BPDM&KF,b0&0?$,$Q',/X#F())&*0+6F*I#0,%&' $(88(#* +6M&Q(0&*0)N J&() 86(*48F,*D, +, D,0 #'9&*, &F ),(* +F %'#D,))F) 839()8&0(4 +($(*F,P 8& %',$(1', DM&$Q', %#FI&*0 %&)),' %&'?+,))F) F*, +3D()(#* +, 86#'9&*, ',%'3),*0&*0 8,) b0&0)?$,$q',)p +3)#'$&() &%%,83) 5r*+,' :jf*8(de) @>>\P \;BN ",FG?D( )#*0 &F *#$Q', +, ;=_ C'F)),P h&i(1',p.&g,p op'00,$q,'9p h&+,p -MF'(*9,P e,)),p J,DE8,*QF'9?.DMd,'(*P s8+,*qf'9p h'&f*)dmd,(9p 7*M&80P 5(%%,P J,DE8,*QF'9?.0',8(0tP.DM&F$QF'9?5(%%,P,* %8F) +,) 0'#()I(88,)?b0&0)_h'O$,Pe&$Q#F'9,05pQ,DEN 78#') KF6,88,,G,'Y&(0 F*, (*48F,*D, %'3%#*+3'&*0, +&*) 8, )/)01$, 43+3'&8 30&Q8( %&' 8& D#*)0(0F0(#* +, ;<=;P 8& C'F)), %,'+ )#* )0&0F0 M393$#*(KF,+&*)8&l3%FQ8(KF,*#FI,88,$,*0D'33,N 7(*)(P 8, +('(9,&*0 +, 86,G3DF0(4 %'F))(,* *6& %8F) 8& %#))(Q(8(03 +6#DDF%,',* $O$, 0,$%) 8& 4#*D0(#* +, DM&*D,8(,' +F l,(dmp %&',G,$%8,N 5& +(I()(#* &DD,*0F3,,*0', 8, %#FI#(',G3DF0(4,0 8, %#FI#(' 839()8&0(4+($(*F,,*#F0',8&%#))(Q(8(03%#F'8&C'F)), +, D#*0'k8,' 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8N `*4(*P #* 3I#KF, +, %8F),* %8F) 8& %#))(Q(8(03 +, +())#F+', 86b0&0 +, C'F)),,* +, %8F) %,0(0,),*0(03) :jf*8(de) @>>\P\;BN 56(*)0&Q(8(03 %#8(0(KF, +F '39($, +, o,($&'p +&*)8,KF,88,$#+,+,)D'F0(*%'#%#'0(#**,8%,'$,0 +(44(D(8,$,*0 &FG %&'0() +, 4#'$,' +,) D#&8(0(#*) 9#FI,'*,$,*0&8,))0&Q8,)P4&I#'(),86&''(I3,&F%#FI#(' +,) *&0(#*&FG?)#D(&8()0,),* ;V\\N ",FG?D( $,00,*0,* %8&D,F*%'#D,))F)+,SD##'+(*&0(#*U+,)5r*+,'P&F D#F') +FKF,8 86&F0#*#$(, +,) b0&0) 43+3'3),)0 0'&*)43'3, %'#9',))(I,$,*0 I,') 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8P &F %#(*0 +, *, +,I,*(' KF, +,) +()0'(D0) &+$(*()0'&0(4)N5,l,(DM)'&0+,I,*F(*F0(8,P8,)*&t()8, +())#8I,*0,*43I'(,';V\]P0#F0D#$$,8,)%&'8,$,*0) +,)5r*+,'N 5, 43+3'&8()$, &88,$&*+ *6,G()0, &8#') 0#F0 )($%8,$,*0 %8F)P +F $#(*) 0,DM*(KF,$,*0N f3&*$#(*)p (8,)0 (*03',))&*0 +, D#*)0&0,' KF67+#84 e(08,' *, %,F0P L )#* &''(I3, &F %#FI#('P )F%%'($,' D&''3$,*0 8,) 5r*+,'P,* '&()#* +, 86&00&DM,$,*0 +, *#$Q',FG788,$&*+)L8,F')'3&8(03)M()0#'(KF,)NR8*6& &8#') KF, 8& %#))(Q(8(03 +, 8,) +3%#F(88,' +, 0#F0 %#FI#(':"#8#*9,;VVaP<aBN h',4p 8, 43+3'&8()$,P )#F) 8& l3%fq8(kf, +, o,($&'p )6&I1', %&'&+#G&8,$,*0 %8F) D,*0'&8()3 KF, )#F) 8,.,D#*+ `$%(',P *#0&$$,*0,* '&()#* +, 86&DD,*0F&0(#*+,86F*(4(D&0(#*&88,$&*+,NC&',G,$%8,P 7'0MF'jF*8(DE)*#0,KF6F*,&+$(*()0'&0(#*4(*&*D(1', D,*0'&8, )6,)0 XFG0&%#)3, &FG &+$(*()0'&0(#*) 4(*&*D(1',) +,) 5r*+,' :jf*8(de) @>>\P \;BN C&F8 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
31 "#8#*9,P%#F')&%&'0P)#F8(9*,KF,D,00,D,*0'&8()&0(#* )6,G%8(KF, %&' 8& +3$#D'&0()&0(#* +,) (*)0&*D,),G3DF0(I,,0 839()8&0(I,_ S5, ',*4#'D,$,*0 +F %#FI#(' D,*0'&8 )6,G%'($, +&*) 8,) D#$%30,*D,) 38&'9(,) +F l,(dm)0&9p KF( 38(0 8, "M&*D,8(,'P,0 +F "M,4 +, 86b0&0P +F C'3)(+,*038F&F)F44'&9,F*(I,'),8U:"#8#*9,;VVaP<aBN ",00, D,*0'&8()&0(#* )0 39&8,$,*0 %,'D,%0(Q8, +&*) 8& '3+FD0(#* +F *#$Q', +, 5r*+,' &F ),(* +, 86b0&0 &88,$&*+_,*0', ;V;V,0 ;V\\P 8,F' *#$Q', %&)),,44,D0(I,$,*0+,@AL;=:jF*8(DE)@>>\P\\BN ;V]V?^_ 5& *&())&*D,,0 8, +3I,8#%%,$,*0 +, 8& l3%fq8(kf,43+3'&8,&88,$&*+, W 86())F, +, 8&.,D#*+, jf,'', J#*+(&8,P 86b0&0 &88,$&*+ *6,G()0, %8F)N 5,) 788(3) +(I(),*0 8, 0,''(0#(',,*KF&0',t#*,)+6#DDF%&0(#*N78#')KF,8,).#I(30(KF,)&DD&%&',*086,)0+F%&/):D#$%',*&*0D(*K &*D(,*) 5r*+,'_ J,DE8,*QF'9?.0',8(0tP J,DE8,*QF'9?.DMd,'(*P 7*M&80P -MF'(*9,P.&G,BP 8,) 2'&*Y&()P 8,) h'(0&**(kf,),0 8,) 7$3'(D&(*) ), %&'0&9,*0 8& %&'0(, #F,)0N Z,) %',$(1',) 38,D0(#*) #*0 8(,F &F *(I,&F $F*(D(%&8+1);V]aP,0&F*(I,&F+,)5r*+,'+1);V]=N `*XF(88,0;V]<PF*D#*),(8%&'8,$,*0&(',PD#$%',*&*0 a= +3839F3) 38F) %&' 8,) &)),$Q83,) +,) 5r*+,'P ), $,00,*0 L 0'&I&(88,' +, D#*D,'0P L 86(*I(0&0(#* +,) 0'#() #DDF%&*0)P &4(* +638&Q#',' F*, *#FI,88, D#*)0(0F0(#*N 5& 5#( 4#*+&$,*0&8,,)0 4(*&8,$,*0 &%%'#FI3, 8, @\ $&( ;V]VP,0,)0 )#F$(), &FG %&'8,$,*0) +,),*0(03) 43+3'3,)PKF(8&'&0(4(,*0%',)KF,L86F*&*($(03:`8&t&' ;VV;P;>\BN 5,) b0&0) 4&()&*0 %&'0(, +, 8& *#FI,88, l3%fq8(kf, 43+3'&8, &88,$&*+,P,* ;V]VP )#*0 8,) )F(I&*0)_ e&$qf'9p.dm8,)d(9?e#8)0,(*p h&)),?.&g,p f#'+?+f?lm(*?o,)0%m&8(,p h'o$,p e,)),p h&i(1',p op'00,$qf'9?h&+,*p lm3*&*(,?c&8&0(*&0p op'00,$q,'9?e#m,*t#88,'*,0h&+,*nw8&8f$(1',+, 8&+(I()(#*+,)%#FI#(')30&Q8(,,*0',8,9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8,0D,);;5r*+,'P(8,)0D8&('KF,8&%'(#'(03+,) $,$Q',)+FD#*),(8%&'8,$,*0&(',30&(0+638&Q#','+,) (*)0(0F0(#*) %#8(0(KF,) #n 8, %#FI#(' ), ',0'#FI,'&(0 8, %8F)+(I()3%#))(Q8,P%#F'3I(0,'0#F0',0#F'%#))(Q8,L F*, 3I,*0F,88, D,*0'&8()&0(#* 0#0&8(0&(',N c#(8l %#F'KF#(P ),8#* 8,) )%3D(&8()0,)P S+&*) )& D#*D,%0(#* 4#*+&$,*0&8,P 8& l3%fq8(kf, 43+3'&8, &88,$&*+,,)0 F*,)0'FD0F',43+3'&8,+F&8()0,U:`8&t&';VV;P;>]BN 5, 0,G0, D#*)0(0F0(#**,8 +, ;V]V ',+#**, F* 'k8, %#8(0(KF, ($%#'0&*0 &FG b0&0) 43+3'3) :&FGKF,8) )6&X#F0,*0,* ;V<V 8,) D(*K 5r*+,' &**,G3) %&' 8,).#I(30(KF,)P &%'1) 8& DMF0, +F JF' +, h,'8(*b %&' 86,*0',$(), +, 8& ),D#*+, DM&$Q',P 8, hf*+,)'&0n 7F))(&%%,83SD#*),(843+3'&8UP D,0 #'9&*, %&'0&9, 8, %#FI#(' 839()8&0(4 &I,D 8, hf*+,)0&9p 8& %',$(1', DM&$Q',P,0 8,) D#$%#)&*0,) +F %#FI#(',G3DF0(4P ',%'3),*03 %&' F* %'3)(+,*0 43+3'&8 :hf*+,)%'&,)(+,*0b,0 F* DM&*D,8(,' 43+3'&8 :hf*+,)e&*t8,'bn 5, hf*+,)'&0,)0 D#$%#)3 +, $,$Q',)+,)9#FI,'*,$,*0)+,)5r*+,'N5,*#$Q', +,+3839F3),)0+30,'$(*3%&'8&0&(88,+,8&%#%F8&0(#* +, DM&KF, b0&0n 7(*)(P 86&'0(D8, A; +, 8& D#*)0(0F0(#* )0(%F8, KF, 0#F) 8,) 5r*+,' #*0 +'#(0 L 0'#() +3839F3) %#F' 8,) ',%'3),*0,' +&*) D,00, ),D#*+, DM&$Q',P,0 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
32 %,FI,*0,*#Q0,*('F*+,%8F)#F0'#()+,%8F))(8,F' %#%F8&0(#* +3%&)), ',)%,D0(I,$,*0 +,FG #F )(G $,)F',)*3D,))&(',)%#F'4#'D,'F*5&*+L%',*+',8,) #Q8(9&0(#*)+,D&'&D01',43+3'&8KF(8F((*D#$Q,*0P,* $(88(#*)+6M&Q(0&*0):`8&t&';VV;P;>]BN I,'0F+, 8& 5#(4#*+&$,*0&8,P8#')KF6(8*,8,)',$%8(0 5,)%#FI#(')+,D,0#'9&*,D#*)0(0F0(#**,8)#*0 8#(* +6O0', %F',$,*0 +3D#'&0(4)N `*,44,0P 8, D#*),(8 43+3'&8 & 8, %#FI#(' +, %'#%#),' #F +, Q8#KF,' +,) %'#X,0) +, 8#( ',8&0(4) &FG ',)%#*)&Q(8(03) +,) 5r*+,'N 5#')KF6F* %'#X,0 +, 8#( 0#FDM&*0 +(',D0,$,*0 &FG %&):&'0(D8,\=P%&'&9'&%M,;BN `* #F0',P 0#F0 D#$$, 8, hf*+,)'&0 & 8, +'#(0 +,%'#%#),'+,)%'#X,0)+,8#(:&'0(D8,=aP%&'&9'&%M, ;BP(8+30(,*039&8,$,*08,%#FI#('P+,4&Y#*D#*X#(*0, &I,D8,hF*+,)0&9P+,$,00',,*&DDF)&0(#*8,%'3)(+,*0 (*03'O0) +,),*0(03) $,$Q',) +, 8& 43+3'&0(#* 8F(,)0 43+3'&8 +,I&*0 8& "#F' D#*)0(0F0(#**,88, %#F' )#F$()P 8, hf*+,)'&0 %,F0 F0(8(),' )#* +'#(0 +, I,0# +34(*(0(4P&8#')KF,)F'0#F)8,)&F0',)%'#X,0)+,8#(P)#* I,0#*,%,F0O0',KF,)F)%,*)(4P,0%,F0O0',8,I3%&'8, hf*+,)0&9 L 8& $&X#'(03 L 8&KF,88, )6,)0 %'#*#*D3, 8& ),D#*+, DM&$Q',P KF6,88, )#(0 &Q)#8F, #F &FG +,FG 0(,')+,)I#(G:&'0(D8,)=aL=<+,8&5#(4#*+&$,*0&8,B :`8&t&';VV;P;>ABN `* #F0',P 5& 5#( 4#*+&$,*0&8, +, ;V]V (( D#*41', %8F)(,F') &F0',) %#FI#(') &F hf*+,)'&0 N C&',G,$%8,P 86&'0(D8,=V +, 8& 5#(4#*+&$,*0&8,)#F8(9*, 86#Q8(9&0(#*+,)#*&%%'#Q&0(#*8#')+6F*,'3I()(#*#F +6F* &$,*+,$,*0 +, D,88,?D(_ SH*, 0,88, 8#( +#(0 O0', &%%'#FI3,%&'8,)+,FG0(,')+,)$,$Q',)+FhF*+,)0&9,0 8,)+,FG0(,')+,)I#(G+FhF*+,)'&0U:%&'&9'&%M,@BN`* D&)+,D&0&)0'#%M,*&0F',88,#F+6&DD(+,*0P%&'&(88,F')P 8,)$,)F',)%'(),)%&'8,9#FI,'*,$,*043+3'&8,*IF, +, $&(*0,*(' #F +, ',)0&F',' 8& )3DF'(03,0 86#'+', %FQ8(D +#(I,*0 O0', '&%%#'03,) L 0#F0 $#$,*0 L 8& +,$&*+,+FhF*+,)'&0,0($$3+(&0,$,*0&%'1)KF,8, +&*9,'&(03033D&'03:&'0(D8,\AP%&'&9'&%M,\P&8(*3&@BN Z,%8F)P8,hF*+,)'&0&8&%#))(Q(8(03P,*+#**&*0)#* &%%'#Q&0(#*&F9#FI,'*,$,*043+3'&8P+,%',*+',8,) SI(#8&0(#*+38(Q3'3,+,8&5#(4#*+&$,*0&8,#F+6F*, &F0', 8#( 43+3'&8,U :&'0(D8, a;p %&'&9'&%M, ;BN.( 8& ),D#*+, DM&$Q',,)0 L 8& Q&), +, 8& $(),,* &DDF)&0(#*P 8& +3D()(#* +#(0 O0', &%%'#FI3, %&' 8,) +,FG0(,')+,)+3839F3)KF(8&D#$%#),*0NZ6&F0',%&'0P 8&5#(4#*+&$,*0&8,',D#**&i0&FhF*+,)'&08,+'#(0+, %'#D8&$,'8630&0+,S*3D,))(03839()8&0(I,U)(F*%'#X,0 +,8#(%'#%#)3%&'8,9#FI,'*,$,*043+3'&8PD#*)(+3'3 D#$$,F'9,*0P,)0',X,03%&'8,hF*+,)0&9:&'0(D8,<;BN.#F8(9*#*) 39&8,$,*0 KF, 8, hf*+,)'&0 X#F, F* 'k8, )(9*(4(D&0(4P,* %&'0,*&'(&0 &I,D 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 43+3'&8PKF&*0L86&+$(*()0'&0(#*+,)5r*+,':&'0(D8,)<] L <=BP D,'0&(*,) +3D()(#*) ',8&0(I,) L 86&'$3, 43+3'&8, :&'0(D8,) <=& L <=+BP &(*)( KF, +&*) 8, DM#(G +,) $,$Q',)D#$%#)&*08&"#F'D#*)0(0F0(#**,88,:&'0(D8, V]BN `* #F0',P 8, hf*+,)'&0 +#(0 +#**,' )#* &%%'#Q&0(#* KF&*0 L D,'0&(*,) 8#() ',8&0(I,) &FG +3%,*),) %FQ8(KF,) +, 8& 23+3'&0(#*,0 +,) 5r*+,'P &FG($%k0)%,'YF),0L8,F'',+()0'(QF0(#*:&'0(D8,);>]& L;;>BN`*4(*P(8D#*I(,*0+,$,*0(#**,'86($%#'0&*D, +F'k8,+FhF*+,)'&0+&*)F*,)(0F&0(#**3D,))(0&*08& ',D#**&())&*D,+6F*30&0+,+34,*),,*l27:&9',))(#* Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
33 &'$3,,44,D0(I, #F ($$(*,*0, )F' 8, 0,''(0#(',BP &(*)( KF, +&*) 8,) DM&*9,$,*0) &+$(*()0'&0(4),0 839()8&0(4) 0,$%#'&(',)KF(,*+3D#F8,*0:&'0(D8,);;A&L;;A8BN", %#FI#(' & &$,*3 8& D'3&0(#* +6F*, D#$$())(#* D#$$F*, :&I,D 8, hf*+,)0&9bp D#$%#)3, +, ),(t, $,$Q',) +, 8& ),D#*+, DM&$Q',,0 +, 0',*0,?+,FG +3%F03)+,8&%',$(1',DM&$Q',PKF(S,G,'D,8,)+'#(0) +F hf*+,)0&9,0 +F hf*+,)'&0,* D&) +, +34,*),P )( +,) #Q)0&D8,) (*)F'$#*0&Q8,),$%ODM,*0 8, hf*+,)0&9 +, ), '3F*('L0,$%)P#F)(8,KF#'F$+,8u&)),$Q83,+,)+3%F03) *u,)0%&)'3f*(u ((( N 2(*&8,$,*0P (8 &%%&'&i0,)),*0(,8 +, 0'&(0,' +,) %#FI#(') +#*0 +()%#), 8, hf*+,)'&0 L 86,G03'(,F' +F D&+', *&0(#*&8P *#0&$$,*0 &F *(I,&F +,) KF,)0(#*),F'#%3,**,)N Z,%F() )& D'3&0(#*P,* ;VV\P 86H*(#*,F'#%3,**, &,44,D0(I,$,*0 %,'$() F*, D#*0'(QF0(#* +, %8F),* %8F) 9'&*+, +, 8& ),D#*+, DM&$Q', &88,$&*+, &F ),(* +, D#$(03) 30F+(&*0 8,) +(443',*0,) %'#Q83$&0(KF,) ',8&0(I,) &FG &44&(',) +, D,00, D#*43+3'&0(#*:+#*08&l274&(0%&'0(,BN7(*)(PDM&KF, 5&*+ +3819F,?0?(8 F* $,$Q', 0(0F8&(', #F ',$%8&Y&*0 +FhF*+,)'&0&F),(*+,8&"M&$Q',,F'#%3,**,&4(* +,+3Q&00',,0+,+38(Q3',')F'+(I,')%'#X,0)839()8&0(4) +,86H*(#*,F'#%3,**,NZ6&F0',%&'0P86#'9&*,839()8&0(4 & D'33 8& D#$$())(#* +,) 744&(',) +, 86H*(#*,F'#%3,**,P +#*0 8,) 4#*D0(#*) )#*0,G%8(KF3,) D(? +,))#F)_ S5&D#$$())(#*+,)744&(',)+,86H*(#*,F'#%3,**,,)0D#$%30,*0,%#F'+38(Q3',' +,0#F)+#DF$,*0)3$&*&*0+F"#*),(8,0 +,8&"#$$())(#*+,8uHN`NKF(',IO0,*0F* (*03'O0%#F'8,)5r*+,'NR8)u&9(00&*0+, %'#X,0)+u&D0,),G3DF0(4)+,8uH*(#*,F'#%3,**,?*#0&$$,*0+,)'198,$,*0),0 +(',D0(I,)?KF,+,D#$$F*(D&0(#*),0+, 5(I',)I,'0)#FQ8&*D)KF()#*0)#FI,*0 %'3),*03)%&'8&"#$$())(#*,F'#%3,**,,* &$#*0+uF*,+3$&'DM,839()8&0(I,D#*D'10,,*IF,+,+30,'$(*,'8&*3D,))(03,08&%#'03, +,+()%#)(0(4)&%%'#%'(3)N.F'8,4#*+P8,) %'#X,0)I()3))u30,*+,*0L0#F)8,)+#$&(*,) +&*)8,)KF,8)8uH*(#*,F'#%3,**,,)0 M&Q(8(03,L(*0,'I,*(',*I,'0F+,),) 0'&(03)NU (I N.(8,hF*+,)'&0%,'$,0&FGb0&0)?$,$Q',)+, 8& 43+3'&0(#* &88,$&*+, +6,G,'D,' F* D,'0&(* D#*0'k8, )F' 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8P 8,F') D#$%30,*D,) *6,* )#*0 %&) $#(*) )(9*(4(D&0(I,)N 7(*)(P 8& D#*)0(0F0(#* +34(*(0P &FG &'0(D8,) =\,0 =]P 8,) D#$%30,*D,) 839()8&0(I,),GD8F)(I,) &F 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8P &(*)( KF, 8,) D#$%30,*D,) 839()8&0(I,) D#*DF'',*0,)P #n 8,) +,FG#'+',)+,9#FI,'*,$,*0%,FI,*0839(43','N-#F0, KF,)0(#* 0#FDM&*0 L F*, D#$%30,*D, 839()8&0(I, *#*? $,*0(#**3, +&*) 8& 5#( 4#*+&$,*0&8, %,'$,0 &FG 5r*+,'+6/,G,'D,'F*%#FI#('839()8&0(4,GD8F)(4:&'0(D8, =>B:`8&t&';VV;P;>ABN 5,) +'#(0) +,) 5r*+,',0 86(*039'(03 +, 8& 43+3'&0(#* )#*0,G%8(D(0,$,*0 +34(*() +&*) 86&'0(D8, =V :\BP KF( %'3D(), KF, S0#F0, $#+(4(D&0(#* +, 8& 5#( 4#*+&$,*0&8, KF( 0#FDM,'&(0 L 8u#'9&*()&0(#* +, 8& 23+3'&0(#*,* 5r*+,' #F &F %'(*D(%, +F D#*D#F') +,) 5r*+,' L 8& 839()8&0(#*,)0 (*0,'+(0,U :`8&t&';VV;P;>ABN 5, +'#(0 +, )3D,))(#* +6F* b0&0?$,$q', +, 8& 43+3'&0(#*+,$,F',+#*D(*,G()0&*0N Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
34 `*4(*P(8($%#'0,+,%'3D(),'KF,8,43+3'&8()$, &88,$&*+ ), I,F0 D##%3'&0(4 +,%F() 8& 4(* +,) &**3,) ;Va>P Du,)0?L?+(', KF6(8 4&I#'(), F*, 30'#(0, D#88&Q#'&0(#*,*0', 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8,0 8,) 5r*+,' )F' +(443',*0,) KF,)0(#*)P *#0&$$,*0 3D#*#$(KF,),0 4(*&*D(1',)P &F +30'($,*0 +6F*, '3%&'0(0(#* 0'1) )0'(D0, +,) DM&$%) +6(*0,'I,*0(#* +,) +,FG #'+',)+,9#FI,'*,$,*0PD,KF( &$1*,D,'0&(*) )%3D(&8()0,) L / I#(' F*, D,*0'&8()&0(#* +, 8& %'&0(KF, 43+3'&8,P $O$, )( D, D#*)0&0 )6&I1', +()DF0&Q8, :28,(*,'?j,')0,'P j'($$p.dmr44,'p Z,8%3'3, v -#'*#);VV@P\<BN "#$%&'&()#*,0&*&8/), H*, ',IF, )#$$&(', +,) 0'#() )/)01$,) 43+3'&FG+,*&0F',+(443',*0,KF(),)#*0)FDD3+3),* 788,$&9*, +,%F() ;<=> %,'$,0 +, $(,FG )&()(' 863I#8F0(#*+,86&%%8(D&0(#*+F%'(*D(%,43+3'&8&F),(* +,D,0b0&0N7(*)(PKF,8KF,)D'(01',)D#$%&'&0(4),*0', 8,) +(443',*0,) &%%8(D&0(#*) +F 43+3'&8()$,,* 788,$&9*,D#*0'(QF,*0L8630&Q8()),$,*0+,0,*+&*D,) %8F)#F$#(*)%'#*#*D3,)N H*%',$(,'D'(01',+63I&8F&0(#*4#'0'3I38&0,F' ',%#), )F' 8& ',8&0(#*,*0', 8,) +(443',*0) %&8(,') +, 9#FI,'*,$,*0N 5, 43+3'&8()$, )F%%#)&*0,44,D0(I,$,*0 8& %'3),*D, +, +,FG #'+',) +, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 *#*?)FQ#'+#**3) 86F* L 86&F0',,0 )#FI,'&(*) +&*) 8,F') DM&$%) +, D#$%30,*D,) ',)%,D0(4)P(8),$Q8,XF)0,+6&44('$,'KF6&F4(8+F0,$%)P 86788,$&9*,&0,*+F+,%8F),*%8F)I,')D,0(+3&8N5, 43+3'&8()$, )#F) 8,.,D#*+ `$%(',P $&89'3 )#* Q#* 4#*D0(#**,$,*0P *6&))F'&(0 %&) F*, &F0#*#$(, D#$%810,,*0', 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8,0 D,8F( +,) 5r*+,'P,* '&()#*P *#0&$$,*0P +, 8& %'3%#*+3'&*D, +6F* b0&0?$,$q', :8& C'F)),BP +#*0 8, DM,4 +F 9#FI,'*,$,*0 30&(0,* $O$, 0,$%) 8, DM,4 +F 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8N 5& D#*)0(0F0(#* +, o,($&' ',$3+(, L D,00, 8&DF*,P,0 8& 5#( 4#*+&$,*0&8, D#*4('$,,*D#', +&I&*0&9, F*, &F0#*#$(, +,) +(443',*0) %&8(,') +, 9#FI,'*,$,*0P $O$, )(P,* %'&0(KF,P8,43+3'&8()$,D##%3'&0(4&$1*,D,)+,'*(,') L0'&I&(88,'+,D#*D,'0N 5, +,9'3 +, D,*0'&8()&0(#* +,) %#FI#(') 839()8&0(4) D#*)0(0F, F* ),D#*+ D'(01', +63I&8F&0(#*N.#F) 8,.,D#*+ `$%(',P 8,) %#FI#(') +30,*F) %&' 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8 )6&I1',*0 ($%#'0&*0)P,0 Q(,* %8F),*D#', )F(0, L 86&+#%0(#* +, 8& D#*)0(0F0(#* +, ;V;VN J&() L %&'0(' +, ;V]VP #* D#*)0&0, F*, +3D,*0'&8()&0(#**,00,+,)D#$%30,*D,)839()8&0(I,)L8& 4&I,F' +,) 5r*+,'N 5, 'k8, &DD'F +F hf*+,)'&0,0 86#D0'#( +,) %#FI#(') '3)(+F&(',) &FG b0&0) 43+3'3) 03$#(9*,*0+6F*,+($(*F0(#*%'#9',))(I,+,)%#FI#(') +F 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8N h',4p 863I#8F0(#* +F 43+3'&8()$, &88,$&*+P 0&*0 )F' 8, %8&* D#*)0(0F0(#**,8 KF, %'&0(KF,P ),$Q8, &DD'3+(0,' 8& 0M1), +, 86&%%8(D&0(#*P,* 788,$&9*,P +6F* )/)01$, 43+3'&8 KF( ',)%,D0, +, %8F),* %8F) 8,) %'(*D(%,) 0M3#'(KF,) +F 43+3'&8()$,P0&*0&F*(I,&F+,86&F0#*#$(,+,)%&8(,') +,9#FI,'*,$,*0KF,+,8&'3%&'0(0(#*+,)%#FI#(')N Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
35 "#*D8F)(#* W 8& 8F$(1', +, 8& D#$%&'&()#* +,) 0'#() '39($,) 43+3'&FG KF6& D#**F) 86788,$&9*, +,%F() ;<=;P(8),$Q8,D8&('KF6L86(*)0&'+6&F0',)%&/)PD,88,?D( &%#F')F(I(F*%'#D,))F)%'#9',))(4+,+3D,*0'&8()&0(#* +,),)(*)0(0F0(#*)%#8(0(KF,),0D#*)0(0F0(#**,88,)&I,D 8,',*4#'D,$,*0+F%'(*D(%,43+3'&8)F')#*0,''(0#(',N WD,0,44,0PC&F8"#8#*9,&44('$,D,D(_S-#F0,86M()0#(', &88,$&*+,P)(86#*,GD,%0,8&%&',*0M1),*&0(#*&8?)#D(&8()0,P,)0F*,M()0#(',+F43+3'&8()$,w^x5&KF,)0(#*+,)'&%%#'0),*0', 8,) b0&0) 43+3'3),0 8, %#FI#(' D,*0'&8 D#*)0(0F, )&*) +#F0, 8, %'#Q81$, (*0,'*,,)),*0(,8 +, 86788,$&9*,NU :"#8#*9,;VVaP<\BNZ1))#*&%%&'(0(#*P8,43+3'&8()$, &88,$&*+30#**&(0+,%&')#*&%%&',*0,D#$%&0(Q(8(03 &I,D F* '39($, ($%3'(&8 &F0#'(0&(',N 7FX#F'+6MF(P %'#4#*+3$,*0 +3$#D'&0()3P (8 ',%'3),*0, %#F' %8F)(,F')F*$#+18,+,+/*&$()$,P+6(**#I&0(#*,0+, D#88&Q#'&0(#*P #n 8, 9#FI,'*,$,*0 D,*0'&8,0 8,) 5r*+,'0'&I&(88,*0+,D#*D,'0P,0#n8,)+,FG%&8(,')+, 9#FI,'*,$,*0,*0',0(,**,*0 F* '&%%#'0 +, 4#'D, 3KF(0&Q8,P KF( 8,F' %,'$,0 +, +34,*+', 8,F') D#$%30,*D,) ',)%,D0(I,)N h(,*,*0,*+fp 8, $#+18, &88,$&*+ *6,)0 %&) %&'4&(0P,0 (8,)0 %#))(Q8, +, D'#(', KF6(8 %#F''& O0', &$38(#'3 +&*) 86&I,*('N J&() )#* 3I#8F0(#* M()0#'(KF, +,$,F', D,'0,) (*)%('&*0, %#F' 8,) +34,*),F') +F 43+3'&8()$, D#$$, (+3&8 +6(*)0(0F0(#*%#8(0(KF,N i Pour en savoir plus sur les origines de l unification allemande, voir le chapitre 1 de Arthur Gunlicks, 2003, The Länder and German Federalism, Manchester : Manchester University Press, 7-52. ii Toutes les dispositions constitutionnelles citées ci-après peuvent être vérifiées dans le texte de la Loi fondamentale du 23 mai 1949, amendée par la loi du 26 novembre 2001, et disponible sur le site Internet du gouvernement de la RFA : Secrétariat du gouvernement fédéral de la RFA, «Der Regierung», (2004). En ligne < http://www.bundesregierung.de/fr/le-gouvernement-f-dral/missions-et-fondements-constit-,10603/loifondamentale.htm> (page consultée le 12 décembre 2005). iii Secrétariat du Bundesrat, «Der Bundesrat», (2004) En ligne. < http://www1.bundesrat.de/site/inhalt/fr/2_20bundesrat/2.6_20 Gemeinsamer_20Ausschuss/index,templateId=renderUnterseite Komplett.html> (page consultée le 12 décembre 2005). iv Secrétariat du Bundesrat, «Der Bundesrat», (2004) En ligne. < http://www1.bundesrat.de/site/inhalt/fr/5_20europa- Internationales/5.3_20Ausschuss_20f_C3_BCr_20Fragen_20der _20Europ_C3_A4ischen_20Union/5.3.1_20Arbeit_20des_20Au sschusses/index,templateid=renderunterseitekomplett.html> (page consultée le 12 décembre 2005). Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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`5#W(?(K%*+%&/%#(A1*=%#&*/B(C#%&&4( ( Z5;;%#&'(H51-.6(C44(788a4(D(@,%(E%6%#-.(:51&/*/"/*51-.(:5"#/(*1(/,%(3%#;-1(C5.*/*+-.(OB&/%;(G'((( :5;<-#-/*=%(C5.*/*+-.(O/"6*%&(QJ(bac(?(ad^2a874( ( )-&/1B'(L5e/%+,4(Q^^^4(D(@,%(I*&/5#*+-.(RY<%#*%1+%(5>(E%6%#-.*&;(*1(R-&/(:%1/#-.(R"#5<%(G'(R-&/(R"#5<%-1((( C5.*/*+&(-16(O5+*%/*%&(7a(b7c(?(Ja28J4( ( )%#W.'(C%/%#(I44(78f84(D(RY%+"/*=%2K%$*&.-/*=%(E%6%#-.*&;(*1(U%&/23%#;-1B(G'(@,%(0;%#*+-1(C5.*/*+-.(O+*%1+%(( g%=*%x(f9(b9c(?(d9q2da74( ( U%..&'(g5$%#&(I%X%&4(78J74(@,%(O/-/%&(*1(U%&/(3%#;-1(E%6%#-.*&;(?(-(&/"6B(5>(E%6%#-.2O/-/%(#%.-/*51&'(78a82 78J^4(( Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
37 "#$%&%'()*+,##-./-0#10#23)0*4506-*75+04*)8*(9)#:"/-;<#',#= 2#'/3(-2#>/3(' "?@-*A#'+*0%/-0'%() B)(CD(-+E(7/,F)%0%+/-F'#,*#'9(7#-CGGC#-./,,#'7#:)?@-*A#'+*0%&?H00(I(#0(0'(A(*))%F#-&(-0 3-(-:.(+(9)(-7(J2('/7K&(-+)#&/,(*-#&3<'(&*-;/,,/&*0%+LMN(-0'%()*+%O3P*)%0(*00'/FQ#3-#F/3' F(++#'+(A*#&(-+)#-%;/7#E*)(&%7*&%&#'#A#-*'(3.(-(&(#0&#R(*'#A'(*,#-07#O3P*)(*,#S%03&*#')(+7*#-7# F/)*0*O3#LB)#+0#-0'(*-�#',*-#'+/-*T,#9(7J#-U7*#-7#V/K:)?@-*A#'+*0%/-0'%()E*)(%0%(77#F0% :)?@-*A#'+*0%27W*))F/3'3-#,(X0'*+#+#F0#,9'#F'/76(*-#0#-0#-&9*#-F/3'+3*A'#Q3+O3?(3&/70/'(0L "#R%&%'()*+,##+03-#-/0*/-O3*)?*-0%'#++#F('7#O3?#))#F#',#0&#&%A#)/FF#'J:&#+&#;'%+&*A#'+K3-7#'0(*-#+F'*0//F%'(0*/-#0/-7#'0(0*/-LY3#7#+/*0&(-+)#7(&'#&#'#;'/3F#,#-0+'%;*/-(31J7/,,# )?M"5ZMK/3F/3')(7/-+/)*&(0*/-&?%0(0+,3)0*4-(0*/-(31E)?%03&#&3R%&%'()*+,#F#',#0&#&%A#)/FF#'3-# A'(*#'%R)#1*/-+3')(,(-*T'#&#A*A'#4#-+#,9)#L Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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`/3;/+)(A*#+#'/-00'(*0%+#-F'#,*T'#F('0*##00# %03&# #0,#00'/-0 #- %A*&#-7# )P*,F/'0(-7# &3 7/-0#10##06-*O3#F/3')(,/'0()*0%#+F(N+L@-# Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
39 *T,#F('0*##00#%03�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a )( R/'7# &#+ (+F*'(0*/-+ -(0*/-()#+(#3'(*+/-&3F(N+)3*4,\,#LM)/'+O3#)#+ &*A#'+;/3A#'-#,#-0++377#++*R+(A(*#-00#-0%F#-&(-0 F)3+&#bc(-+/-+(7'#')P3-*/-&#+F(N+E)#+ #1*;#-7#+ -(0*/-()*+0#+ -# +# +/-0 Q(,(*+ 03#+ #0 7#,\,# (3 F)3+ R/'0 &# )P%F/O3# 7/,,3-*+0# * L M70*A# (A(-0,\,# )# &%930 &# )P3-*/-E )(,%7(-*O3# -(0*/-()*+0# +%F('(-0 076TO3#+ #0 +)/A(O3#+ -# +P#+0 Q(,(*+ &%,#-0*# #0 +P#+0 7/-+0(,,#-0 (00(O3%# : )P%&*R*7# R%&%'() #- +# 9(+(-0 +3' 0'/*+ (+F#70+ 9*#- F'%7*+S "( A*'3)#-7# &#+ +#-0*,#-0+ -(0*/-(31 F'%#1*+0(-0 )P3-*/-L ** L ]#F3*+ 0/3Q/3'+E #0,\,# +* &# 0'T+R/'0#+(RR*-*0%+#1*+0(*#-0(3-*A#(3&#)()(-;3##0 &#+ (+F*'(0*/-+ 6*+0/'*O3#+E )#+  -(0*/-+ +# +/-0 0/3Q/3'+F#'d3#+7/,,##-0*0%+-(0*/-()#+0/30: R(*0 &*+0*-70#+ )P3-# &# )P(30'#L ^ 7# 0*0'#E *) #+0 '#,('O3(9)#/-+0(0#'O3P(A(-0,\,#)#+&%930+&# )P3-*/-E )#+,/3A#,#-0+ -(0*/-(31 076TO3#+ #0 +)/A(O3#+ F'#-(*#-0 &%Q: &#+ &*'#70*/-+ &*RR%'#-0#+ &(-+ )#3' )300# &# )*9%'(0*/- &# )P#,F*'# M3+0'/4 e/-;'/*+l M)/'+ O3# )#+ F'#,*#'+ -# 76#'76(*#-0 O3P3-# R/'0# (30/-/,*# : )P*-0%'*#3'#,\,# &# )(,/-('76*#&#+e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fgfc '#7/--(X0)P#1*+0#-7#&#F(N+S h"p*-&%f#-&(-7#&#+f(n+076to3#+#0&#)( U)/A(O3*# #0 )P3-*/- &#+ -(0*/-+ 076TO3# #0 +)/A(O3# &(-+ 3-# R%&%'(0*/- JiK (A#7 )( F)#*-# (30/-/,*# &# )( U)/A(O3*# (N(-0 +( F'/F'#]*T0#E+/-F'/F'#;/3A#'-#,#-0E+/- #-0*T'# )*9#'0% 73)03'#))#E N 7/,F'*+ )# &'/*0 &P30*)*+#' )( )(-;3# +)/A(O3#L "( U)/A(O3*# &#A'( (3++* (A/*' +( F'/F'# (&,*-*+0'(0*/- Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
40 R*-(-7*T'# #0 F/)*0*O3# #0 )# +)/A(O3# N +#'( )(-;3#/RR*7*#))# *** jl "P%;()*0%&#+-(0*/-+#+0'#7/--3##-+3*0#F(')# ;/3A#'-#,#-0 k/+*7# #- fgdc ()/'+ O3# )# &'/*0 : )P(30/&%0#',*-(0*/- #+0 (77/'&% Q3+0# (A(-0 )P/773F(0*/-+/A*%0*O3##-fglmL "( F%'*/&# +/7*()*+0#L M)/'+ O3# )#+ 0#-+*/-+ -(0*/-()*+0#+ +P#1F'*,(*#-0 &%Q: 0'T+ R/'0#,#-0 (A(-0 )P/773F(0*/-'3++#E)#7/,,3-*+,#76#'76#'(F('0/3+ )#+,/N#-+:&%7/3'(;#')#+*&#-0*0('*+,#+#0:R/-&'# )( <76%7/+)/A(O3*# &(-+ )# -/3A#) /'&'# +/7*()*+0#L *A V#-&(-0F)3+�'/*+&%7#--*#+E)#F('0*7/,,3-*+0# A( 7/-+*&%'#' O3# )( R/',# R%&%'()# ( '%;)% &# R(70/ 0/30#+ )#+ (+F*'(0*/-+ )%;*0*,#+ &#+ +)/A(O3#+ #0 O3P*) -PN ( &%+/',(*+ F)3+ )*#3 &P()*,#-0#' &#+ +#-0*,#-0+ -(0*/-()*+0#+ 9/3';#/*+ #0 (-0*+/7*()*+0#+L A @-# R/*+ )( R/',# R%&%'()# (&/F0%# #- fglme )#+ '#A#-&*7(0*/-+ -(0*/-()#+ -# F/3''/-0 F)3+ +P#1F'*,#',(*+ -# F#'&'/-0 '*#- &# )#3' A*;3#3' F3*+O3P#))#+ '%(FF('(X0'/-0 &# F)3+ 9#))# &T+ )( R*- &3 7/,,3-*+,#L 5-0'#fglm#0)(7630#&37/,,3-*+,#)(*++#&/-7: 7'/*'# O3# )( R%&%'(0*/- 076%7/+)/A(O3# -P( 0#-3 O3# +/3+ )( F'#++*/- &3 F('0* 7#-0'() #0 &# )P@nUUL "( '(F*&*0% &3 &*A/'7# #-0'# )#+  -(0*/-+E O3#)O3#+ (--%#+(F'T+)(7630#&#)P@-*/-U/A*%0*O3#&/--#)(,#+3'# &# )P*-0#-+*0% &#+ +#-0*,#-0+ O3* F'%A()(*#-0 &#F3*+0/3Q/3'+(3+#*-&#+-(0*/-+L ]*RR%'#-7*(0*/-+ -#00#+ #-0'# )#+  -(0*/-+L ^)(R/*+,3)0*F)#+#06/,/;T-#++3')#F)(-0#''*0/'*()E &*A#'+ 7'*0T'#+ 6*+0/'*O3#+E 73)03'#)+ /-0 R(A/'*+% #-R*- )#&%A#)/FF#,#-0&P*&#-0*0%+-(0*/-()#+0'T++/)*&#+#0 R/'0#,#-0F/)('*+%#+(3-*A#(3;%/;'(F6*O3#L A* ]#F3*+ 0/3Q/3'+E )# F(N+ ( A3 +P/FF/+#' &#+ 076TO3#+ F'/+FT'#+E 3'9(-*+%+E (06%#+E : 3-# U)/A(O3*#,/*-+ F'/+FT'#E '3'()# #0 F)3+ '#)*;*#3+#L.#+ R(70#3'+ +0'3703'(-0+ &# )P6*+0/*'# &# )( <76%7/+)/A(O3*# /-0 ()*,#-0% #- +/3+4,(*- 3- R/'0 +#-0*,#-0 -(0*/-() &%F(++(-0 0/3+ )#+ (30'#+ 7'*0T'#+ &P3-*/-L M*-+*E )# -(0*/-()*+,# -P( -3))#,#-0 %0% (RR#70% F(' 3-# *-0%;'(0*/- %7/-/,*O3# &# F)3+ #- F)3+ ;'(-&# #-0'# )#+ &*RR%'#-0#+ F('0*#+ &3 F(N+ F3*+O3# (F'T+ 0/30E )#+ %76(-;#+ %7/-/,*O3#+ #-0'# 076TO3#+ #0 +)/A(O3#+ -P/-0 Q(,(*+ %0% (3++* 7/-+%O3#-0+ O3P#- fgmg : )( A#*))#&#)(+%F('(0*/-L"P*&#-0*0('*+,#(&/-7&/,*-% 0/3+)#+(30'#+R(70#3'+&P3-*/-F/3'+P*,F/+#'7/,,# )P3-*O3# ;'*))# &P(-()N+# F/)*0*O3#L ]T+ )#+ F'#,*#'+,/*+ &# )P(--%# fggce )# F'/7#++3+ &# +%F('(0*/- &3 F(N+ %0(*0 )(-7% : 3-# A*0#++# R3);3'(-0#L ^ )( R*- &# )P(--%##0+(-+(373-#'%+*+0(-7#-/0(9)#&#)(F('0&# )( F/F3)(0*/- 076TO3#E )( U)/A(O3*# &#A#-(*0 3- F(N+ *-&%F#-&(-0L n#,('o3(9)# F(' +( '(F*&*0%E )( +%F('(0*/-076%7/+)/A(O3##+0&#A#-3#3-A%'*0(9)#7(+ &P%7/)# 0(-0 7#,/,#-0 &%)*7(0 ( %0% A%73 (A#7 3-# R(7*)*0%%0/--(-0#L U* )# &*A/'7# &# A#)/3'+ #-0'# 076TO3#+ #0 +)/A(O3#++P#+0R(*0(A#73-#R(7*)*0%#1#,F)(*'#EJ(F'T+ 0/30E*)-PN(#3(373-'%R%'#-&3,7/-+3)0(0*R#0(373- ;'/3F#F/F3)(*'#-P(+#-0*)#9#+/*-&#,(-*R#+0#'(3 )#-&#,(*- &# )( +%F('(0*/-KE )# 7(+ 0'(;*O3# &# )( `/3;/+)(A*##+0):F/3''(FF#)#'O3#)(+%F('(0*/-&#+ Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
41 F#3F)#+ F#30 F('R/*+ \0'# #10'\,#,#-0 &/3)/3'#3+#L V)3+ O3# -P*,F/'0# O3#) (30'# 7/-R)*0 &#+ &#'-*T'#+ (--%#+E )# 7/-R)*0 N/3;/+)(A# ( F'/R/-&%,#-0 76/O3% )#+ #+F'*0+ 0(-0 )#+ '#++#-0*,#-0+ &# 7#+ (70#3'+ %0(*0 ;'(-�(-0+#+7/o0+63,(*-+*,F/'0(-0+L "(`/3;/+)(A*# ]%Q: 7/,F)#1#E )# 7(+ 076%7/+)/A(O3# A/N(*0 +P/FF/+#'F(7*R*O3#,#-0-(0*/-++#3)#,#-0(N(-0 F('0(;% : 9*#- &#+ %;('&+ )(,\,# 6*+0/*'# #0 )#+,\,#+ (+F*'(0*/-+L "/'+ &# )( ;3#''# #3'/F%#--# )( F)3+ +(-;)(-0# &#+ 7*-O3(-0# &#'-*T'#+ (--%#+E )( `/3;/+)(A*#+#&%76*'(*0O3(-&:#))##-0'#l;'/3F#+ 9*#-&*+0*-70+Ep;'(-&#+'#)*;*/-+#0F)3+&P3-#&*q(*-# &#,*-/'*0%+E 76(73-# (N(-0 +#+ F'/F'#+ ;'*#R+ #0 +( F'/F'# A*+*/- &3 R303' &# )( -(0*/-L 51(7#'9(-0 &#+ '#++#-0*,#-0+ F('R/*+ F)3+*#3'+ R/*+ 7#-0#-(*'#+E )( &*+F('*0*/- &# 2('%76() <*0/ #- fgmg /3A'*'( )#+ A(--#+�/3+)#+#17T+-(0*/-()*+0#++#)/-3-#&/39)#,%7(-*O3#(3++*0'(;*O3#O3P*-%)370(9)# A** S @-#,/+(ro3# &# -(0*/-+L ]#A#-3 ;%-%'*O3#E )#0#',#,/+(rO3#&%+*;-#9*#-)(,3)0*03&#&P#06-*#+E &#,*-/'*0%+ #0 &# '#)*;*/-+ #-76#A\0'%+ &(-+ 7# 0#''*0/*'#&P:F#*-#CcGEGGG>,7(''%+L./-+7*#-0+&# 7#00#7/,F)#1*0%E)#+FT'#+&3F(N+%0(9)*'/-03-#;'*))# R%&%'()#'#F'#-(-0)#+F'*-7*F()#+7(0%;/'*#+#06-*O3#+ &3F(N+(9/30*++(-0(3'%+3)0(0+3*A(-0 A*** Sl'%F39)*O3#+ JU)/A%-*#E.'/(0*#E _/+-*#4e#'q%;/A*-#E U#'9*#E 2/-0%-%;'/#02(7%&/*-#KECF'/A*-7#+(30/-/,#+J)( 8/rA/&*-# #0 )# k/+/a/ke C -(0*/-()*0%+ J()9(-(*+# #0 6/-;'/*+#K#0F)3+&#&*1,*-/'*0%+J<q*;(-#+E<3'7+E U)/A(O3#+iKLM3++*-/,9'#3+#+O3P#))#+F3*++#-0\0'#E 0/30#+ 7#+ #-0*0%+ &*+F/+#-0 &P3-# 6*+0/*'# &*RR%'#-0#E &#'#A#-&*7(0*/-+F'/F'#+#0&P(+F*'(0*/-+*&#-0*0(*'#+L "# F/*&+ &# )P6*+0/*'# Q/3# : 7# 0*0'# 3- '[)# &%0#',*-(-0L "#+ &*RR%'#-0#+ 7/,F/+(-0#+ &# )P#14 `/3;/+)(A*#/-00/30#+7/--3#+3-#6*+0/*'#&*RR%'#-0#L H773F%#+ F(' )#+ H00/,(-+ F/3' )#+ 3-#+E F(' )#+ M30'*76*#-+ F/3' )#+ (30'#+E *-&%F#-&(-0#+ F/3' &P(30'#+#-7/'#E76(O3#-(0*/-N/3;/+)(A#(&%A#)/FF% +/- F'/F'# 7(F*0() 6*+0/'*O3# R(*0 &# '*A()*0%+E &# '#++#-0*,#-0+E &# Q()/3+*#+ R%'/7#+L *1 @- #1#,F)# F('R(*0&# )( &*RR%'#-7#&# 76#,*-#,#-0O3# F#3A#-0 F'#-&'#-(0*/-+A/*+*-#+#+0)()(-;3#F'*-7*F()#,\,#&3F(N+LM)/'+O3#)#U#'9/47'/(0##+0%7'*0#- 7('(70T'#+7N'*))*O3#+#-U#'9*#J&o:+/-'(00(76#,#-0 (3;*'/-&#)P%;)*+#/'06/&/1#KE)(,\,#)(-;3#+P%7'*0 #-7('(70T'#+)(0*-+#-.'/(0*#'(00(76%#73)03'#))#,#-0 O3(-& : #))# : )( +F6T'# 7(06/)*O3# (30'*76*#--# 1 L ]P(30'#+R(70#3'+6*+0/'*O3#+#-0'#-0%;()#,#-0#-Q#3 #0 (-*,#-0 &P(A(-0(;# #-7/'# )#+ '*A()*0%+ #06-*O3#+L "#+U#'9#+F('#1#,F)#EA*70*,#+&#+-(q*+F#-&(-0)( *T,# ;3#''#,/-&*()# F('&/--#-0 &*RR*7*)#,#-0 (317'/(0#+#0:7#'0(*-+23+3),(-+ 1* )#3'++N,F(06*#+ R(+7*+0#+L"#k/+/A/E+/3'7#6*+0/'*O3##073)03'#))#&# )( -(0*/- U#'9# #+0 F#3F)% : mcs &P()9(-(*+ &# 7/-R#++*/-,3+3),(-#i#07L "P*-(&%O3(0*/- &#+ +0'3703'#+ R%&%'()#+ 1** L./-+7*#-0+ &# )( 7/,F)#1*0% &# 7#00# +*03(0*/- #1F)/+*A#E 0/3+ )#+ )#(&#'+ &3 F(N+ /-0 0#-0% &# &%,(-0#)#' )( O3#+0*/- -(0*/-()# : 0'(A#'+ 3- F('0(;# R%&%'() '*;/3'#3+#,#-0 #06-*O3# &# 0/30#+ )#+ Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
42 *-+0*030*/-+ &# )Pt0(0L ]# F)3+ #- F)3+ 7/,F)#1#+ : 76(O3# R/*+E )#+ 7/-+0*030*/-+ &3 F(N+ A#-(*#-0 7/-7'%0*+#' )( '/0(0*/- &#+ %)*0#+ : )( 0\0# &#+ *-+0*030*/-+ &# )P%0(0 +#)/- 3- F'*-7*F# +0'*70#,#-0 -(0*/-()L "#+,*-*+0'#+ &%)%;3%+ (31 *-+0*030*/-+ R%&%'()#+E )#3'+ (&Q/*-0+E #07Li +/-0 0/3+ &%+*;-%+ #- R/-70*/- &# )#3' /'*;*-# F/3' 3-# 9'TA# F%'*/&# &# 0#,F+ : )( 0\0# &#+ *-+0*030*/-+ 7#-0'()#+ #0 &/*A#-0 '#A#-*':)#3''%F39)*O3#*-*0*()#3-#R/*+)#3',(-&(0 R*-*L "P(&,*-*+0'(0*/-E )#+ F('0*+E 0/30#+ )#+ /';(-*+(0*/-++/-0R'%O3#,,#-0'#,(-*%#+&#R(d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d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fglme )( F'/A*-7# &3 k/+/a/ #+0 )# 06%u0'# &# A*/)#-0#+,(-*R#+0(0*/-+ &P%03&*(-0+ &P/'*;*-# ()9(-(*+# #17%&%+ F(')#+#1(70*/-+&#)(F/)*7#+#'9#L8*-;0(-+F)3+0('&E )#+ 0#-+*/-+ +/-0 &%Q: 0'T+ R/'0#+ #-0'# U#'9#+ #0 M)9(-(*+ ()/'+ O3# )#+ F'#,*#'+ J'%&3*0+ &%+/',(*+ :,/*-+ &# fcs &# )( F/F3)(0*/- &3 k/+/a/k -# F#3A#-0 O3# +# &%+/)#' &# A/*' )#3' F'%+#-7# &*+F('(X0'##6(30)*#36*+0/'*O3#LV'/R*0(-0# +#-0*,#-0 &#,()(*+# ;%-%'()*+%E #0 (FF('(*++(-0 7/,,# )# &%R#-+#3' &# )(,*-/'*0% U#'9# /FF'*,%#E 2*)/+#A*7 +(3'( F'#-&'# )( 0\0# &# )( R%&%'(0*/- #0 )(-7#'( 3-# +%'*# &#,#+3'#+ A*+(-0 : %)*,*-#' )#+,#-(7#+ F)(-(-0 +3' )#+ +#'9#+ : )P#10%'*#3' &# )#3' '%F39)*O3# 1A L V'#,*T'# &%7*+*/-S )P(--3)(0*/- &# )P(30/-/,*#&#)(8/rA/&*-##0&3k/+/A/L"/3'&#&# 7/-+%O3#-7#+E 7#00# &%7*+*/- &#+ (30/'*0%+ 7#-0'()#+ F/3++#'( U)/AT-#+ #0.'/(0#+ : F'#-&'# )#3' *-&%F#-&(-7# #0 +#'( )( F'#,*T'#,(-76# &P3-# &#+ ;3#''#+)#+F)3+&/3)/3'#3+#+&#+(--%#+gGL Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
43 ^ 7# 0*0'#E 3-# 7*0(0*/- R/'0 Q3+0# &# )P%7'*A(*- ()9(-(*+B+,(r)k(&('%&/--#)(,#+3'#&3+#-0*,#-0 ;%-%'()S h.6#q )#+ _()>(-*O3#+E 7/,,# 76#q )#+ F/F3)(0*/-+ F#3 -/,9'#3+#+E )#+ 7/,F)#1#+ &P*-R%'*/'*0% #0 &# +3F%'*/'*0% &/*A#-0 (A/*' Q/3%3-'[)#*,F/'0(-0&(-+)(R/',(0*/-&# F+N76/+#+ 76(3A*-#+L 2(*+ ()/'+ O3# )# +#-0*,#-0 &# +3F%'*/'*0% ()*,#-0# 3-# *-&*RR%'#-7#O3*F#30())#'Q3+O3P(3,%F'*+E)# 7/,F)#1# &P*-R%'*/'*0% )3*E ()*,#-0# 3-# 6(*-#,/'9*&##0*-#1F)*7(9)# 1A* jl.#00#6(*-#&#)p(30'#ef/3++%#:)p#10'\,#&(-+ )#+ 7(,F+ &# F'*+/--*#'+ 9/+-*(O3#+ /3 )/'+ &#+ 9/,9('&#,#-0+ &# 7*A*)+ &/--# )(,#+3'# &# )P*-0#-+*0% &#+ R'3+0'(0*/-+ -(0*/-()#+ &/-0 +/3RR'(*#-0 F'#+O3#0/3+)#+F('0#-(*'#+&#)(R%&%'(0*/-LV#-&(-0 )(;3#''#E&#+A/*+*-+(N(-0A%73+7[0#:7[0#F#-&(-0 &#+ ;%-%'(0*/-+ +# '#0/3'-#'/-0 )#+ 3-+ 7/-0'# )#+ (30'#+L"#+7'/(0#+,\,#+EA*70*,#+&#++#'9#+#0())*%+ &#R(70/(A#7)#+9/+-*(O3#+E-P6%+*0#'/-0F(+:0'(6*' )#3'+())*%+#0:A*&#'7/,F)T0#,#-0)('%;*/-*0#q &#+(F/F3)(0*/-,3+3),(-#L ]*1 (-+ F)3+ 0('&E )P*-0#'A#-0*/- &#+ Z(0*/-+ @-*#+#0&#)PH<MZ-P(0/3Q/3'+F(+'%3++*:%0#*-&'# )#+9'(*+#+&P3-7/-R)*0#06-*O3#O3*-#A#30F(+R*-*'L "#+ (+F*'(0*/-+ *-&%F#-&(-0*+0#+ &3 k/+/a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pR%&%'(0*/-+O3#7/,F0#)#,/-&# (703#))#,#-0E)(./-R%&%'(0*/-e#)A%0*O3#+#&*+0*-;3# +(-+ %O3*A/O3# F(' )( '%3++*0# 9'*))(-0# &# +#+ *-+0*030*/-+,();'% 3-7(&'# #06-*O3# #0 '#)*;*#31 #10'\,#,#-0 &%R(A/'(9)#L "( '%3++*0# &3,/&T)# U3*++# #+0 &P(30(-0 F)3+,('O3(-0# O3# 7# F(N+ F/++T�/3+)#+*-;'%&*#-0+-%7#++(*'#+:3-#+*03(0*/- #1F)/+*A#L "# F(N+ #+0 &*A*+% #- p ;'(-&+ ;'/3F#+ #06-*O3#+ &P*,F/'0(-7# *-%;()#L ]#31 '#)*;*/-+ F'*-7*F()#+ +# R/-0 7/-73''#-7# ()/'+ O3# p )(-;3#+ /RR*7*#))#+ /-0 &'/*0 &# 7*0%L.#00# +*03(0*/- F/3' )#,/*-+ #1F)/+*A# ( F/3'0(-0 &/--% -(*++(-7# : )P3-# &#+R%&%'(0*/-+)#+F)3+F(*+*9)#+#0)#+F)3++/)*&#+&3,/-&# (703#)L "( &%+(70*A(0*/- &3 -(0*/-()*+,# #06-*O3# #- U3*++# '#F/+(-0 +3' 0'/*+ 7'*0T'#+ #++#-0*#)+S U0'3703'#R%&%'()#L](-+3-F(N+(3++*&*A#'+*R*% O3# )( U3*++#E )( -%7#++*0% &P3-# '#F'%+#-0(0*/- Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
44 %O3*0(9)##0;('(-0*#�/30#+)#+7/,,3-(30%++#R(*0 F('0*73)*T'#,#-0 #-0#-&'#L "( '%F/-+# 7/-+0*030*/--#))#(FF/'0%#:7#A'(*7(++#40\0##06-*O3# #0'#)*;*#310*#-0,/*-+&#)(+7*#-7#F/)*0*O3#O3#&#+ +0(0*+0*O3#+ F3'#+ #0 +*,F)#+L 1A** M*-+*E 0/30#+ )#+ *-+0*030*/-+ F39)*O3#+ &3 F(N+ J#1%730*RE F(')#,#-0E 3-*A#'+*0%+E(',%#E(&,*-*+0'(0*/-i#07LK+/-0+/3,*+#+ : 3- +0'*70 F('0(;# )*-;3*+0*O3#L </30#+ )#+ 7/,,3-(30%+ +/-0 '#F'%+#-0%#+ (3 +#*- &#+ *-+0*030*/-+#0+/-0F'/0%;%#+F(')(7/-+0*030*/-L^0*0'# &P#1#,F)#E )P#1%730*R #+0 3-# 6#F0('76*# &/-0 )( 7/,F/+*0*/- #+0 '*;/3'#3+#,#-0 F('0(;%# #-0'# ;#',(-/F6/-#+JD:c+*T;#+KER'(-7/F6/-#+JC+*T;#+K #0 *0()/F6/-#+ Jf +*T;#KL "# ;/3A#'-#,#-0 +3*++# )3*4,\,# #+0 3-# 7/()*0*/- '#;'/3F(-0 )#+ D F('0*+ F'*-7*F(31&3F(N+:'(*+/-&P3-F('0(;#�NF#JC4C4 C4fKL M)/'+ O3# )#,\,# +N+0T,# (A(*0 (9/30* #- `/3;/+)(A*#:)(F*'#&#+7/-R3+*/-+E)#+U3*++#+/-0+3 R(*'# &# 7# F('0(;# 7/-+0*030*/--#) )( F*#''# (-;3)(*'# &#)(9/--##-0#-0#-(0*/-()#L "( +0'3703'# R%&%'()# (;*0 &/-7 #- U3*++# 7/,,#3-R*)0'#(00%-3(-00/3+)#+7)*A(;#+#06-*O3#+ 1A*** L n#f'%+#-0%+ %O3*0(9)#,#-0 (3 +#*- &# 0/30#+ )#+ *-+0*030*/-+&3F(N+E)#+&*RR%'#-0+;'/3F#+-(0*/-(31+# '#7/--(*++#-0 &/-7 +(-+ F'/9)T,# (3 +#*- &# )P#-0*0% U3*++# #0 7#E 7/-0'(*'#,#-0 : 7# O3* F(++(*0 F(' #1#,F)# #- <76%7/+)/A(O3*# /3 &# -/,9'#31,#,9'#+ &# )P%)*0# U)/A(O3# '#F'/76(*#-0 (31 <76TO3#+)#3'&/,*-(0*/-&#+*-+0*030*/-+-(0*/-()#+L n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�#-+*/-++#76#A(376#-0#0-#+#+3F#'F/+#-0F(+L "# 7(-0/- &# $'*9/3'; '%+3,# : )3* +#3) 7#00# &*A#'+*0%SU*03%:)P/3#+0&3F(N+E)#7(-0/-7/,F'#-& 3-#,(Q/'*0% 7(06/)*O3# R'(-7/F6/-#E 3-#,*-/'*0% F'/0#+0(-0#7/,F/+%#:)(R/*+&#R'(-7/F6/-#+#0&# ;#',(-/F6/-#+ #0 3-# 9/--#,*-/'*0% &# ;#',(-/F6/-#+ 7(06/)*O3#+L $(*+(-0 R* &# 0/3+ 7#+ R(70#3'+ &# +%F('(0*/-+E )#+ (30/'*0%+ 7(-0/-()#+ /-0 '%3++* :,#00'# #- F)(7# 3- ;/3A#'-#,#-0 '*;/3'#3+#,#-0 '#F'%+#-0(0*R (++3'(-0 )( 7/6(9*0(0*/- 6(',/-*#3+#�/3+)#+6(9*0(-0+&#)(7/,,3-# 11 L 5+F'*0/,F'/,*+Le(9*03%+:A*A'#(3+#*- &# 7/,,3-(30%+ : )( R/*+ +#,9)(9)#+ #0 &*RR%'#-0#+ J&#+ A/*+*-+ R'(-7/F6/-#+ F(' #1#,F)# F#3A#-0 \0'# F'/0#+0(-0+ /3 7(06/)*O3#+K )#+ U3*++#+ /-0 +3 &%A#)/FF#'7#0#+F'*0&#'#+F#70#0/,F'/,*+O3* Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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v3'(&3 7(-0/-&#_#'-#&/--#)(,#+3'#&#)P*,F/'0(-7#&# )P#+F'*0 &# 7/-+#-+3+ (3F'T+ &# 0/3+ )#+ (70#3'+ &# )P%0(0LMA(-0)(7'%(0*/-&37(-0/-E0/30#+)#+(30/'*0%+ 7/-+0*030*/--#))#+ *-0%'#++%#+ /-0 %0% 7/-+3)0%#+S )# 7(-0/- &# 9#'-#E )#+ 7/,,3-(30%+ R'(-7/F6/-#+E )#+ 7/,,3-(30%+ )*,*0'/F6#+ (*-+* O3# )P#-+#,9)# &# )( 7/,,3-(30% -(0*/-()#w 2\,# +* )# F'/7#++3+ ( %0% #10'\,#,#-0 )/-; J)#+ 0'(70(0*/-+ /-0 &3'% F#-&(-0 F)3+ &#  &%7#--*#+K 7#00# ;'(-&# &%7*+*/- ( R*-* F(' \0'# F'*+# #0 (77#F0%# F(' )P#-+#,9)# &#+ (70#3'+ 7/-7#'-%+L.#00# F6*)/+/F6*# &# 7/-+#-+3+ F'/R/-&%,#-0 (-7'%# &(-+ 76(O3# 7*0/N#- (FF('(X0 '%#))#,#-07/,,#)#7*,#-0A%'*0(9)#&#)(R%&%'(0*/- 6#)A%0*O3#L "(_#);*O3# 11* @- *T,# #1#,F)# &3 ;'(-& *-0%'\0 O3# F/'0#-0 )#+ ;/3A#'-#,#-0+ &#+ F(N+,3)0*#06-*O3#+ : 3-#+0'3703'#R%&%'()#+0+(-+(373-&/30#)#n/N(3,# &#_#);*O3#LM)/'+O3#)#R%&%'()*+,#+P#+0*,F/+%&# R(70/)/'+&#)(7'%(0*/-&#)(U3*++#E7#+N+0T,#-P(%0% %0(9)* #- _#);*O3# O3P#- fgbg (F'T+ 3-# )/-;3# 0'(&*0*/- &P%0(0*+,# 3-*0(*'#L "#+ R/'0#+ &*++#-+*/-+ )*-;3*+0*O3#+#073)03'#))#+#-0'#x())/-+#0$)(,(-&+E )# '#-A#'+#,#-0 &3 F/*&+ %7/-/,*O3# &#+ R'(-7/F6/-#+ (F'T+ )( +#7/-&# ;3#''#,/-&*()# +/-0 (30(-0 &# '(*+/-+ O3* /-0 R(*0 &3 R%&%'()*+,# )( +#3)# /F0*/- :,\,# &# F'%+#'A#' )P3-*0% &3 F(N+ 11** L "( 7/,F)#1*0% &3 7/-0#10# /'*;*-#) #+0,(-*R#+0# &(-+ )P/';(-*+(0*/-&#+*-+0*030*/-+9#);#++/,,#0/30#0'T+ F('0*73)*T'#+S "P/';(-*+(0*/- 7/-+0*030*/--#))# 9#);# #+0 &3()# 11*** S B) +P(;*0 &P3- R%&%'()*+,# &/39)# /a )# ;/3A#'-#,#-0 7#-0'() 76(F#(30# 0'/*+ 7/,,3-(30%+ )*-;3*+0*O3#+ Jx())/--#E $)(,(-&# #0 M))#,(-&#K #0 0'/*+ '%;*/-+ ;%/;'(F6*O3#+ J)# U3& x())/-e )# Z/'& $)(,(-& #0 )( '%;*/-,*10# &# )( 7(F*0()#KL.#+  #-0*0%+ +/-0 7/,F/+%#+ &P(++#,9)%#+ &#,(-&(0(*'#+ %)3+ O3* h#1#'7#-0 )#3'+ '#+F/-+(9*)*0%+ : )P(9'* &# 0/30# *-0#'A#-0*/- &# )P(30/'*0% -(0*/-()# 11*A j./,f)#1*r*(-0 7#00# &3()*0%E *) (FF('(X0 O3# )#+ 7/,,3-(30%+)*-;3*+0*O3#+-#+#+3F#'F/+#-0F(+(31 0#''*0/*'#+'%;*/-(31()/'+O3#)('%;*/-&#)(7(F*0()# J:,(Q/'*0% R'(-7/F6/-#K #+0 #-7)(A%# &(-+ )( '%;*/- R)(,(-&#L "P/'*;*-()*0% &# +N+0T,# A*#-0 &/-7 &# +( &3()*0%L":/a#-U3*++#*)-PN(3'(*0O3#&#+7(-0/-+E Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
46 &#+ #-0*0%+ 0/30 : R(*0 +#,9)(9)#+ F(' )( +0'3703'# A*#-&'(*#-0 +PN '(Q/30#',(*+ +#'(*#-0 9(+%#+ +3' )( 7/,F/+*0*/-)*-;3*+0*O3#&#)(F/F3)(0*/-L.#F'#,*#'(+F#70/'*;*-()#+0F('0*73)*T'#,#-0,*+ #- %A*&#-7# )/'+O3P/- +P*-0%'#++# (31 &*RR%'#-0#+ F'%'/;(0*A#+ &# 7#+ #-0*0%+L M*-+*E *) (FF('(X0 O3# )( &*A*+*/-#+09(+%#+3'3-F'*-7*F#&#,(0%'*()*0% 11A L"#+ '%;*/-+E R/-&%#+ +3' &#+ 7'*0T'#+ ;%/;'(F6*O3#+&/-7E +/-0 '#+F/-+(9)#+ &# 0/3+ )#+ %)%,#-0+ hf()f(9)#+j 7/,,#)#0'(-+F/'0E)P%7/-/,*#/3)#+0'(A(31F39)*7+L "#+ 7/,,3-(30%+ O3(-& : #))#+ ;T'#-0 0/3+ )#+ %)%,#-0+h-/-F()F(9)#+jO3#+#'(*#-0)P%&37(0*/-E)( 73)03'#E)('(&*/#00%)%A*+*/-(*-+*O3#0/3+)#+(+F#70+ +/7*/73)03'#)+L.#00# +*03(0*/- #+0 F('0*73)*T'#,#-0 *-0%'#++(-0#&(-+)(,#+3'#/a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y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x())/- O3* -P6%+*0# F(+ : &*'# O3# h"( x())/-*# F/++T&# 3- +0(03 &# +3Q#0 &# &'/*0 *-0#'-(0*/-():F('0#-0*T'#j 11A** L"P(00'(*0#,/&T)# +3' &P(30'#+ F(N+ #+0 *-&%-*(9)# #0 )( '%(70*/- &3 f #',*-*+0'# &3 Y3%9#7 v#(-.6('#+0 )/'+ &# +( A*+*0# #- _#);*O3# #+0 0/30 : R(*0 %&*R*(-0#S h-/3+ +/36(*0/-+ %;()#,#-0())#'A#'+3-,/&T)#O3*A(-/3+F#',#00'# 3-# F)3+ ;'(-&# F('0*7*F(0*/- (31 R/'3,+ *-0#'-(0*/-(31j 11A*** L.#'0#+E 7#00# R/'0# *-&%F#-&(-7# -P#+0 F(+ +(-+ 7'%#' O3#)O3#+ *-O3*%03&#+ O3(-& : )P(A#-*' &P3- F(N+ &%+/',(*+ &*A*+% #-  7/,F('0*,#-0+ F'#+O3# 0/0()#,#-0 %0(-76#+ 11*1 L.#F#-&(-0E 7#00# R/'0# &*A*+*/- 7/-+0*030*/--#))# F#',#0(3,/*-+(31Ľ/,,3-(30%+&#A*A'#+*7# Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
47 -P#+0&(-+)(hQ/*##0)(9/--#63,#3'j&3,/*-++(-+ 7/-R)*0+L 5-R*-E 3-# &#'-*T'# &*RR%'#-7#,('O3(-0# &3 R%&%'()*+,# 9#);# A*#-0 &# +( &3()*0%L "# F(N+ %0(-0 +/,,#0/30#&*A*+%#-0'#x())/-+#0R)(,(-&+ 111 E7#00# &3()*0% A*#-0 7'%#' 3-#,%7(-*O3# /3 76(73-# &#+ F('0*#+ F#'d/*0 )#+ ;(*-+ &# )P(30'# 7/,,# 3-# F#'0# F/3'+/*L./-+7*#-0#&37('(70T'#+0'3703'(-0#00# &3()*0%E #0 7/-+0(0(-0 )( R/'7# &# )(,%7(-*O3# &# +%F('(0*/-O3*&*A*+#)#F(N+E)#+(30/'*0%+9#);#+/3+3 +(*+*' )P/FF/'03-*0% R%&%'()# #- '%F('0*++(-0 %O3*0(9)#,#-0 )#+ F/3A/*'+ #-0'# )#+ &*RR%'#-0#+ '%;*/-+L M))(-0 (34&#): &#+ #1*;#-7#+ &#+ 0'/*+ 7/,,3-(30%+E )# F(N+ ( F3 F'%+#'A#' 3-# 3-*0% (3F('(A(-0 R/'0#,#-0,#-(7%# &(-+ 3-7(&'# 7#-0'()*+%L V)3+ O3P3- +*,F)# 76/*1 F/)*0*O3# A*+(-0 : (77/,,/&#' )#+ #1*;#-7#+ &# 0#) /3 0#) ;'/3F#E )#,/&T)# R%&%'() (FF('(X0 (3Q/3'&P63* 7/,,# )# +#3) ;('(-0&#)(F%'#--*0%&P3-F(N++/3,*+:3-#A%'*0(9)#,%7(-*O3#&#+%F('(0*/-L H- A/*0 &/-7 O3#,();'% )( &*RR*73)0% &#+ 7/-0#10#+E )( _#);*O3# 7/,,# )( U3*++# /-0 '%3++* : &%,(-0#)#' )#+ F*T;#+ &#+ '#A#-&*7(0*/-+ #06-*O3#+ &(-+)#7(&'#&P3-,/&T)#7/-+0*030*/--#)%O3*0(9)##0 (77#F0% F(' 0/3+L ^ 7# 0*0'#E )P#+F'*0 &# 7/,F'/,*+ #0 &#'#+F#70#1#,F)(*'#&#+9#);#+#0+#++3*++#+(Q/3% 3- '[)# F'*,/'&*() &(-+ )# &%A#)/FF#,#-0 #0 )#,(*-0*#- &P#-0*0%+ &(-+ )#+O3#))#+ 0/3+ +# '#7/--(*++#-0L./-7)3+*/-./,,# -/3+ )P(A/-+ &/-7 A3 F'%7%&#,,#-0E #0,();'% +#+ *,F#'R#70*/-+E )# +N+0T,#R%&%'()9#);#(0/30:R(*0'%3++*:&%,(-0#)#' )( O3#+0*/- 73)03'#))# (*-+* O3# )#+ R/'0#+ '*A()*0%+ *-0#'7/,,3-(30(*'#+L.#&%,(-0T)#,#-0E,\,#+P*) -P( F(+ %0% R(7*)# #0,\,# +* (3Q/3'&P63* 9#(37/3F #-&%-/-7#-0)#+#17T+'#+0#,();'%0/303-#1#,F)# &# 7/,F'/,*+ '%3++*L V'%7*#31 #- 0/30#+ 7*'7/-+0(-7#+E 7#0 #+F'*0 &# 7/,F'/,*+ (,()6#3'#3+#,#-0R(*0&%R(30&(-+&P(30'#+7/-0#10#+ F3*+O3# -* )( <76%7/+)/A(O3*# -* )( `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édéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
48 5-R*-E *) #+0 *-0%'#++(-0 &# A/*' O3P(34&#): &# )#3'+ +F%7*R*7*0%+E &P(30'#+ F(N+,3)0*#06-*O3#+E ;(;-#'(*#-0 : +P*-+F*'#' &# 7#+,/&T)#+ 9(+%+ +3' )# 7/,F'/,*+L 5- #RR#0E O3#) O3# +/*0 )# 7(&'# 7/-+0*030*/--#) /3 6*+0/'*O3# &P3- F(N+E )P#+F'*0 &P#-0#-0##0&#'#+F#70&/*0#-\0'#)(F*#''#(-;3)(*'#L i Violette Rey, «Transition, Fragmentation, Recomposition, à propos de la Tchécoslovaquie. Du verdict des évènements à des problématiques géographiques» dans Violette Rey, dir., La Tchécoslovaquie en 1992 (Paris : E.N.S. Éditions, 1994), 7-21. ii Martin Petras, «L idée fédérale chez les tchèques et les slovaques» dans A. Allain, M. Dupont et M. Hearn, dir., Les fédéralismes (Lille: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1996), 161-178. iii Ibid., 161-178. iv Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), 372. v Id.. vi Voir l analyse que fait Rey, La Tchécoslovaquie en 1992, 7-21. vii Daniel J. Elazar, Federal Systems of the World (Harlow: Longman Current Affairs, 1991), 351. viii Bernard Féron, Yougoslavie. Histoire d un conflit (Paris : Le Monde-Éditions, 1996), 17-21. ix Id. x Ibid., 48. xi Le terme Musulman est utilisé ici selon le contexte yougoslave désignant les habitants de la Yougoslavie de confession musulmane et ne faisant partie d aucun groupe national. Le terme s écrit avec une majuscule pour le différencier de la religion. xii Ibid., 50-51. xiii Voir l analyse que fait Elazar, Federal Systems of the World, 350. xiv Id. xv Voir l analyse que fait Féron, La Yougoslavie, 91. xvi Id. xvii Maurice Croisat, Le fédéralisme dans les démocraties contemporaines (Paris : Montchrestien, 1992), 132-137. xviii Id. xix Id. xx Id. xxi Voir : Montréal, Université de Montréal, POL1009, Comparaison du fédéralisme en Belgique et au Canada, Session d Hiver, 21 mars 2005 (Document remis par Merouan Mekouar, 2005). xxii Belgian Federalism and The Language Issue, voir Allain et al., Les fédéralismes, 101-107 xxiii Ibid., 105. xxiv Le fédéralisme en Belgique, voir Fleiner-Gerster et al., Le fédéralisme en Europe, 94. xxv Belgian Federalism and The Language Issue, voir Allain et al., Les fédéralismes, 105 xxvi Le fédéralisme en Belgique, voir Fleiner-Gerster et al., Le fédéralisme en Europe, 94-95 xxvii Josée Lafontaine, «Conflit pour les hôpitaux dans l état belge», En ligne. http://www.vigile.net/ds-chroniques/docs4/jf- 117.html (page consultée le 16 mars 2005). xxviii Christian Rioux, «Charest succombe à la tentation belge», Le Devoir, (Montréal), 5 mars 2005, A2 xxix Belgian Federalism and The Language Issue, voir Allain et al., Les fédéralismes, 106. xxx À l exception de la petite minorité germanophone. Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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``a5) ><@+-+.;>=) 9,) 7898-+:.;<0) 0=) J0:K.L,0) 0?) +,) +=+9+A) _=.\0-;.?8) 90) *>=?-8+:)C)B#62``3()%0;;.>=)9]P.\0-A) ) BF'"&%()*+-?.=)1233Z5)I)6].980)7898-+:0)/D0Q):0;)?/DTL,0;)0?):0;);:>\+L,0;)M)9+=;)&A)&::+.=()*A)E,@>=?)0?)*A) P0+-=()9.-A()60;)7898-+:.;<0;A)6.::0C)B-0;;0;)_=.\0-;.?+.-0;)9,)%0@?0=?-.>=()2Z2N2bcA) ) "F[()d.>:0??0)1233e5)I)'-+=;.?.>=()H-+K<0=?+?.>=()"0/><@>;.?.>=()f)@->@>;)90):+)'/D8/>;:>\+L,.0A)E,)\0-9./?) 90;)8\T=0<0=?;)f)90;)@->g:8<+?.L,0;)K8>K-+@D.L,0;)M)9+=;)d.>:0??0)"0V()9.-A()6+)'/D8/>;:>\+L,.0)0=) 2334A)B+-.;)C)FAYA%A)G9.?.>=;()bN42A) ) "$#_h()d-.;?.+=)14``a5)i)d+-0;?);,//><g0)f):+)?0=?+?.>=)g0:k0)m()60)e0\>.-()1a)<+-;5)c)&4a) ) %^&6Y$^)6077()+->:)123cc5A)Y+?.>=+:)>=7:./?).=)Q0/D>;:>\+i.+A)B-.=/0?>=C)B-.=/0?>=)_=.\0-;.?V)B-0;;A) ) "0;;>,-/0;)8:0/?->=.L,0;) ) 6&H#Y'&$YF) S>;80() I)>=7:.?) @>,-) :0;) Dj@.?+,k) 9+=;) :]8?+?) g0:k0)m() F=) :.K=0A) D??@CllXXXA\.K.:0A=0?l9;N /D->=.L,0;l9>/;elm7N22bAD?<:)1@+K0)/>=;,:?80):0)2Z)<+-;)4``a) Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
50 "#$%&'()'*+&,&-&./0'*1'$*1)'$#12*&234$5&'26&7$*1)'$#12*&,&8+.,&$.&*9&,).+1& :$/1;&5&++&$.#* #<='1>&+21*6,&4$>$# :$/1;&5&++&$.#*&2*6*.,1$'*&'2(1&'(&?)#1*1@.&A#<='1>&+21*64$>$#)B1#*&+;1'&$(*.&##&;&'*2)' C$(($#$.+6$*D"#<$.*);'&EFFGH1#&'*+&?+&',+$.'&;$I*+12&,$'2(&:J;&,);$1'&A(&**&.'1>&+21*6DK# *+$>$1##&$(*.&##&;&'*();;&$./1#1$1+&,&+&(L&+(L&$.M&'*+&,<$'$#N2&,&2?)#1*1@.&2?.C#1@.&2,& #<='1>&+21*64$>$#DO&21'*6+J*22)'*#&2?)#1*1@.&2?.C#1@.&2P?$+*1(.#1Q+&;&'*&'2$'*6R&*#$2)(1)#)S1&?)#1*1@.& Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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`1& &* (&2,&+'1&+2D 1> 0.*+&;&'*,1*H #& '$*1)'$#12;& &2* T)+(6;&'* >1)#&'*H #$?+&.>& 6*$'* #$ OL)$LD a' ();?+&',,)'( #& #1&' @.1.'1* (&* 6>6'&;&'* L12*)+1@.& A #$ *L6)+1&,& 9&,).+1&D ['2.1*&H 1# T$.* ')*&+@.&b#>+&,&9&,).+1&2.+#&'$*1)'$#12;& T.*?.C#16?).+ #$?+&;1Q+& T)12 &' ]cgfh $#)+2 @.& Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
52 #W[.+)?& &* #W0T+1@.& 6*$1&'* &;?J*+6&2,$'2 #$,1TT1(1#& &'*+&?+12&,& #$,6()#)'12$*1)'D > d a'?&.* T$(1#&;&'* ();?+&',+& @.& #$ >$S.&,&,6()#)'12$*1)'>1&'*()'T1+;&+#&2$??+6L&'21)'2,& 9&,).+1& 2.+ #& '$*1)'$#12;&?.12@.& (& b'$*1)'$#12;&,6()#)'12$*&.+d &2* S6'6+$#&;&'* >1)#&'* &*,62*$C1#12$*&.+D 4$,6()#)'12$*1)' >1&'*,)'( +$22.+&+ #W$'$#N2& 26>Q+& @.& 9&,).+1&,+&22&,.#1&'&'*+&'$*1)'$#12;&H>1)#&'(&&*,62*$C1#12$*1)'D "?+62&'* @.& ').2 ()''$122)'2 #& ()'*&/*& L12*)+1@.&,& 2)' e.>+&h ').2?).>)'2 ;$1'*&'$'* ').2$**$+,&+A#$*L6)+1&?+)?+&;&'*,1*&D ED 4$'$*1)'3+62.#*$*1,6)#)S1@.&&*;),&+'&f 8).*,W$C)+,H?).+ C1&' ();?+&',+& #&2 *L6)+1&2 '$*1)'$#12*&2,& 9&,).+1&H 1# &2* 1;?)+*$'*,& ();?+&',+&();;&'*(&,&+'1&+&/?#1@.&#&2($.2&2 L12*)+1@.&2,& #W$>Q'&;&'*,. '$*1)'$#12;&D O.+ (&?)1'*H,&./ 6()#&2 2W$TT+)'*&'*D 4$?+&;1Q+& $TT1+;& @.&#W)+1S1'&?+6(Q,&()'21,6+$C#&;&'*#$;),&+'1*6?)#1*1@.&D >1 4$ 2&()',& $TT1+;&?#.*g* @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& &2* #& +62.#*$*,& (&**& ;),&+'1*6D 5$+ &/&;?#&Hh&##'&+$TT1+;&@.&#&21,&'*1*62'$*1)'$#&2 2)'*'6&2$>&(#W1',.2*+1$#12$*1)'*$',12@.W0',&+2)' $TT1+;& @.W&##&2 2)'* '6&2 $>&( #$ (L.*&,& #$ ;)'$+(L1& &* #&,6>&#)??&;&'*,& #W1;?+1;&+1&D >11 9&,).+1&$??$+*1&'*A#$2&()',&6()#&D5$+()'*+&H (&,&+'1&+ 'W$TT1+;&?$2H ();;& h&##'&+ ). 0',&+2)'H@.&(&**&1,6)#)S1&2&,6>&#)??&A($.2&,& ($.2&2 2)(1)\6()');1@.&2D K# $TT1+;& @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& &2* #& +62.#*$*,& #$?L1#)2)?L1&,W[;;$'.	$'*3 b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ijkd 5).+ ^&+,&+H #W6?$').122&;&'* 1',1>1,.&#'&2&+6$#12&@.&S+l(&A#W$C2)+?*1)',$'2 #WY*$*D >111 d a' >)1*,)'( @.& #W)+1S1'&,. '$*1)'$#12;& &2* 1,6)#)S1@.&&*+&;)'*&A#$+6$(*1)'+);$'*1@.&T$(& $./ 1,6$./,& 9$'*D 1/ a+h #& (g*6?l1#)2)?l1@.&,. '$*1)'$#12;&?&+;&*A9&,).+1&,&()'(#.+&@.&#& *).* b&2* (+66,& *).*&2?1Q(&2?$+,&2 6#1*&2 &*?$221>&;&'* &',)2262?$+,&2?&.?#&2 1'&+*&2 &* T$(1#&;&'* ;$'1?.#$C#&2D / d 01'21H )'?&.* ();?+&',+& #W$((&'* @.& ;&* 9&,).+1& 2.+ #&2 $(*&.+2,6;$S)S.&2,& ;J;& @.& #&2?+)C#Q;&2 @.W1#$22)(1&A#W.*1#12$*1)',&#$,)(*+1'&'$*1)'$#12*&D M&2?+)C#Q;&2 2&,1>12&'* &',&./3?)#1*1@.&2 &*?L1#)2)?L1@.&2D md 5+)C#Q;&2?)#1*1@.&2 -$'2#$,&./1Q;&2&(*1)',&2)'#1>+&P(L$?1*+&G &*nrh9&,).+1&?+62&'*&.'&@.$'*1*61'(+)n$c#&,& Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
53?+)C#Q;&2?)#1*1@.&2+¢$.'$*1)'$#12;&Da'?&.* #&2 +&S+).?&+ 2).2,&./ 2&(*1)'23 #$ >1)#&'(& &* #$,62*$C1#12$*1)'D 8).*,W$C)+,H 9&,).+1& $TT1+;& @.& #$ '$122$'(&,. '$*1)'$#12;& 2W&2*?+),.1*& A.'& 6?)@.& >1)#&'*&D /1 K# $TT1+;& @.&H?.12@.& (&**&,)(*+1'& &2* '6&,$'2 #$ >1)#&'(&H &##& $??&##& T)+(6;&'* A #$ >1)#&'(&D K#,6;)'*+& #& *).* &' &/?#1@.$'* @.& (&+*$1'2 $(*&.+2 '$*1)'$#12*&2 $??&#$1&'* $. ().?,WY*$*H A #W1'2.++&(*1)' &* A #$ S.&++& (1>1#&D /11 0.221H &',6(+1>$'* (&+*$1'2 6>6'&;&'*2,. oko& &* oo& 21Q(#&2H 1# $TT1+;& @.& b,&2 (+1;&2?$+;1 #&2?#.2 L)'*&./ )'* 6*6 1',12(.*$C#&;&'* ();;12 $. ');,. '$*1)'$#12;&Dd /111 -)'(H&'+&S$+,$'*#$'$122$'(&,& #W1,6)#)S1&H #&2,12().+2,&2,1TT6+&'*2 $(*&.+2 '$*1)'$#12*&2&*,&26>6'&;&'*2L12*)+1@.&2H9&,).+1& ()'(#.*@.&'$*1)'$#12;&>$,&?$1+$>&(#$>1)#&'(&D YS$#&;&'*H 1# $TT1+;& @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;&,6C).(L& T)+(6;&'* A #$ >1)#&'(& A ($.2&,& 2)' +&T.2,. ();?+);123 b8l& 2&**#&;&'* ;.2* C& T1'$#D 8L&+& ($' C& ') ();?+);12&D 7) L$#Tp$N,&(121)' p).#, C& *)#&+$C#&D /1> d a+h #$ 2)(1)#)S1&?)#1*1@.& ').2 $??+&',@.&H#)+2@.&#&();?+);12&2*1;?)221C#&H1# '&+&2*&@.&#$>1)#&'(&P).#W$C'6S$*1)'R?).+$++1>&+ A (&2 T1'2D _1'$#&;&'*H 9&,).+1& (+)1* @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& >12& #& +$22&;C#&;&'* 2).2.' *)1*?)#1*1@.& PY*$* &* *&++1*)1+&R,W.'& ();;.'$.*6 #1'S.12*1@.&DY*$'*,)''6@.W.'&#$'S.&&2*+$+&;&'* ()'(&'*+6& 2.+.' ;J;& *&++1*)1+&H 1# (+$1'* @.W.'& S.&++& 2)1* T$1*&?).+ +$22&;C#&+ #&2 S&'2,W.'& ;J;&#$'S.&2.+.';J;&*&++1*)1+&D5$+&/&;?#&H21 #& q.6c&( +&?)2& 2.+,&2 T+)'*1Q+&2 #1'S.12*1@.&2H 1#,&>+$1*?)226,&+.'&?$+*1&,.7)+,,&#Wa'*$+1)&*,. 7).>&$.\r+.'2p1(VD -)'(H.'& '$*1)'H?$+ 2$ >)#)'*6,W.'1T1&+ *&++1*)1+& &* #$'S.&H ()',.1+$ '6(&22$1+&;&'* A #$ >1)#&'(&f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b21(&2,&+'1Q+&2>&.#&'* A *).*?+1/ #&.+ 1'*6S+1*6H &##&2 2).L$1*&+)'* '6(&22$1+&;&'* 2& *+$'2T)+;&+ &' Y*$*2D />1 d -)'(H 1# (+)1*@.&#&'$*1)'$#12;&,6C).(L&$C2)#.;&'*>&+2 #$(+6$*1)',W.'Y*$*\7$*1)'&*').22$>)'2@.&H?#.2 1# N $,WY*$*,$'2 #& 2N2*Q;& 1'*&+'$*1)'$#H?#.2 (&,&+'1&+ &2*,1TT1(1#& A S6+&+D -)'(H A 2&2 N&./H #W$TT1+;$*1)' '$*1)'$#&,62*$C1#12& #&2 +&#$*1)'2 1'*&+'$*1)'$#&2D 8+)121Q;&;&'*H 9&,).+1& $TT1+;& @.&#&'$*1)'$#12;&'&T$1*?$2L&.+&./;6'$S&$>&( Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
54.' Y*$*?#.+1'$*1)'$#D O.+ (&?)1'*H h.n 4$T)+&2* ();;&'*&3 b='&,&2*lq2&2?+1'(1?$#&2,&9&,).+1&>&.*@.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& '& T$22& @.W$((&'*.&+ #&2,1TT1(.#*62 1'L6+&'*&2 A #$ >1&?)#1*1@.&,$'2 #&2 Y*$*2?#.+1&*L'1@.&2H ;.#*1'$*1)'$./D 4&2 +&>&',1($*1)'2 '$*1)'$#12*&2,$'2,& *&##&2 2)(16*62 '& T&+)'* @.W&/$(&+C&+ #&2 *&'21)'2H &##&2 T&+)'* >$(1##&+ #&2 6@.1#1C+&2 T+$S1#&2 +6$S122$'* #&2 +$??)+*2 &'*+& #&2,1TT6+&'*2S+).?&2D['#1&.&*?#$(&,&#$2*$C1#1*6&*,&#$#1C&+*6H#&'$*1)'$#12;&'&;Q'&@.WA#$L$1'& ;.*.&##&D />11 d 9&,).+1&(+)1*@.&#&'$*1)'$#12;&2&T$1*()'*+&.' $.*+&S+).?&D"?$+*1+,&(&+$12)''&;&'*&*2$(L$'* @.W1#$22)(1&'$*1)'$#12;&A#$>1)#&'(&H1#&2*')+;$#,& (+)1+& A #$,62*$C1#12$*1)' 1'L6+&'*&,&2 Y*$*2 ;.#*1(.#*.+D4W&/&;?#&@.&9&,).+1&,)''&?).+ ()'T1+;&+ #& *).* &2* #&2 ;1##&*2,& #W[;?1+& a**);$'d5&',$'*?+q2,&(1'@21q(#&2h#$*)#6+$'(&$ 6*6 )C2&+>6& A ($.2&,&2 ;1##&*2 P,+)1*2?)#1*1@.&2?$+*1(.#1&+2 $(()+,62 $./ ();;.'$.*62 &' T)'(*1)',&2,1TT6+&'*&2 +S1)'2RD 5$+ ()'*+&H b*l& ;1##&* 2N2*&; C+)V&,)p' C&($.2& 2.(L #1;1*&, $.*)');N ().#, ')* 2$*12TN *L& '$*1)'$#12*W2 $;C1*1)'2D />111 d -)'(H?$+ 2$ >)#)'*6,W$>)1+?#.2 ). #&2 ;J;&2,+)1*2 &* #1C&+*62 @.& #&2 $.*+&2H #& '$*1)'$#12;& $ ()',.1* A #W1'*)#6+$'(& &* A #$ (L.*&,&2 ;1##&*2D "?$+*1+,& (& +$12)''&;&'*H 1# 2.SSQ+& $./,1+1S&$'*2,WY*$*2,& '&?$2 2& +62).,+& A,)''&+,& #W1;?)+*$'(& $. '$*1)'$#12;& P?$+ &/&;?#&H?$+ #W$.*)');1& (.#*.+&##&RH?$+(& @.& #W&;?1+12;&,6;)'*+& @.& #$ 21*.$*1)' $??)+*&+$1* #$,62*$C1#12$*1)'D /1/ a' >)1*,)'(?)1',+& @.W$.\,&#A,&2?+)C#Q;&2?)#1*1@.&2H1#N$$.221,&2?+)C#Q;&2?L1#)2)?L1@.&2P?$+&/&;?#&H#$*)#6+$'(&R+¢$. '$*1)'$#12;&D sd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b0 S)), ;$' 12 $' $.*)');).2 ;$'H $', T)+ L1; *) +&$#1`& L12 $.*)');NH L& ;.2* C& T+&&D O&#T\,&*&+;1'$*1)' *L.2 C&();&2 *L& 2.?+&;&?)#1*1($# S)),D // dd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b#w6?$').122&;&'*1',1>1,.&#'&2&+6$#12&@.&s+l(& A #W$C2)+?*1)',$'2 #WY*$*dH +&?+62&'*$'*,& #$ Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
55 '$*1)'D //1 a+h #$ '$*1)' '& +&?+62&'*&?$2 *).2 #&2 1',1>1,.2?).+ 9&,).+1&D //11 -)'(H #WY*$* 7$*1)' +12@.&,& '1&+ (&+*$1'&2 1',1>1,.$#1*62D 8+)121Q;&;&'*H.'$.*+&?+)C#Q;&+621,&,$'2#&T$1* @.&#&'$*1)'$#12;&*1+&2)')+1S1'&,.+);$'*12;&D 8).* ();;& #$?L1#)2)?L1& +);$'*1@.&H #& '$*1)'$#12;& 'W$((&?*&?$2 #$ '$*.+& 1'1*1$#&,& #WL);;&3 &##&,621+& #$ (L$'S&+D a+h 9&,).+1& $22)(1& #& *).* $./?1+&2,6+1>&2 *)*$#1*$1+&2 &* $./?1+&2 S6')(1,&2,& #WL12*)1+&t #& T$1* @.& (&+*$1'2 $+*12*&2+);$'*1@.&2;&**&'*.'$((&'*2.+#$;)+*#.1 2&+*,&?+&.>& A (&2 +6(.2$*1)'2D //111 q.$*+1q;&;&'*h #& '$*1)'$#12;& &'*+$I'&.'& ()'T.21)' *+Q2 1;?)+*$'*&&'*+&#&?+1>6&*#&?.C#1(D4W&/&;?#&@.& 9&,).+1&,)''& &2* #& 2.1>$'*3 b4)>& ;$N C&?+1>$*&H $', 1' 1* p).#, C& 1'(#.,&, #)>& )T T$;1#N $',#)>&)TT+1&',t)+1*;$NC&?.C#1(H$',*L12#)>& )T T$*L&+#$',H )+ )T +S1)'H &*(D //1> d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`12;&H#&T$2(12;&&*#&2)(1$#12;&2)>16*1@.&H)'?&.* (+)1+& @.W1# (+$1'* @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& 2& *+$'2T)+;& &' *)*$#1*$+12;&H ();;& #W0##&;$S'& '$`1&&*#$,6()#)'12$*1)'#.1T)'*(+$1',+&f ud 7$*1)'$#12*&).0'*1\'$*1)'$#12*&v " #$ #.;1Q+&,& *).*&2 #&2 ()'21,6+$*1)'2H ').2?).>)'2 2N'*L6*12&+ #$ *L6)+1&,& 9&,).+1&D 7).2 >)N)'2 @.& (&,&+'1&+ ()',$;'& #& '$*1)'$#12;& &*L'1@.&A($.2&,&2$?+)/1;1*6$>&(#&*)*$#1*$+12;&H #& +);$'*12;&H #$ >1)#&'(& &* #$ ')'\;),&+'1*6D 5$+ ()'*+&H 1# T&+$1* T$./,& ()'(#.+& @.& #W$.*&.+ ()',$;'& *).2 #&2 '$*1)'$#12;&23.' '$*1)'$#12;& &2* $((&?*$C#& 2W1# 2& ()'X.S.& $>&( #&2 1,6$./ #1C6+$./ ;),&+'&2D [',W$.*+&2 ;)*2H 1# $((&?*&.' '$*1)'$#12;&bC$2&,)'*L&p1##D //>11 dm&?&',$'*h)' '&?&.*?$2 $TT1+;&+ @.& 9&,).+1& &',)22& *).* '$*1)'$#12;& (1>1@.&H?.12@.W.' '$*1)'$#12;& ;),&+'&,)1* +&2?&(*&+ #$ %$12)'H #$ #1C&+*6H #W1',1>1,.$#1*6H#&?+)S+Q2H#$*)#6+$'(&H#$,1(L)*);1&?+1>6&?.C#1@.&&*#$'$*.+&,&#WL);;&Dr1&'@.&#$ '$*1)' (1>1@.& 2)1* 1'(#.21>& &* +&2?&(*& (&+*$1'2?+1'(1?&2,. #1C6+$#12;&H 9&,).+1& +&T.2& @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;&2)1*$TT&(*1TH?.12@.W1#6>$(.&#$%$12)'D //>111 5$+&/&;?#&H9&,).+1&+&T.2&+$1*#&'$*1)'$#12;&,&#$ML$+*&($'$,1&''&,&2,+)1*2&*#1C&+*62H;J;& 2W1#&2*(1>1@.&H?.12@.W1#>12&A()'2*+.1+&.'&'$*1)' Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
56 ($'$,1&''&S+l(&A,&22&'*1;&'*2P,$'2#$2&()',& 2&(*1)'H').2T&++)'2#$?+&.>&,&(&(1RD5$+()'*+&H1# &2*,W$(()+, @.& #WY*$* T$22& #$?+);)*1)',. ;.#*1(.#*.+$#12;&H?.12@.&(&#$>$,&?$1+$>&(#W1,6&,& '&.*+$#1*6 6*$*1@.&H,& *)#6+$'(&H,& #1C&+*6 &*,W1',1>1,.$#12;&D 01'21H$./N&./,&9&,).+1&H#&'$*1)'$#12;& ($'$,1&' )C*1&',+$1*.'& *+Q2 ;$.>$12& ')*&D O)' 1'212*$'(& 2.+ #W6;)*1>1*6 &2* '&**&;&'* ()',$;'$C#&D //1/ M&?&',$'*H?&',$'*.'&*+Q2#)'S.&?6+1),&H#&b()'(&?*&.+d,&(&'$*1)'$#12;&H51&++& 8+.,&$.H$6*6*+Q2?+Q2,&21,6$./$'*1\'$*1)'$#12*&2,& 9&,).+1&D 5$+ ()'*+&H #& ()'*&/*&?)#1*1@.& ($'$,1&'$&.+$12)',&#$?L1#)2)?L1&,&8+.,&$.3 1#2W&2*T1'$#&;&'*+62)#.A.*1#12&+#&b(1;&'*dDM&**& 21*.$*1)'21S'1T1&\*\&##&@.&9&,).+1&$*)+*,$'2(&**& ()'(&?*1)',& #$ '$*1)' v ['?+62&'*$'* #&2,&./?L$2&2,& #$?&'26&,& 8+.,&$.H ').2 &2?6+)'2 #&,6().>+1+D rr51&++&[##1)**8+.,&$.3?).+&*()'*+&9&,).+1&v 51&++& 8+.,&$. 2&?+62&'*& A #$ T)12 ();;&,6T&'2&.+ &* ();;& (+1*1@.&,& #We.>+&,& 9&,).+1&D -$'2 #$?+&;1Q+&?L$2&,& 2$?&'26&H 1# ;&* 2.+?1&,.' 2N2*Q;&?+Q2,& #$ >121)',.?+6(6,&'*$.*&.+D5$+()'*+&H,6XA&']cGEH)'')*&,&2,1>&+S&'(&2&'*+&#$?&'26&,&8+.,&$.&*(&##&,& 2)' b;$i*+&dd 4W)+1S1'&,. '$*1)'$#12;& &' *6;)1S'&D ]D 4&2)+1S1'&2,.'$*1)'$#12;& 0.#1&.,W$22)(1&+#&,6>&#)??&;&'*,&#$?&'26& '$*1)'$#12*&.'1@.&;&'* A #W1,6)#)S1& ();;& (L&` 9&,).+1&H 1# $22)(1& #& '$*1)'$#12;& A.'&?$')?#1&,&($.2&2?L1#)2)?L1@.&2H2)(1)#)S1@.&2&*?)#1*1@.&2H ();;&#&?+62&'*&#$(1*$*1)'2.1>$'*&3 b['t1'h $?+Q2?#.2,& Gu 21Q(#&2,WL12*)1+&H $>&( #W6(#$*&;&'*,& #W)+,+& ;6,16>$#H #$ +6S+&221)',. #$*1' ();;& #$'S.&,& #WL);;& #&**+6H &* #$ '$122$'(&,& #$ ;N2*1@.& 1',1>1,.$#12*&H #$ ')*1)' ;),&+'&,&#$'$*1)'();;&'Z$A2&,6>&#)??&+D4& +&;?#$(&;&'*,&#WYS#12&($*L)#1@.&?$+,&2YS#12&2 '$*1)'$#&2H #$ ;)'*6&,&2 C).+S&)121&2H #& ;&+($'*1#12;&?+)*&(*&.+,&26()');1&2*&++1*)+1$#&2H #&2 ).*+$S&2 ();;12 ()'*+& (&+*$1'2 S+).?&2 &*L'1@.&2 ijkh (& T.+&'*,&2 T$(*&.+2 @.1 ()'*+1C.Q+&'* A,)''&+ '$122$'(& $./ $2?1+$*1)'2 '$*1)'$#&2H (&##&2\(1,&>$'* ()',.1+& A #$ ;12& 2.+?1&,2.((&221>&,&2Y*$*2'$*1)'$./D /// d a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édéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
57 4$ T)+;.#$*1)',& #W$'*1\'$*1)'$#12;&,& 8+.,&$. &2* '&**&;&'* *+1C.*$1+&,W.' ()'*&/*& L12*)+1@.&D0#)+2@.&#&q.6C&(,&2$''6&2]csF&* ]cuf&2**+$>&+26?$+.'()'2&+>$*12;&t)+*h8+.,&$. +J>&,&*+$'2T)+;&+#WY*$*@.6C6()12&*($'$,1&'&' Y*$* ;),&+'& )B #$ #1C&+*6H #W6S$#1*6H #$ +$12)' &* #&?+)S+Q2,);1'&+$1&'*D 0.*+&;&'*,1*H #& ()'*&/*& L12*)+1@.& #W$;Q'& A ;1#1*&+?).+ #$ ;),&+'1*6?)#1*1@.&D a+h #& '$*1)'$#12;&,&2 $''6&2 ]csf &* ]cuf &2* $.221 *+1C.*$1+&,& (& ()'2&+>$*12;&3 1# &2* $'*1\;),&+'12*&H $'*1\6;$'(1?$*&.+ &* &*L'1@.&D -&>$'* (&,6S)w*,& (&**&,)(*+1'& $'*1\ ;),&+'12$*+1(&P@.1'&(L$'S&+$?$2$>&(#&2$''6&2RH 8+.,&$.()'Z)1*.'&*L6)+1&?)#1*1@.&;),&+'&@.1 &/(#.**).*'$*1)'$#12;&D ///11 a'?&.*t$(1#&;&'*;&'*1)''&+@.&#w)cx&(*1t?)#1*1@.&,& 8+.,&$. &2* #$ +6T)+;&,. 2N2*Q;& ($'$,1&'?).+&'T$1+&.'Y*$*;),&+'C6+$#Da+H?).+(&,&+'1&+H#&'$*1)'$#12;&'&?+62&'*&@.&,&2,6T$.*2?).+ #$ ;),&+'1*6D K#.*1#12& (1'@ 6#6;&'*2?).+?+).>&+ #& *).*D 5+&;1Q+&;&'*H #&?+)S+Q2 &2*.'?1#1&+*+Q2T)+*,&#$;),&+'1*6?)#1*1@.&D8+.,&$.,)''&,&./ 6#6;&'*2?).+,6;)'*+&+ @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& 'W&2*?$2?+)S+&2212*&D 8).*,W$C)+,H 8+.,&$. (+)1* @.& #&?+)S+Q2?$22&?$+ #$ ();?6*1*1)'3 b.'& (.#*.+& '&?+)S+&22& @.&?$+ #W6(L$'S& &* #W$TT+)'*&;&'*D ///111 d -)'(H 1# $22)(1& #&?+)*&(*1)''12;&(.#*.+&#A.'+&*).+&'$++1Q+&32&.# #W$TT+)'*&;&'* &'*+& #&2 (.#*.+&2 &* #&2 1',1>1,.2?&+;&*#W$>$'(&;&'*,&2L);;&2D['2.1*&H8+.,&$.,6>&#)??&.' L12*)+1(12;&,.?+)S+Q23 ba+h #WL12*)1+&,& #$ (1>1#12$*1)'H (W&2* #WL12*)1+&,& 2.C)+,1'$*1)',. '$*1)'$#12;& b*+1c$#d A,&2 $??$+*&'$'(&2?#.2 #$+S&2D ///1> d 0.*+&;&'*,1*H 8+.,&$. (+)1* @.& b#&?+)s+q2,& #WL);;& ();;$',& #W$C$',)',& (&2 L6+1*$S&2 @.1 ').2,1>12&'*&*#$+&()''$122$'(&,&#$T+$*&+'1*6,&*).2,$'2#$*+$'2?$+&'(&,.,1$#)S.&+$*1)''&#DM&*$(*& +6T#6(L1,& +&()''$122$'(&,& 2)1,$'2 #W$.*+&H @.&# @.& 2)1* 2)' #1&.,$'2 #WL12*)1+&H ()'2*1*.&.'& >)1& >&+2.' $>&'1+ ;&1##&.+D ///> d a' >)1*,)'( @.& #&?+)S+Q2?$22&?$+.'.'1>&+2$#12;&+$*1)''&#H$.@.&# #WL12*)1+&').2()'TQ+&H@.1,6C).(L&+$1*2.+.'&?$1/ &*.'& T+$*&+'1*6 ;)',1$#&D ///>1 -&./1Q;&;&'*H ();;& 9&,).+1&H 8+.,&$. (+)1* @.& #$ %$12)'H.'?1#1&+,. ;),&+'12;&H &2* 1'();?$*1C#& $>&( #$ '$*1)'3b*+$'21?$+#WL6+1*$S&,&24.;1Q+&2H8+.,&$. ()'21,Q+& @.& #$ ;$12)',& #WL);;& 'W&2*?$2 #$ '$*1)'H ;$12 C1&' #$ +$12)'D ///>11 d 0.*+&;&'*,1*H b#wl);;&'w$??$+*1&'*'1a2$#$'s.&h'1a2$+$(&t1# 'W$??$+*1&'* @.WA #.1\;J;&H ($+ (W&2*.' J*+& #1C+&H (W&2*\A\,1+&.' J*+& ;)+$#D ///>111 d -)'(H?$+(& @.& #W1',1>1,.2&,6T1'1*?$+2)'1',1>1,.$#1*6&*2$%$12)'H #& '$*1)'$#12;& &2* ')'\'6(&22$1+&D ['?#.2H &' 6>$(.$'*#$%$12)'H1#T$>)+12&#$;12&&'?#$(&,W.' +6S1;&,6;$S)S.&H >1)#&'* &* 2)?L12*&D ///1/ _1'$#&;&'*H #$ %$12)',)''&,& #$,1S'1*6 A #WL.;$1'3 b?).+ i8+.,&$.kh #$,1S'1*6,& #WL);;& #.1>1&'*,&2$($?$(1*6,&T$1+&,&2(L)1/6(#$1+62D /# d 01'21H?$+(&@.&#&'$*1)'$#12;&>6L1(.#&#W$TT&(*1>1*6H 1# 6>$(.& *).*& +$*1)'$#1*6 &*,1S'1*6 L.;$1'&D 8+)121Q;&;&'*H?).+.*1#12&+2$%$12)'&*$>)1+.'&,1S'1*6H#W1',1>1,.'&,)1*$>)1+@.&,&2,+)1*2()'*+& #WY*$*P&2?$(&,W$.*)');1&RD /#1 01'21Hb#$#1C&+*6'&2& X.2*1T1&?$2?$+\&##&;J;&D /#11 d-)'(h1#,)1*$>)1+,&2 #1C&+*62 T)',$;&'*$#&2 L)+2,& #W$**&1'*&,& #WY*$*D M);;& 9&,).+1&H 8+.,&$. (+)1* @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& $C2)+C& #&2 1',1>1,.2,$'2 #&2 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
58 1'2*1*.*1)'26*$*1@.&2&*@.&#$#1C&+*61',1>1,.&##&2)1* +&;?#$(6&?$+ (&##&2 ()##&(*1>&2D K# (+$1'*,)'( @.& (&2,&+'1Q+&2#1C&+*62'&T$>)+12&'*?$2#$%$12)'&*#$,1S'1*6 L.;$1'&D q.$*+1q;&;&'*h #$ ;),&+'1*6 $TT1(L&.' 2).(1 1;?)+*$'*?).+ #W6S$#1*6 P). #WL);)S6'61*6RDa'();?+&',,)'(@.&H?).+$>)1+.'& 6S$#1*6 L);)SQ'&H 8+.,&$. (+)1* @.W1# T$.* 6#1;1'&+#&2,1TT6+&'(&2&*T)+;&+.'&2?$(&.'1>&+2&# )B*).2#&2S&'2,&2;J;&2();;.'$.*62?).++)'* $>)1+ #&2 ;J;&2,+)1*2 &* #1C&+*62 &* $1'21H #$ ;J;&,1S'1*6D a' ();?+&',,)'( #$?&+*1'&'(&,& #$?)#1*1@.&,. ;.#*1(.#*.+$#12;&,$'2 (&**& >121)'.'1>&+2&##&D M1'@.1Q;&;&'* &* T1'$#&;&'*H #W6S$#1*6 L);)SQ'& >12& #$ *)#6+$'(&D [',+&22$'*.' Y*$* ;.#*1(.#*.+&#H 8+.,&$. T$1* &' 2)+*& @.& #&2,1TT6+&'*&2 ();;.'$.*62 2)'* 6S$#&2 &* @.& (&2,&+'1Q+&2'&,6C).(L&'*?$2>&+2#$?&+26(.*1)',W.' S+).?&?$+.' $.*+&D 01'21H *).* '$*1)'$#12;& @.1 2W)??)2&A(&(1&*@.1?+);&.*,&2>$#&.+2&*L'1@.&2 @.1,1>12&'*,6C).(L&A#W1'*)#6+$'(&3b.'&/(Q2,&?+)*&(*1)''12;&(.#*.+&#,6S6'Q+&1'6>1*$C#&;&'*&' 1'*)#6+$'(& &*H $. C).*,. ();?*&H &' '6S$*1)' $C2)#.&,&#$#1C&+*61',1>1,.&##&$.');,&#$,1S'1*6,. S+).?&D /#111 d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a' >)1*,)'( #$?+)/1;1*6 1,6)#)S1@.&,&(&2,&./L);;&2j 01'21H ').2?).>)'2 ()'(#.+& @.&H,.+$'* (&**&?6+1),&H 8+.,&$. ()',$;'& #& '$*1)'$#12;& &*L'1@.& A ($.2&,& 2)' 1'();?$*1C1#1*6 $>&( #$ ;),&+'1*6?)#1*1@.& &* #$ S&2*1)'?)#1*1@.&D =' '$*1)'$#12;&(1>1@.&?)#1*1@.&&2*$.221()',$;'$C#&H?.12@.W1# +12@.&,&,6>&#)??&+ #W$TT&(*1>1*6 &*,W6>$(.&+ #$ %$12)'D /#>11 0.*+&;&'*,1*H 8+.,&$. ()'T1'& *).* #& '$*1)'$#12;& b,$'2 #$ 2?LQ+&?+1>6& &* #W1'$#16'$C1#1*6,&2,+)1*2 1',1>1,.D /#>111 d a' >)1*,)'( @.& 8+.,&$. &* 9&,).+1& 2)'* 2.+ #$ ;J;& #)'S.&.+,W)',&3 $22)(1$*1)' &'*+& >1)#&'(&H,62*$C1#12$*1)' &* '$*1)'$#12;& &* #W1'();?$*1C1#1*6 &'*+& #1C6+$#12;& ;),&+'& &* '$*1)'$#12;&D 5$+ ()'*+&HT$(&$.'$*1)'$#12;&@.6C6()12H8+.,&$.&2* T)+(6,&(L$'S&+2)'T.21#,W6?$.#&j CR4&'$*1)'$#12;&(1>1@.& 4$ *&'.&,W.' +6T6+&',.; 2.+ #$ 2).>&+$1'&*6 $22)(1$*1)' &* #$ ;)'*6&,. ;).>&;&'* 1',6?&',$'*12*& @.6C6()12 2)'*.' ;);&'* 1;?)+*$'*,$'2#&,6>&#)??&;&'*&*#W6>)#.*1)',&#$?&'26&,& 51&++& 8+.,&$.D M&2 6>6'&;&'*2,6;)'*+&'* #$,1TT1(.#*6 >)1+& ;J;& #W6(L&(,& #$ ()'(+6*12$*1)',& 2$?&'26&.'1>&+2$#12*& ;),&+'&D 5$+ ()'*+&H #& 5+&;1&+ ;1'12*+& $>$1*,&2 ;.'1*1)'2 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
59,$'2 2)' 2$(3 1# b2& +62)#.* A +&().+1+ A #W6?$12 (1;&'*,.'$*1)'$#12;&?).+()'*+&+2&2$,>&+2$1+&2,&*).X).+2H#&22).>&+$1'12*&2&*#&2'$*1)'$#12*&2,. q.6c&(d /#1/ dk#t)+;.#&,)'(.''$*1)'$#12;&(1>1@.&,)'*#$ml$+*&($'$,1&''&,&2,+)1*2&*#1c&+*622&+$ #&?)+*&\6*&',$+,3 bijk MW&2* #&?)1,2,$'2 #$ C$#$'(&,. (g*6,.?+)>1'(1$#12;&$./,6?&'2,w.'&1'2*1*.*1)'t6,6+$#& ).,W.'S12#$*1)'H@.1HX.2@.WA?+62&'*H,)''$1*$./ M$'$,1&'2.'2&'2,W$??$+*&'$'(&'$*1)'$#&H.'?&. ();;&.'& ML$+*&,&2,+)1*2 &* #1C&+*62 6*$1* 1;?)+*$'*&?).+#W.'1*6($'$,1&''&H.'?&.();;& #&+$?$*+1&;&'*,&#$M)'2*1*.*1)'H.'?&.();;&#&,+$?&$. ($'$,1&'D 8).* (&#$H (W&2* 1;?)+*$'* &' (& 2&'2 @.& Z$ T$1* ();?+&',+& $./ M$'$,1&'2 @.W1#2?$+*$S&'* $>&( 8a=O #&2 M$'$,1&'2H,& 8a=8 #&?$N2H.':x:[&'2&;C#&,&>$#&.+2T)',$;&'*$#&2D # d 0.*+&;&'*,1*H 6*$'*,)''6 @.& #&2 (1+()'2*$'(&2 $(*.&##&2'&?&+;&**&'*?$2#.(1,&;&'*$./1',1>1,.2,W$C$',)''&+ #&.+2,1TT6+&'(&2H 8+.,&$.,6>&#)??&.''$*1)'$#12;&(1>1@.&($'$,1&'?.122$'*@.1HA#)'S *&+;&H?&+;&**+$,W&' >&'1+ A.'& 1,&'*1*6.'1>&+2&##&D5).+#&,1+&$.*+&;&'*H(&'$*1)'$#12;&H &' +$22&;C#$'*?#.21&.+2 ();;.'$.*62 '$*1)'$#&2 2).2 #& ;J;& &;C#Q;&H &2* ;12 $. 2&+>1(&,& #$ ;$+(L&,& #WL12*)1+&D 5$+ ()'*+&H #& '$*1)'$#12;& ($'$,1&',& 8+.,&$. +&2?&(*&\*\1# &'()+& #$ ;),&+'1*6v7).2$##)'2;$1'*&'$'*').2$**$+,&+A (&**&?+)C#6;$*1@.&D -$'2#&?$+$S+$?L&?+6(6,&'*H').2$>)'2>. @.& 8+.,&$. 'W$?$2 $C$',)''6 #W1,6&,& T$1+&,. M$'$,$.' Y*$* ;),&+'& P#W1,6&?L$+&,&2 $'*1'$*1)'$#12*&2RD [' &TT&*H #$ >)#)'*6,& ()'(+6*12&+ #$;$+(L&,&#WL12*)1+&>&+2#W.'1>&+2$#12;&H#$%$12)' &* #$ T+$*&+'1*6 A *+$>&+2 #& '$*1)'$#12;& (1>1@.& *6;)1S'&,& #$ 21*.$*1)'D a' >)1*,)'( @.& #W.*1#12$*1)'?$+8+.,&$.,&#W$TT&(*1>1*6$.'&.*1#1*63?$+>&'1+A.'&?#.2S+$',&%$12)'D0.*+&;&'*,1*H1#,&;&.+&.' :),&+'&H?.12@.W1# (+)1* A #$ %$12)'D #1 5$+$##Q#&;&'*H,$'2 #$ ML$+*&H 8+.,&$. ;&*.'& 26+1&,& #1C&+*62 &*,&,+)1*2,$'2 #&2 ;$1'2,&2 1',1>1,.2D M&**&?+)*&(*1)' ()'*+& #WY*$* #$122&,)'(.'& `)'& b,w$.*)');1&d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t (&2,&+'1&+2,)1>&'*,&>&'1+ ;&;C+& A?$+* &'*1Q+&,& #$ ();;.'$.*6 ($'$,1&''&b.'1>&+2&##&dD #111 a'>)1*,)'(@.&h?$+#$ ()'(.++&'(&,&2();;.'$.*62,$'2#$;J;&'$*1)'H #&'$*1)'$#12;&(1>1@.&($'$,1&'>12&#&?+)S+Q2>&+2 #$();;.'$.*6,&?#.2&'?#.2.'1>&+2&##&H();;& #&>&.*#WL12*)+1(12;C6+$#,&8+.,&$.&*#&2*LQ2& $'*1'$*1)'$#12*&2D5).+()'(#.+&H(&?&'2&.+*L6)+12&.' 2N2*Q;& *+Q2?+Q2,& #$ ;),&+'1*6 $>&(.' '$*1)'$#12;& @.1H ;$#S+6 #&,62$>$'*$S&,W$TT&(*1>1*6 @.W1#?)22Q,&H $ #W$>$'*$S&,& ()',.1+& >&+2 #$ Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
60 ();;.'$.*6 T+$*&+'&##& &*.'1>&+2&##&D [' (& 2&'2H )' ')*&,)'( #W1'T#.&'(& ;$+@.6&,& #W$'*1'$*1)'$#12;&2.+2&21,6&2?)#1*1@.&2D M)'(#.21)' [' 2);;&H 9&,).+1& &* 8+.,&$. 2)'*,&2 $.*&.+2 *+Q2 1;?)+*$'*2?).+ #$ ();?+6L&'21)',.?L6');Q'& '$*1)'$# &*?$+ #& T$1* ;J;&H,. T6,6+$#12;&D r1&' @.& (&2 $.*&.+2 '& T$22&'*?$2 #W.'$'1;1*6H(&2$.*&.+2+$??&##&'*#$,6+1>&T$(1#&,. '$*1)'$#12;&>&+2#$>1)#&'(&&*#$,62*$C1#12$*1)'D5$+ ()'*+&H #& S+$', ;6+1*&,& (&2 1'*&##&(*. &2*,&,6;)'*+&+,W.'& T$Z)' (#$1+& &* #.(1,& #&2 *&'21)'2 1'*+1'2Q@.&2 @.& #& '$*1)'$#12;& &'*+&*1&'* $>&( #$ ;),&+'1*6D K# T$.* (&?&',$'* ')*&+ @.&H,&?.12 #&2 $''6&2]ccFH,W$.*+&21'*&##&(*.P')*$;;&'*U1## 9N;#1(V$ &* ML$+#&2 8$N#)+R 2W$(L$+'&'* A?+).>&+ #W1'>&+2&H A 2$>)1+ @.& #$ ;),&+'1*6 '&,)1*?$2 6>1'(&+#$'$*1)'D-W$1##&.+2H').22);;&2T)+(62,& ()'2*$*&+ @.& #W$'*1\'$*1)'$#12;&,& 8+.,&$. &* 9&,).+1&2&;C#&;$#+6212*&+A#$+6$#1*6L12*)+1@.&D -&>$'* #W$TT1+;$*1)',W.' 2&'*1;&'* ();;.'$.*$1+& *+Q2 T)+* &* #&,621+,W)C*&'1+,&2,+)1*2 ();;.'$.*$+1&'2 (L&` #&2 (&+*$1'2 1;;1S+$'*2 ($'$,1&'2H #W$'*1'$*1)'$#12;& ). #& '$*1)'$#12;& (1>1@.&,& 8+.,&$. PS+$',&;&'* 1'2?1+6?$+ 9&,).+1&R 2&;C#& $>)1+ (+66.'& +62.+S&'(&,&2 ;).>&;&'*21,&'*1*$1+&2$#)+2@.&#W$TT1+;$*1)',&#$ ;),&+'1*6 #1C6+$#&,$'2 #$?)#1*1@.&,. ;.#*1(.#*.+$#12;&,621+$1* (#$1+&;&'* &2*);?&+ #&2,1TT6+&'(&2D #1> 5&.*\)' ()'(#.+& A #W6(L&(,& #$?)#1*1@.& ;.#*1(.#*.+$#12*& ;),&+'12*& ). $. T$1* @.W&##& >$ *+)? ).?$2 $22&` #)1'v -&2 6*.,&2 2.??#6;&'*$1+&2,&>+$1&'* J*+& +6$#126&2?).+ $>)1+.'&()'(#.21)'L)+2,&*).*,).*&D i KYMLICKA Will, La voie canadienne : repenser le multiculturalisme, Montréal, Boréal, 2003, p.170-189 ii Voir le compte-rendu de JACQUES Daniel, Humanités passagères, Montréal, Boréal, 1991, p.49-50 iii LAFOREST Guy, «Herder, Kedourie et les errements de l anti-nationalisme», in De la prudence, Québec, Boréal, 1993, p.59 et p.61 iv KEDOURIE Elie, Nationalism, London, Hutchinson University Library, 1966, p.72 v LAFOREST Guy, op. cit., p.61 vi SMITH.D Anthony, Nationalism, London, Ed. Polity, 2001, p. 48 vii Voir notamment GELLNER Ernest, Nationalism, New York University Press, 1997 et Benedict ANDERSON, L imaginaire nationale : réflexions sur l origine et l essor du nationalisme, Paris, La Découverte, 2002. viii LAFOREST Guy, op. cit., p.61-62 ix SMITH Anthony D., «The myth of the Modern Nation and the myths of nations» in Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.11, no.1, p.3-4 x MACLURE Jocelyn, Récits identitaires, Québec, Québec Amérique, 2000, p.134 xi KEDOURIE Elie, op. cit., 92-93 xii Ibid., p.111 xiii LAFOREST Guy, op. cit., p.59 xiv KEDOURIE Elie, op. cit., p.130 xv Idem, p.109. xvi LAFOREST Guy, op. cit., p.62-63 xvii Idem. xviii KEDOURIE Elie, op. cit., p.117 xix LAFOREST Guy, op. cit.,, p.63-65 et Elie KEDOURIE, op cit., p.117 xx KEDOURIE Elie, op. cit., p.29 xxi LAFOREST Guy, op. cit.,, p.63-65 xxii KEDOURIE Elie, op. cit., p.31 xxiii Idem., p.48 xxiv Idem., p.48-87-88 xxv Idem., p.56 xxvi Idem., p.89 xxvii Ibid., p.45 xxviii MACLURE Jocelyn, op. cit., p.138 xxix KELLY Stéphane, Les fins du Canada, Québec, Boréal, 2001,.p.204 xxx TRUDEAU Pierre Elliott, «La nouvelle trahison des clercs» in Le fédéralisme et la société canadienne-française, Montréal, Éd. HMH, 1967, p..166 xxxi Idem. xxxii KELLY Stéphane, op. cit., p.205 xxxiii BICKERTON James, GAGNON Alain G. et BROOKS Stephen, Six penseurs en quête de liberté, d égalité et de communauté, Québec, Presses de l Université Laval, 2003, p.140 xxxiv TRUDEAU, Pierre Elliott, op. cit., p.165 xxxv JACQUES Daniel, op. cit., p.49-50 xxxvi Idem. xxxvii MACLURE Jocelyn, op. cit.,p.140 xxxviii TRUDEAU Pierre Elliott, «Fédéralisme, nationalisme et raison» in Le fédéralisme et la société canadienne-française, op. cit., p.207 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
61 xxxix Idem. xl BICKERTON James, GAGNON Alain G. et BROOKS Stephen, op. cit., p.133 xli Idem. xlii Idem. xliii Idem., p.139 xliv TRUDEAU Pierre Elliott, «La nouvelle trahison des clercs», op. cit., p.170-176 xlv TRUDEAU Pierre Elliott, «Fédéralisme, nationalisme et raison» in Le fédéralisme et la société canadienne-française, op. cit., p.207 xlvi TRUDEAU Pierre Elliott, «La nouvelle trahison des clercs», op. cit., p.161 xlvii TRUDEAU Pierre Elliott, «Fédéralisme, nationalisme et raison» in Le fédéralisme et la société canadienne-française, op. cit., p.204 à 208 xlviii MACLURE Jocelyn, op. cit., p.149 xlix LAFOREST Guy, Pour la liberté d une société distincte : parcours d un intellectuel engagé, Québec, Presses de l Université Laval, 2004, p.9 l TRUDEAU Pierre Elliott, «Il doit y avoir un sens d appartenance» in JOHNSTON, Daniel (textes réunis et présentés par), Lac Meech. Trudeau Parle, Québec, Ed. Hurtubise HMH, 1989, p.41 li LAFOREST Guy, Pour la liberté d une société distincte : parcours d un intellectuel engagé, op. cit.,p.11 à 19 lii KELLY Stéphane, op.cit., p.201 liii Idem. liv Will KYMLICKA, op.cit., p.27-42 Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
62 Bibliographie ANDERSON, Benedict, L imaginaire nationale : réflexions sur l origine et l essor du nationalisme, Paris, La Découverte, 2002, 212p. BICKERTON, James, Alain G. GAGNON et Stephen BROOKS, Six penseurs en quête de liberté, d égalité et de communauté, Québec, Presses de l Université Laval, 2003, 187p. GELLNER, Ernest, Nationalism, New York University Press, 1997, 114p. JACQUES, Daniel, Humanités passagères, Montréal, Boréal, 1991, 288p. JOHNSTON, Daniel (textes réunis et présentés par), Lac Meech. Trudeau Parle, Québec, Ed. Hurtubise HMH, 1989, 167p. KEDOURIE, Elie, Nationalism, London, Hutchinson University Library, 1966, 140p. KELLY, Stéphane, Les fins du Canada, Québec, Boréal, 2001, 283p. KYMLICKA, Will, La voie canadienne : repenser le multiculturalisme, Montréal, Boréal, 2003, 339p. LAFOREST, Guy, De la prudence, Québec, Boréal, 1993, 234p. LAFOREST, Guy, Pour la liberté d une société distincte : parcours d un intellectuel engagé, Québec, Presses de l Université Laval, 2004, 353p. MACLURE, Jocelyn, Récits identitaires, Québec, Québec Amérique, 2000, 219p. SMITH, Anthony D., Nationalism, London, Ed. Polity, 2001, 182p. SMITH, Anthony D., «The myth of the Modern Nation and the myths of nations» in Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol.11, no.1, p.1-19 TRUDEAU, Pierre Elliott, Le fédéralisme et la société canadienne-française, Montréal, Éd. HMH, 1967, 227p. Fédéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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édéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006
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édéralisme-e Journal Universitaire Volume 7 - Mai 2006