Groupe'de'travail''SHM' Soleil'1'Héliosphère'1'Magnétosphères

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2 Groupe'de'travail''SHM' Soleil'1'Héliosphère'1'Magnétosphères T.#Dudok#de#Wit,##pour%le%groupe%SHM:# T.#Amari,#S.#Bourdarie,#E.#Buchlin,#B.#Cecconi,#D.#Fontaine,#V.#Génot,# V.#Krasnosselskikh,#B.#Lavraud,#F.#Leblanc,#A.#Marchaudon,#E.#Quémerais# Thématicien:#J.FY.#Prado# Invités:#D.#Delcourt,#S.#Galtier,#P.#Louarn,#M.#Maksimovic,#N.#Vilmer 2

3 Grandes'questions' scientifiques 4

4 Grandes'questions' scientifiques 5

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6 Grandes'questions' scientifiques 7

7 hierry Dudok de Wit 1, Werner Schmutz 2, Sabri Mekaoui 3, nd Steven Dewitte 3 nergy released by relatively at take place in the atmoough solar flares, from our events in the solar system, t of the Sun they are barely tal amount of radiant energy own, and their potential conl solar irradiance 4 incident on ked. In this work, we identify ely moderate solar flares in find that the total energy o orders of magnitude the X-ray domain only, indicating e domain. These results have ng of solar-flare activity and Grandes'questions'(1/5) Comprendre'les'mécanismes'd accélération'et'de'chauffage'de' la'couronne'solaire'(soho,'hinode,'sdo,'rhessi,' ) 4 18#ans#d observations#par#soho#permettent#de#faire#des#statistiques#sur#2#cycles# solaires#anormaux# 5 La#haute#résolution#spatiale#et#temporelle#de#SDO#révèle#une#série#de#surprises,# 0.4 comme#une#phase#de#postfchauffage#après#les#éruptions omagnetic radiation occurring referentially observed in cool b 40 However, flares have also been from X10 to M the case of the Sun, imaging to observe flares in the visible hs, in the X-ray or extremeontrast 20 is highest and high- been purpose built. However, 10 +2σ s and its spectral distribution the flare signal in the visible 0 bservations is hindered by the used both by internal acoustic 10 ee Fig. 1). This explains why, 2σ es that occurred in the most 20 tionally large ones have been solar irradiance (TSI), that is, a TSI variations (W m 2 ) TSI variations (ppm) Time (min from flare peak time) Averaged over 130 flares PMOV6 DIARAD Time (min from flare peak time) SXR ( nm) irradiance (W m 2 ) Les'érupDons'solaires' rayonnent'davantage' dans'le'visible'qu en' rayons'x' [Kretzschmar#et#al.,#2010] 8

8 Grandes'questions'(2/5) Comprendre'les'mécanismes'd émission'des'perturbations' solaires'et'la'propagation'de'ces'dernières'jusqu à'la'terre: (STEREO,'ULYSSES,'SoHO,' ) Premières#comparaisons#détaillées#de#mesures#in#situ,#et#à#distance,#avec#des# satellites#différents# Evolution#dynamique#des#perturbations#interplanétaires:#cannibalisme,#érosion,# Etude'simultanée'in' situ/à'distance'de' perturbadons' héliosphériques,'grâce' à'plusieurs'satellites' [Rouillard#et#al.,#2010,#2012] 9

9 Grandes'questions'(3/5) Décrypter'la'microphysique'des'plasmas'spatiaux:'turbulence,' reconnexion,'chocs,' '(CLUSTER,'THEMIS,' ) Premiers#indices#sur#la#nature#des#processus#dissipatifs#dans#la#turbulence#du#vent# solaire.# Idem#pour#les#processus#d accélération#dans#les#régions#subissant#de#la#reconnexion (6pp),2012December1 Alexandrova et al. (b) Mise'en'évidence'de'la' nature'des'processus' dissipadfs'dans'la'cascade' turbulente'du'vent'solaire' [Alexandrova#et#al.#2009,#2012;# Sahraoui#et#al.#2010,#2013] 10

10 Grandes'questions'(4/5) Comprendre'les'couplages'entre'régions'(CLUSTER,'THEMIS,' DEMETER,' ) Multipoint,#multipoint,#multipoint.# les#mesures#multipoints#sont#la#clef#pour#lever#l ambiguité#entre#variations# temporelles#et#structures#spatiales 11

11 Grandes'questions'(5/5) Explorer'l environnement'ionisé'des'autres'corps'(cassini,' MARS'EXPRESS,'VENUS'EXPRESS,' ) Les#études#multiFinstruments#(UV,#visible,#IR,#radio)#révèlent#la#physique#complexe# des#processus#d accélération#aurorale#sur#saturne Première'observaDon'd aurores' polaires'sur'uranus,'dans'un' environnement'magnédque' atypique' [Lamy#et#al.##2012] 12

12 Bilan 13

13 Missions'avec'participation'française ULYSSES SOHO RHESSI STEREO PICARD SOLAR ORBITER Soleil & Héliosphère SOLAR PROBE PLUS CLUSTER DOUBLE STAR THEMIS DEMETER CASSINI MEX ROSETTA VEX MMS SWARM TARANIS JUNO MAVEN Magnétosphère terrestre Environnement terrestre Autres corps BEPICOLOMBO 14 JUICE

14 Bilan'programmatique De'nombreuses'missions'en'cours'exploitation' Fort#pouvoir#fédérateur#(SOHO,#CLUSTER,#CASSINI)# Longévité#exceptionnelle#(ULYSSE,#SOHO,#CLUSTER)# Le#programme#obligatoire#de#l ESA#reste#notre#socle Lancements' PICARD#(2010),#SWARM#(2013),#MAVEN#(2013) Nouvelles'missions'récemment'engagées' BEPICOLOMBO,#TARANIS,#SOLAR#ORBITER,#SOLAR#PROBE#PLUS,#JUICE,# Un'nombre'inégalé'd instruments'en'exploitation,'en' partie'grâce'à'la'grande'longévité'de'certaines'missions 15

15 Bilan'scientifique Une'riche'moisson'avancées'scientifiques'importantes' Progression#sur#tous#les#fronts Tendance'générale' Maturation#des#connaissances#(défricher# #expéditions#ciblées)# Etudes#multiFinstruments#et#combinaison#in#situ/à#distance# Rôle#accru#des#pôles#thématiques#(CDPP,#MEDOC)#dans#la#valorisation#des# résultats Retour'scientifique'remarquable,'' relève'assurée'par'une'jeune'génération'brillante 16

16 Bilan'de'la'R&T Maturité'technologique'des'instruments# mais#aussi#des#actions#de#r&t#en#cours#pour#assurer#l avenir#! Orientations'majeures' miniaturisation':#assurer#poids/consommation réduits#&#meilleure#tenue#aux#radiations# plus'haute'résolution'temporelle:#nouveaux# concepts#de#détecteurs#de#particules# spectro1imagerie/polarimétrie#dans#l UV (recommandation#pour#fasolasi) préamplificateur#3d+ Un'réel'défi'pour'assurer'la'R&T' dans'le'contexte'actuel 17

17 Prospective 18

18 Un'contexte'très'différent'de'celui'de' 2009 Paysage'éclairci'depuis'l engagement'de'plusieurs'missions'''! BEPICOLOMBO,##TARANIS,##SOLAR#ORBITER,#SOLAR#PROBE#PLUS,#JUICE# Fort'potentiel'&'ambition'pour'participer'à'des'missions' d opportunité' Grande#réactivité,#retour#scientifique#important#avec#investissement# modeste#(instruments#de#trl#élevé)# Des#concepts#souvent#similaires#seront#soumis#à#des#AO#différents# Intérêt#marqué#pour#le#format#microsatellite Peu'de'visibilité'sur'ces'missions'd opportunité' ''priorité'aux'critères'de'sélection'thématiques 19

19 3'axes'scientifiques'prioritaires Explorer'des' régions'nouvelles Explorer'des' régimes'nouveaux Avoir'une'vision+plus+ systémique'des'relations' Soleil1Terre 20

20 Priorités'scientifiques'(1/3) Explorer'des'régions'nouvelles' Sortir#de#l écliptique#pour#observer#le#soleil#à#haute#latitude#(>#30 )# Mesurer#in#situ#dans#la#couronne#solaire#les#sources#du#vent#solaire# Explorer#l environnement#ionisé#des#autres#corps#(jupiter,#uranus,# ) 21

21 Priorités'scientifiques'(1/3) Explorer'des'régions'nouvelles' Sortir#de#l écliptique#pour#observer#le#soleil#à#haute#latitude#(>#30 )# Mesurer#in#situ#dans#la#couronne#solaire#les#sources#du#vent#solaire# Explorer#l environnement#ionisé#des#autres#corps#(jupiter,#uranus,# ) Priorité':'une'mission'd opportunité' INTERHELIOPROBE#(mission#russe#de#2# satellites,#même#concepts#que#sentinels):# une#conjugaison#unique#avec#solar#orbiter# et#solar#probe#plus#pour#l étude#multipoints# de#l héliosphère#interne.## à#plus#long#terme:#uranus,#phoibos 22

22 Priorités'scientifiques'(2/3) Explorer'des'régimes'nouveaux' Haute#résolution#spatiale#et#temporelle#pour#mieux#percer#les#secrets#de# la#microphysique# Complémentarité#avec#plasmas#astrophysiques/de#laboratoire 23

23 Priorités'scientifiques'(2/3) Explorer'des'régimes'nouveaux'! Haute#résolution#spatiale#et#temporelle#pour#mieux#percer#les#secrets#de# la#microphysique# Complémentarité#avec#plasmas#astrophysiques/de#laboratoire# Priorité':'mission'ESA'M4'sur'la'microphysique' Deux#projets#complémentaires#(ex#aequo)# ALFVEN#(M4):#2#satellites#pour#comprendre#la#microphysique#du# couplage#électromagnétique#entre#ionosphère#et#magnétosphère# TWINS#(M4):#2#satellites#pour#déterminer#la#nature#de#la#dissipation# dans#la#turbulence#du#vent#solaire# à%plus%long%terme:#mission#multifsatellites#magnétosphérique 24

24 Priorités'scientifiques'(3/3) Vision'systémique'des'relations'Soleil1Terre' Observer#la#chaîne#complète#des#interactions#entre#le#Soleil#et#la#Terre# Caractériser#les#couplages#(y#compris#avec#atmosphère#neutre)# Surveiller#l environnement#spatial#(météorologie#de#l espace) 25

25 Priorités'scientifiques'(3/3) Vision'systémique'des'relations'Soleil1Terre'! Observer#la#chaîne#complète#des#interactions#entre#le#Soleil#et#la#Terre# Caractériser#les#couplages#(y#compris#avec#atmosphère#neutre)# Surveiller#l environnement#spatial#(météorologie#de#l espace)# Priorité':'une'mission'S2'ESA/CAS' INSTANT#(S2#ESA/CAS):#observation#des#perturbations# héliosphériques#depuis#le#point#de#lagrange#l5# à%plus%long%terme:#couplages#haute/moyenne#atmosphère# (OISVA) mission and the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) see Ha et al., 2009). Therefore, one needs to observe from a different v point that provides a full view of CMEs still close to the Sun CIRs well before they arrive at Earth. The fifth Sun Earth Lag point (L5) is ideally suited for such an observing location. From view, one can observe the Earth-arriving parts of CMEs that tually would to be sampled by spacecraft at L1 (this is not po when the coronagraph is located along the un-earth line). For driving CMEs directed toward Earth, one can observe the structure of the entire disturbance consisting of the shock, s flux rope, and prominence core. A low-frequency radio telesco provide information on the properties of the shock in the c graphic field of view. An inner coronal imager at EUV wavel and a magnetograph can provide the necessary information o solar sources of CMEs (active regions, filament regions) and (coronal holes). STEREO mission observes the Sun at large angle the Sun Earth line, but the angle is constantly changing s difficult to get uniform data as being provided by SOHO. In this paper, we provide the scientific rationale for mission, which we call the Earth Affecting Solar Causes Obser (EASCO) and describe the baseline instrumentation that can a the scientific objectives of such a mission. An L5 mission is i suited to fulfill the goals of the International Living with (ILWS) program in characterizing the solar variability that Earth. Section 2 describes the L5 vantage point with respect to Lagrange points. Section 3 describes the science issues rela CMEs and CIRs and the required measurements. Section 4 des the baseline EASCO mission. Section 5 contains discussio conclusions. 2. The L5 vantage point A restricted three-body problem (one of the masses is smaller than the other two) yields five equilibrium points, k as Lagrangian points L1 L5 named after the French-Italian ematician Joseph Lagrange (see Cornish, 1999 for a de analysis of the Lagrange points). For the Sun Earth gravita system (see Fig. 1), the L1 point is most familiar because stable location used by spacecraft such as SOHO, Wind, an Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) that continuously ob the Sun by remote sensing and in-situ techniques. The L2 p 60 L5 Fig. 1. A sketch of the Sun Earth system showing the five Lagrange points with respect to Earth s orbit around the Sun. All the Lagrange26 points view continuously save L2, which is located on the night side of Earth. L5 is loc

26 Recommandations Participer'au'programme'ESA'Space'Situational'Awareness' programme#structurant#européen#en#construction## assurer#la#présence#française#dans#le#volet#«#météorologie#de#l espace#»# faire#valoriser#les#acquis#français:#instruments#&#pôles#thématiques# (CDPP,#MEDOC)#! CubeSats' un#fort#intérêt#et#un#réel#potentiel#scientifique/ technologique##(ex.#essaim,#ou#démonstrateur)# implication#active#du#cnes#pour#identifier#les#niches# pour#lesquelles#les#cubesats#apportent#une#plusfvalue 27

27 Bilan'des'priorités Rôle'structurant'du'programme'obligatoire'de'l ESA'! #Soutien'au'programme'Cosmic'Vision' 'Sécurisation'de'JUICE' 'Priorité'sur'l appel'd offres'm4'esa# Missions'd opportunité:'un'socle'essentiel'pour'shm' #Participation'ambitieuse'à'des'missions'd opportunité'(~3'm ) '''''(y'compris's2'esa/cas)' 28

28 Bilan'des'priorités axe' scientifique' prioritaire P0+ une'mission' M4'ESA P1+ missions' d opportunité P1+ une'mission' S2'ESA/CAS missions à'long'terme Régions+ nouvelles INTERHELIO= PROBE SPORT PHOIBOS,# SOLARIS,# URANUS Régimes+ nouveaux ALFVEN+ ou+ TWINS OHMIC,#EDDIE TOR vol#en#formation Relations+ Soleil=Terre EASCO,#NITRO INSTANT,# SWUSV OISVA R&T miniaturisation#et#phase#0#pour#spectrofimageur 29