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1 ştiinţe penale criminal sciencies

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3 THE DUBLIN SYSTEM Alexei BARBANEAGRĂ, J.D., university professor, ULIM Nina SPĂTARU, candidate for a master s degree, ULIM Le Règlement de Dublin, dit Dublin II, adopté le 18 février 2003, établissant les critères et mécanismes de détermination de l État membre responsable de l examen d une demande d asile présentée dans l un des États membres par un ressortissant d un pays tiers, rénove et remplace la Convention de Dublin par un instrument de droit communautaire. Le Règlement de Dublin se fonde sur les mêmes principes que la Convention de Dublin en attribuant, en règle générale, la responsabilité de l examen d une demande d asile à l Etat membre qui a pris la plus grande part dans l entrée du demandeur. Toutefois, pour remédier aux dysfonctionnements constatés dans l application de la Convention, il établit des délais de procédure plus courts, tient compte de la responsabilité qui incombe à un Etat membre laissant perdurer des situations de séjour irrégulier sur son territoire et comporte des dispositions nouvelles en faveur du regroupement familial. Mots-clés: Convention de Dublin, droits de l homme Regulamentul de la Dublin, numit Dublin II, adoptat la 18 februarie 2003, stabileşte criteriile şi mecanismele determinării statului responsabil de examinarea unei solicitări de azil în una din ţările membre de către un resortisant al unui stat terţ, înlocuieşte Convenţia de la Dublin printr-un instrument de drept comunitar. Cuvinte-cheie: Convenţia de la Dublin, drepturile omului In an area without internal borders in which free movement of persons is guaranteed, the European Union established in 1997 a bordering measure by creating a set of rules aimed to determine which Member State in the Union will examine an application for asylum submitted by a third country national in one of the member States, known as the Dublin Convention 1. This was necessary in order to avoid situations where refugees were shuttled from one Member State to another, with none accepting responsibility, or to prevent multiple or simultaneous applications. The Dublin Convention was signed in Dublin, Ireland on 15 June 1990, and first came into force on 1 September 1997 for the first twelve signatories (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom), on 1 October 1997 for Austria and Sweden, and on 1 January 1998 for Finland. 1 Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities Dublin Convention, Official Journal C 254, 19/08/1997 P

4 Nevertheless, with the advent of the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999, the legal basis and procedure for asylum policy was changed. A new Community legal instrument was therefore necessary. This is why the European Commission draw up a Community legislative proposal for examining asylum applications lodged in a Member State of the EU. On that basis, the Council adopted a new Community legal instrument (a Regulation of the Council) on 18 February 2003, after consultation of the European Parliament. This is known as the Dublin Regulation 2 and replaces the Dublin Convention. The Dublin Regulation (also cited as Dublin II Regulation) determines the EU Member State responsible to examine an application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention and the EU Qualification Directive, within the European Union. It is the corner stone of the Dublin System, comprised of the Dublin Regulation and the EURODAC Regulation 3, which establishes a Europewide fingerprinting database for unauthorized entrants to the EU. Also, there are two additional Implementing Regulations: Commission Regulation (EC) No 1560/2003 of 2 September 2003 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national (hereafter: the Dublin Implementing Regulation) 4 and Council Regulation (EC) No 407/2002 of 28 February 2002 laying down certain rules to implement Regulation (EC) No 2725/2000 concerning the establishment of EURODAC for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention 5. As enshrined in its Preamble, The Dublin Regulation aims to determine rapidly the Member State responsible and provides for the transfer of an asylum seeker to that Member State. Usually, the responsible Member State will be the state through which the asylum seeker first entered the EU. Thus, Article 3 of the Dublin Regulation provides that Member States shall examine the application of any third country national who applies at the border or in their territory to any one of them for asylum. The application shall be examined by a single Member State, which shall be the one which the criteria set out in Chapter III indicate is responsible. The criteria are based on the general principle that responsibility for examining an asylum application lies with the Member State which played the greatest part in 2 European Union, Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third country national, Official Journal of the European Union L50/1 of 25 February 2003, (hereinafter the Dublin Regulation ). 3 Council Regulation (EC) No 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000 concerning the establishment of Eurodac for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention, OJ L 316, , p OJ L 222, , p.3. 5 OJ L 62, , p

5 the applicant s entry into or residence on the territories of the Member States, subject to exceptions designed to protect family unity. If none of the criteria applies, the first Member State in which the application for asylum is lodged is responsible for examining it. Besides these rules, the Regulation contains two important discretionary provisions: The sovereignty clause, according to which a Member State has always the possibility to decide to examine an asylum application, even if it is not responsible according to the criteria of the regulation; The humanitarian clause, which gives the possibility to a Member State to bring together family members as well as other dependent relatives, on humanitarian grounds, notably for family or cultural reasons. The Dublin Regulation establishes mechanisms for requesting another Member State to take back (in case of a previous asylum application) or to take charge of an asylum seeker and includes deadlines to be respected by both the requesting and requested Member States. Since certain Member States have more intensive activity with some Member States than with others, it is envisaged that bilateral agreements may be concluded which are designed to facilitate the practical application of the regulation and increase its effectiveness. General speaking, there are several cases when the Dublin Procedure is applicable: in the situation when the third country national lodged an asylum application in a Member State, and after checks are done, it results that he/she previously lodged an asylum application in a different state; in the situation when the third country national is found illegal on the Member State s territory, and after checks are done, it results that he/she previously lodged an asylum application in a different Member State; in the situation when the third country national lodged an asylum application in a Member State, and after checks are done, it results that he/she is in possession of one (more than one) visas or one (more than one) residence permits valid issued by other Member State, which enabled him/her actually to previously enter on the territory of the Member States, or even when these documents have not enabled him/her to enter on the territory of the Member States; in the situation when the third country national is found after illegal entry on one Member State s territory, and after checks are done, it results that he/ she previously lodged an asylum application in a different Member State. Certainly, there can arise and other situations to the foresaid, which derives from the provisions of Council Regulation (E.C.) NO. 343/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third country national. Among these situations can be identified cases in which the asylum applicant is an unaccompanied minor or cases in which humanitarian clauses can be invoked. 119

6 In the same time, it must be acknowledged that the Dublin Regulation is applied taking into account the principles and the hierarchy of criteria as mentioned. The Dublin Procedure can take long between two weeks and two months according with the deadlines from the communitarian legislation. If a certain asylum application is under examination in another Member State, then in a period of six months from the acceptance of the requested state the applicant must be transferred in that state. Access to the asylum procedure in first Member State will be refused in that case. If the applicant will move illegally to the territory of another third member state then during 18 months that state can transfer him or her in the member state responsible or after the expiry of the 18 months back to the first Member State he entered. The EURODAC system The EURODAC system enables Member States to identify asylum applicants and persons who have been apprehended while unlawfully crossing an external frontier of the Community. By comparing fingerprints, Member States can determine whether an asylum applicant or a foreign national found illegally present within a Member State has previously claimed asylum in another Member State, or whether an asylum applicant entered the Union territory unlawfully. EURODAC consists of a Central Unit within the Commission, equipped with a computerized central database for comparing the fingerprints of asylum applicants, and a system for electronic data transmission between Member States and the database. In addition to fingerprints, data sent by Member States include, in particular, the Member State of origin, the place and date of the asylum application if applicable, sex, reference number, the date on which the fingerprints were taken and the date on which the data were forwarded to the Central Unit. Data are collected for anyone over 14 years of age and are entered directly into the database by the Central Unit. In the case of asylum applicants, data are kept for ten years unless the individual obtains the citizenship of one of the Member States, in which case their particulars must be immediately erased. Data relating to foreign nationals apprehended when attempting to cross an external border unlawfully are kept for two years from the date on which the fingerprints were taken. Data are immediately erased before the end of the two years if the foreign national: receives a residence permit; has left the territory of the Member States; has obtained citizenship of a Member State. In the case of foreign nationals found illegally present within a Member State, EURODAC makes it possible to check their fingerprints against those in the central database to determine whether the individual had previously lodged an asylum application in another Member State. After the fingerprints have been transmitted for comparison purposes, they are no longer stored by EURODAC. 120

7 As regards the protection of personal data, Member States of origin must ensure that the taking of fingerprints and all operations involving the use, transmission, conservation or erasure of the data themselves are carried out lawfully. The Commission must see to the proper application of the Regulation within the Central Unit and take the necessary measures to ensure the security thereof. It also informs the European Parliament and the Council of the measures it takes. Any person or Member State that has suffered damages as a result of an unlawful processing operation or an act incompatible with the Regulation is entitled to receive compensation. A State may, however, be exempted from its liability, in whole or in part, if it can prove that it is not responsible for the event giving rise to the damage. In addition to the national supervisory bodies, the Regulation had established an independent joint supervisory authority. However, this was replaced by the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS), an independent supervisory body, which ensures that the rights of EURODAC data subjects are protected as provided for in Article 286(2) of the EC Treaty. The costs of the national units, their connection to the central database and the cost of data transmission are borne by each Member State. This Regulation is applicable to the territories to which the Dublin Regulation applies, namely all Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Critics The Dublin Regulation s responsibility determination rules seem logical, but in practice were reported to have negative impact on human rights. During determination procedures under the Regulation, asylum seekers wait in limbo, too often in detention, with their protection needs unassisted. The system lengthens and complicates the already difficult experience of flight to Europe. Emphasis on criteria that ignore substantial connections between asylum seekers and Member States impedes the integration of refugees and tends to encourage irregular secondary movement. This system has particularly harsh effects on families and on asylum seekers with special needs due, for example, to age, health or trauma. Finally, the underlying presumption of Europewide common protection standards is demonstrably inaccurate. As a result, the Dublin system locks asylum seekers into a dangerous asylum lottery, where the outcomes of their claims, and therefore their lives, depend on the route of their flight. Several international intergovernmental organizations recalled that the credibility of such a system is contingent upon the existence of harmonized standards of protection among Member States of the European Union. UNHCR, for example, noted that While supporting mechanisms to ensure an efficient examination of asylum claims, UNHCR has voiced significant concerns regarding the system s outcomes for persons seeking international protection in the EU and other participating States. These concerns include the system s impact in many cases on the legal rights and personal welfare of asylum-seekers, including their 121

8 rights to a fair claim examination and, where recognized, to effective protection, as well as the uneven distribution of asylum claims among Member States. 6 In highlighting these problems, UNHCR stated that a basic assumption underlying the Dublin system is not yet fulfilled namely, the premise that asylum-seekers are able to enjoy generally equivalent levels of procedural and substantive protection, pursuant to harmonized laws and practices, in all Member States. It is widely acknowledged, however, that even where EC asylum instruments have been transposed into national law, divergences continue between Member States 7, due in some cases, to inadequate transposition of EC law or, in others, to differing approaches to implementation. The result is that greater harmonization and a notable improvement in standards in some Member States continue to be needed before the basic assumption of equal access to protection in the EU can be validated. 8 In some cases, demonstrated failures to respect the rights of Dublin returnees have been so significant that UNHCR has been compelled to recommend that asylum applicants should not be transferred to certain participating States. These recommendations have been made on the basis of rigorous analysis of access to and quality of the asylum procedure, reception conditions and other elements of the concerned State s system 9. The European Council on Refugees and Exiles had previously outlined two alternatives to the Dublin system s reliance on arbitrary criteria for responsibility determination: (1) connection to a Member State and (2) free choice. ECRE stated that a system based on an applicant s familial, linguistic, cultural and educational connections to a Member State would favor integration (thereby promoting productive contributions to the host community), reduce dependence on the State, and would discourage irregular onward movement. In essence, this system is based on the factors that would be likely to inform the applicant s preference, if given the choice. A plausible alternative is, therefore, to simply allow the applicant to choose the Member State that will examine their application. This would eliminate the need for complex and expensive determination procedures, with the EURODAC database remaining in place to ensure that only one Member State would examine each claim See list of UNHCR comments on the Dublin II Regulation and its predecessor Convention, as summarized in UNHCR, The Dublin II Regulation: A UNHCR Discussion Paper, April 2006, Part 1.4, p 11-12, available at 7 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions, Policy Plan on Asylum. An Integrated Approach to Protection Across the EU, COM(2008) 360, 17 June 2008, p. 3, available /docid/4860eee72.html 8 UNHCR, UNHCR s Response to the European Commission s Green Paper on the Future Common European Asylum System, September 2007, p 38, available at org/refworld/docid/46e159f82.html 9 UNHCR, UNHCR Position on the Return of Asylum-Seekers to Greece under the Dublin Regulation, 15 April 2008, available at 10 Comments From The European Council on Refugees and Exiles on the European Commission Proposal to recast the Dublin Regulation, April,

9 The Dublin System What s next? On 3 December 2008, the European Commission released its proposed recast 11 of the Dublin Regulation. This recast will undergo considerable scrutiny during the co decision procedure, during which a range of further amendments will be considered. To be adopted, a duly revised text must receive joint approval from the Parliament and the Council. The Commission proposed to bring the Regulation into line with the other instruments that make up the European asylum acquis by including applicants for all forms of international protection and stateless people within its scope. The Commission also proposed a mandatory personal interview to ensure proper application of the Regulation. 12 But, as pointed out in ECRE s Comments, a Dublin assessment and an examination of a claim for international protection examine the substance of an applicant s case in significantly different contexts. The Regulation should ensure than an applicant s substantive protection claim is not undermined by directly providing the authority deciding that claim with all information gathered pursuant to the Dublin Regulation. 13 Available statistics also show that, contrary to a widely shared assumption, the overall allocation between Member States located at the external borders of the EU and those which are not is actually rather balanced. Also the idea that the application of the Dublin system has an important impact on the overall asylum seekers population in certain Member States should be reviewed: only in Poland and, to a lesser extent, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary and Portugal, the asylum seekers population has effectively increased following Dublin transfers. On the other hand, in Luxembourg and Iceland, the number of asylum seekers decreased by around 20%. EURODAC statistics reveal that, in average between 2003 and 2005, around 12% of the asylum applications ( out of ) were in fact subsequent applications. 14 This number might indicate that the Dublin system did not have the expected deterrent effect against the asylum shopping phenomenon. Many asylum seekers continue trying to obtain a favorable decision for their case by lodging more than one asylum application. The provision of correct information to asylum seekers about the consequences of subsequent applications could be one of the measures which could help 11 Commission (EC), Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person (Recast), COM (2008) 0243 final, 3 December 2008 (Dublin Regulation recast or recast). 12 Dublin Regulation recast, art Comments From The European Council on Refugees and Exiles on the European Commission Proposal to recast the Dublin Regulation, April, Report on the evaluation of the Dublin system, Reference: MEMO/07/227, Date: 06/06/2007, Brussels. 123

10 prevent this phenomenon. Further approximation of national asylum procedures, legal standards and reception conditions, as envisaged in the second phase of the Common European Asylum System, is bound to reduce the motivation of asylum seekers for secondary movements, which are mainly due to the diversity of applicable rule. Another problem that still remains is the detention of asylum seekers. Although the Dublin II Regulation mentions detention only once and though there is no specific provision for detention in the Dublin II Regulation, its impact on detention is considerable. In March 2006, the European Council for Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) and the European Legal Network on Asylum (ELENA) published a joint Report on the Application of The Dublin II Regulation in Europe 15, which provides a comparative overview of the application of the Dublin II Regulation in twenty EU Member States. This report highlights that many EU Member States are increasingly using detention in order to enforce transfer under the Dublin system. ECRE and ELENA stated: This practice is evident in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, Austria, The Netherlands, United Kingdom and Luxembourg. Detention may also be imposed upon returnees in a number of Member States including Germany, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Belgium and Greece. Furthermore, applicants may also be detained if national legislation provides for criminal sanctions for illegal entry, as is the practice in Lithuania. Following the Commission s Evaluation Report of the Dublin system issued on 6 June as well as contributions received by various stakeholders in response to the Green Paper consultation process have identified a number of deficiencies related mainly to the efficiency of the system put in place by the current legislative provisions and the level of protection afforded to applicants for international protection which are subject to the Dublin procedure. The European Commission therefore expressed its intent to amend the Dublin Regulation in order to enhance the system s efficiency and to ensure that the needs of applicants for international protection are comprehensively addressed under the responsibility determination procedure. In May 2008 Ms. Jean Lambert MEP authored a draft report on the Commission s evaluation of the Dublin system 17. Regarding detention issues, the report asked the Commission to restrict the detention of Dublin claimants to a measure of last resort, and to specify the grounds on which detention may be ordered and the procedural safeguards provided for and explicitly state in the Regulation that Dublin claimants 15 Report on the Application of the Dublin II Regulation in Europe, ECRE, ELENA, March 2006, AD3/3/2006/EXT/MH; 16 Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of the Dublin system, COM (2007) 299 final, SEC (2007) Draft Report on the evaluation of the Dublin system, (2007/2262(INI)) Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs Rapporteur: Mr. Jean Lambert, Report available at europe.org/images /stories /jean%20lamber%20ep%20 report%20on%20 dublin%20ii_may% pdf 124

11 are entitled to the same reception conditions as other asylum seekers, in accordance with the Reception Conditions Directive, Article 3(1). Also, the report criticized the fact that that the definition of a family member under the current Regulation is too restrictive and asks the Commission to extend the present definition to include at least dependants such as close relatives who have no other family support, and adult children unable to care for themselves. Additionally, the Report expressed concerns at the discrepancies and deficiencies in the collection of data revealed by the Commission s evaluation of the Dublin system, especially in relation to the registering of fingerprints of illegal entrants at the borders of the Union, which casts serious doubts on the validity of the system; trusts that the new Regulation on Community statistics on migration and international protection will give the stakeholders a more accurate picture of the functioning of the Dublin system and other Community instruments on international protection. The European Parliament adopted Ms. Lambert s report at the end of It would appear that the system is assigning a disproportionate amount of responsibility towards Member States at the borders of the EU, and whilst this clarifies which Member State is responsible for examining the asylum claim, there are no real mechanisms for providing these States support. Furthermore, considering the importance of integration, more account should be taken of existing links between asylum seekers and specific Member States where a relevant community has already settled, or with which the asylum seeker has a language or culture in common. However, one fundamental problem still remains, which is that until all the Member States offer all applicants a level and a quality of protection which are, if not identical, then at least equivalent and of high quality, applicants will continue to have a legitimate interest in submitting their application in one Member State rather than another, or they will be tempted to submit multiple applications and thus to circumvent the provisions of the Dublin system. The revealed problems cannot be solved through revision of the Dublin Regulation only, but also tackled when the forthcoming instruments of the common European asylum system are revised. As regards the Dublin Regulation, one of the main aims of the revision should be to take the greatest possible account of applicants legitimate wishes, to provide them with information and to ensure that their application is dealt with under optimum conditions and in full accordance with the Geneva Convention. In spite of its quite optimistic conclusions, Commission s 2007 Evaluation Report provides data suggesting that the Dublin system is not fit for purpose. These data suggest, more precisely, that the Dublin system does not achieve its objectives, failing in particular to allocate responsibility on the basis of the criteria it defines. Thus, the proposed recast of the Dublin Regulation was positively appreciated by both European officials and civil society, as it is acknowledged that it would introduce several welcome amendments, largely reflecting the recommendations formulated by the European Parliament in

12 Mandatul european de arestare în contextul colaborării internaţionale în materie procesual penală Iurie Mărgineanu, dr., conf. univ., ULIM Natalia Podlisnic, studentă an IV, facultatea drept, ULIM Fighting crime has always been a priority issue in the life of each state. Crime as a phenomenon, not usually comprise only a small portion of society, but often goes far beyond the borders of one state, which is why it feels more and more need for cooperation between States in order to stop its progression. In the context of this cooperation, a special connotation acquired the institution of European arrest warrant, which by its nature has facilitated international legal assistance in criminal procedure by introducing new regulations led to a more efficient fight against crime. Key words: European arrest warrant, criminal procedure, international treaties Lupta împotriva crimei a fost întotdeauna o prioritate în viaţa fiecărui stat. Crima ca un fenomen, de obicei nu cuprinde numai o mică parte a societăţii, dar de multe ori depăşeşte cu mult frontierele unui stat, care este motivul pentru care se simte nevoie de mai mult şi mai mult pentru cooperare între statele membre în scopul de a opri progresul acestuia. În contextul acestei cooperări, o conotaţie specială a dobândit instituţia mandatului european de arestare, care, prin natura sa, a facilitat asistenţa juridică internaţională în procedura penală prin introducerea unor noi reglementări, care a condus la o luptă mai eficientă împotriva criminalităţii. Key words: mandatul european, proces penal, acorduri internaţionale Încă de la primele colectivităţi umane s a simţit nevoia organizării în scopul stabilirii unei discipline, fără de care convieţuirea ar fi imposibilă. Astfel, evoluţia societăţii umane a confirmat dictonul ubi societas ibi ius ( unde este societate, acolo este şi drept ) 1, însă aceasta nu întotdeauna a dat dovadă de o atitudine pozitivă faţă de reglementările juridice impuse de către stat. Ca urmare, fiecare faptă ilicită comisă de către membrii societăţii, practic a favorizat apariţia fenomenului criminalităţii, care treptat s a extins, cuprinzînd fiecare fragment al civilizaţiei umane. Astfel, pentru asigurarea unei lupte eficiente împotriva acestui contagios flagel al societăţii, în condiţiile actuale, majoritatea statelor au acceptat a utiliza în dreptul lor intern elemente ale dreptului internaţional, 2 fapt ce a dus la apariţia unei noi categorii în dreptul procesual al statelor lumii, şi anume, a categoriei asistenţei juridice internaţionale în materie penală. 1 D. Baltag, A. Guţu. Teoria generală a dreptului. Chişinău, 2002, p A se vedea în acest sens, spre exemplu, В. Воложина, Нормы международного права в российском уголовном процессе. 126

13 În literatura de specialitate română, asistenţă juridică internaţională în materie penală este definită prin noţiunea de asistenţă judiciară penală, în sens restrâns, ce cuprinde asistenţa pe care organele judiciare dintr un stat o acordă în cursul procesului penal organelor judiciare din statul în care are loc activitatea judiciară şi care constă în efectuarea, predarea sau comunicarea de acte procedurale necesare soluţionării acelei cauze. 3 În cele ce urmează, considerăm necesar a menţiona că asistenţa juridică internaţională în materie penală ocupă un rol important în cadrul asistenţei juridice internaţionale în general şi constituie o expresie a colaborării dintre statele suverane, colaborare menită să consolideze solidaritatea internaţională în lupta contra fenomenului criminalităţii. În condiţiile săvârşirii unor infracţiuni pe teritoriul unui stat de către persoane aparţinând altui stat sau în cazul organizaţiilor criminale internaţionale care implică săvârşirea de infracţiuni pe teritoriul mai multor state, sunt necesare acţiuni şi reglementări de colaborare internaţională pe plan judiciar. Această colaborare se obţine prin încheierea de tratate internaţionale de asistenţă juridică şi judiciară între state, 4 pe baza unor recomandări ale convenţiilor internaţionale în acest domeniu. În cazul în care se pune problema unei asistenţe judiciare între statul nostru şi alt stat, regulile convenite în tratatul de asistenţă judiciară îşi au deplină aplicare. Fiind însă posibilă o colaborare între statul nostru şi un stat cu care nu avem tratat de asistentă judiciară, în practică se pot folosi reguli stabilite pe bază de reciprocitate. În fine, în cazul în care nici astfel de reguli nu sunt stabilite, Codul de procedură penală din 2003 a adoptat, în art , norme după care să se ducă asistenţa juridică internaţională. Conform art. 8 al. (1) din Constituţia RM Republica Moldova se obligă să respecte Carta Organizaţiei Naţiunilor Unite şi tratatele la care este parte, să şi bazeze relaţiile cu alte state pe principiile şi normele unanim recunoscute ale dreptului internaţional, iar conform art. 4 al (2) al Constituţiei RM Dacă există neconcordanţe între pactele şi tratatele viitoare la drepturile fundamentale ale omului la care Republica Moldova este parte şi legile ei interne, prioritate au reglementările internaţionale. 5 Potrivit legii procesual penale (art.531 din CPPRM), dispoziţiile tratatelor internaţionale la care Republica Moldova este parte şi alte obligaţii intenaţionale ale Republicii Moldova vor avea prioritate în raport cu dispoziţiile legii interne, iar dacă Republica Moldova este parte la mai multe acte internaţionale de asistenţă juridică la care este parte şi statul de la care se solicită asistenţă juridică sau statul care o solicită 3 Nicolae Volonciu, Tratat de procedură penală. Parte specială. Vol. II, Editura Paideia, Bucureşti, pag Republica Moldova a încheiat un şir de tratate internaţionale în domeniul asistenţei juridice: Convenţia europeană de asistenţă juridică în materie penală din , Protocolul adiţional la Convenţia europeană de asistenţă juridică în materie penală din , Convenţia europeană de extrădare din , Convenţia europeană asupra transferării persoanelor condamnate din ş.a. 5 Constituţia RM adoptată la Monitorul Oficial al RM nr. din

14 şi între normele acestor acte apar divergenţe sau incompatibilităţi, se aplică prevederile tartatului care asigură o protecţie mai benefică a drepturilor şi libertăţilor omului. Admiţând necesitatea cooperării internaţionale în cauzele penale, ca obligaţie decurgând din instrumentele juridice la care Republica Moldova este parte, se asigură şi protecţia intereselor de suveranitate, securitate, ordine publică şi alte interese ale Moldovei, definite prin Constituţie, cărora le este subordonată aplicarea legii de cooperare judiciară internaţională în materie; această regulă este de natură a face posibilă refuzarea unei forme de cooperare atunci când sunt atinse interesele Republicii Moldova indicate anterior. Admisibilitatea acordării asistenţei juridice internaţionale în toate cazurile o decide instanţa de judecată, pornind de la faptul că într o asemenea activitate pot fi afectate anumite drepturi şi interese ale persoanei. Totodată, Ministerul Justiţiei, ca organ executiv, poate decide de sine stătător neexecutarea unei hotărâri judecătoreşti privind admiterea acordării asistenţei juridice fără a implica o instanţă de judecată în această activitate, în această decizie. Ministerul Justiţiei este în drept să decidă în situaţia când sunt afectate interesele naţionale fundamentale. Astfel, în art. 532 CPP al RM se menţionează că: Cererile privitoare la asistenţa juridică internaţională în materie penală se fac prin intermediul Ministerului Justiţiei sau al Procuraturii Generale direct şi/sau prin intermediul Ministerului Afacerilor Externe al Republicii Moldova, cu excepţia cazurilor cînd, pe bază de reciprocitate, se prevede o altă modalitate de cerere 6. Asupra aceleiaşi probleme se pronunţă şi legislatorul rus care indică expres că interpelările de efectuare a acţiunilor procedurale se expediază prin intermediul: 1. Curţii Supreme de Justiţie a Federaţiei Ruse; 2. Ministerului Justiţiei al Federaţiei Ruse; 3. Ministerului Afacerilor Interne al Federaţiei Ruse precum şi a Serviciului Federal de Securitate al Federaţiei Ruse; 4. Procuraturii Generale a Federaţiei Ruse. 7 Cooperarea judiciară internaţională în materie penală se realizează, în ce priveşte cererile de asistenţă juridică internaţională ale României, prin următoarele autorităţi centrale române: Ministerul Justiţiei, dacă au ca obiect extrădarea şi transferarea persoanelor condamnate sau dacă se referă la activitatea de judecată ori la faza executării hotărârilor penale; Parchetul de pe lângă Înalta Curte de Casaţie şi Justiţie, dacă se referă la activităţi din faza de cercetare şi urmărire penală; Ministerul Administraţiei şi Internelor, dacă se referă la cazierul judiciar. 8 6 Legile Republicii Moldova, nr. 122/ Codul de procedură penală al Republicii Moldova, //Monitorul Oficial /447, Научно практический комментарий к уголовно процессуальному кодексу Российской Федерации под общей редакцией Председателя Верховного Суда РФ В.М. Лебедева, 5 е издание, изд. Юрайт, Москва 2009, стр Grigore Theodoru. Tratat de Drept procesual penal. Ed. Hamangiu, Bucureşti, 2007, p

15 Conform CPP al RM, obiectul asistenţei juridice este cuprins în anumite activităţi, cum ar fi: Comisia rogatorie, extrădarea, transferarea persoanelor condamnate, recunoaşterea hotărîrilor penale definitive pronunţate de către instanţele judecătoreşti din străinătate. Cu toate acestea, asistenţa juridică internaţională poate lua şi alte, diverse, forme pe lîngă cele enunţate, precum: transmiterea anumitor acte persoanelor fizice sau juridice, citarea persoanelor aflate peste hotarele ţării pentru a participa la anumite acţiuni procesuale în ţară sau a se prezenta în faţa instanţei, de asemenea citarea persoanelor pentru audiere. Potrivit dispoziţiilor art. 158 din Legea nr. 302/2004 a României, asistenţa judiciară cuprinde: comisiile rogatorii internaţionale; audierile prin videoconferinţă; înfăţişarea în statul solicitant a martorilor, experţilor şi a persoanelor urmărite; notificarea actelor de procedură care se întocmesc ori se depun într un proces penal; cazierul judiciar. 9 În pofida tuturor acordurilor internaţionale încheiate de către statul în cauză, există şi anumite derogări de la normele de bază care menţionează că în unele cazuri, Republica Moldova poate să refuze asistenţa juridică internaţională, şi anume când este vorba de infracţiuni politice sau infracţiuni conexe cu alte infracţiuni. În acelaşi timp, refuzul nu se admite dacă persoana este învinuită sau condamnată pentru anumite infracţiuni penale internaţionale. Asistenţa juridică internaţională poate fi refuzată şi în cazul cînd este vorba de o încălcare a disciplinei militare, cât şi în cazul când organul de urmărire penală sau instanţa de judecată solicitate pentru acordarea asistenţei juridice consideră că acordarea acesteia este de natură să aducă atingere suveranităţii, libertăţii sau ordinii publice a statului; refuzul este şi în cazul când există motive întemeiate de a crede că bănuitul este urmărit sau de a crede că persoana este urmărită sau pedepsită penal din motive de rasă, religie, cetăţenie, asociere la un anumit grup sau pentru împărtăşirea unor anumitor convingeri politice, sau dacă situaţia lui se va agrava şi mai mult din motivele enumerate mai sus. Asistenţa juridică este refuzată şi în cazul când în ţara respectivă fapta se pedepseşte cu moartea şi nu există nici o garanţie că nu se va aplica această pedeapsă, cât şi în cazul când în conformitate cu legislaţia penală naţională, fapta dată nu constituie infracţiune sau persoana nu poate fi trasă la răspundere penală. În toate cazurile când este vorba de un refuz, acest refuz trebuie motivat, altfel statul îşi încalcă obligaţiile stipulate de tratatele internaţionale de asistenţă juridică internaţională. În afară de temeiurile invocate, orice tratat de asistenţă juridică, bilateral sau multilateral, poate să prevadă şi alte temeiuri care vor fi în toate cazurile obligatorii şi vor prevala asupra normelor prevăzute de art. 534 CPPRM. Statul solicitant determină în toate cazurile dacă există un temei de refuz al asistenţei juridice, de exemplu, când este vorba de caracterul politic sau militar al unei infracţiuni, cu anumite ecxcepţii când există anumite acte internaţionale care determină caraterul unei infracţiuni Legea nr. 302/2004 privind cooperarea judiciară internaţională în materie penală. 10 Spre exemplu, statutul Curţii Penale Internaţionale prevede că refuzul la asistenţă nu se admite în cazul cînd persoana este învinuită, bănuită sau este condamnată pentru săvîrşirea unor fapte: crime de genocid, crime împotriva umanităţii, crime de agresiune şi crime de război. 129

16 În toate cazurile când acordarea asistenţei provoacă anumite cheltuieli, acestea sunt suportate de către partea solicitantă, pe teritoriul ţării sale. Totuşi în unele tratate bilaterale sau multilaterale pot fi prevăzute şi alte modalităţi de recuperare a cheltuielilor. 11 Legea României, deasemenea prevede (art. 24 şi 242) un şir motive obligatorii de refuzare a cooperării decurgând din Convenţia pentru apărarea drepturilor omului şi a libertăţilor fundamentale. Astfel, ca motive obligatorii de refuz al cooperării judiciare internaţionale în materie penală se numără temerea că se urmăreşte pedepsirea unor persoane pe motive de rasă, religie, sex, naţionalitate, limbă, opinii politice sau ideologice sau de apartenenţă la un grup social, ori se referă la o infracţiune de natură politică sau la una pur militară; printre motivele opţionale de refuzare a cooperării judiciare internaţionale se situează, în primul rând, existenţa în ţara noastră a unui proces în curs pentru aceeaşi faptă sau declanşarea unui astfel de proces; în al doilea rând, atunci când prin acceptarea cererii de cooperare judiciară s ar putea produce consecinţe grave pentru persoana vizată datorită vârstei sale, a stării de sănătate sau al oricărui motiv cu caracter personal. Nu este admisibilă o formă de cooperare judiciară internaţională în cazul regulii non bis in idem, în sensul că în Republica Moldova sau în oricare alt stat, printr o hotărâre definitivă, s a dispus achitarea sau încetarea procesului penal pentru aceeaşi faptă ori pedeapsa aplicată printr o hotărâre penală definitivă a fost executată sau a făcut obiectul unei graţieri sau amnistii. O altă regulă a cooperării judiciare internaţionale în materie penală este confidenţialitatea cererilor de asistenţă judiciară internaţională şi a actelor anexate acestora. O conotaţie deosebită instituţia asistenţei juridice internaţionale în materie penală a căpătat o în cadrul Uniunii Europene. Astfel, Tratatul de la Amsterdam 12 stipulează că Uniunea Europeană trebuie să menţină şi să dezvolte un spaţiu de libertate, securitate şi de justiţie. Libertatea presupune existenţa unui spaţiu judiciar comun, în care cetăţenii europeni să poată să se adreseze justiţiei în unul din statele membre ca şi în propria ţară. În acelaşi timp, trebuie eliminată posibilitatea ca infractorii să exploateze diferenţele dintre sistemele juridice ale statelor, de aceea se impune ca hotărârile judecătoreşti să fie recunoscute şi executate în străinătate fără formalităţile prevăzute de convenţiile clasice privind asistenţa judiciară internaţională. În cadrul Consiliului European de la Tampere, Finlanda, din 15 şi 16 octombrie 1999, s a statuat că recunoaşterea reciprocă a hotărârilor este piatra unghiulară a cooperării judiciare între statele membre ale Uniunii Europene. Pentru abordări suplimentare a se vedea Stelian Scăunaş, Răspunderea internaţională pentru violarea dreptului umanitar, ALLBECK, Această prevedere este stipulată de art. 20 al Convenţiei europene de asistenţă juridică în materie penală lex.europa.eu/ro/treaties/dat/11997d/word/11997d.doc (vizitat 27 decembrie 2010) 130

17 În timpul Preşedinţiei olandeze a Consiliului UE, a fost adoptat Programul Haga, care îşi propune accelerarea măsurilor menite a da viaţă unui spaţiu judiciar comun. Cooperarea judiciară în materie penală în cadrul Uniunii Europene se desfăşoară în baza unor instrumente comunitare adoptate în temeiul Titlului VI din TEC, care, în ultima perioadă, în contextul deciziilor luate la Tampere şi la Haga, au din ce în ce mai mult la bază principiul recunoaşterii reciproce. Dacă iniţial preponderente erau Convenţiile, în ultimii ani s a optat pentru soluţia adoptării unor decizii cadru şi decizii ale Consiliului, care prezintă avantajul că nu mai este necesară ratificarea de către statele membre (De exemplu, Convenţia UE de asistenţă judiciară în materie penală din 29 mai 2000 a intrat în vigoare abia în august 2005, întrucât abia atunci s a îndeplinit condiţia celor 8 ratificări) şi facilitează armonizarea legislaţiei. Convenţia UE de asistenţă judiciară în materie penală din 29 mai 2000 reprezintă principalul instrument juridic în domeniu între statele membre ale Uniunii Europene. Această convenţie a fost adoptată de Consiliul UE în vederea facilitării Convenţiei Consiliului Europei din 20 aprilie 1959, pe care o completează. Instrumentul juridic comunitar permite comunicarea actelor de procedură prin poştă şi reglementează forme moderne de asistenţă: audierile prin videoconferinţă şi prin telefon, livrările controlate, supravegherea transfrontalieră, transmiterea spontană de informaţii, etc. Ceea ce i important este că, în cele mai multe dintre situaţii, Convenţia permite contactul direct între autorităţile judiciare solicitante şi solicitate. Convenţia UE de asistenţă judiciară în materie penală este completată prin Protocolul din Tot în spaţiul Schengen mai sunt aplicabile, inclusiv, dispoziţiile privind cooperarea judiciară ale Convenţiei de aplicare a acordului de la Schengen din 14 iunie 1985 privind eliminarea graduală a controalelor la frontierele comune, Schengen, 19 iunie 1990 şi decizie cadru a Consiliului Uniunii Europene din 13 iunie 2002, pusă în aplicare de toate cele 27 de state membre, prin care a fost instituit mandat european de arestare. Astfel, în statele Schengen, dacă este cazul, mandatul european de arestare (MEA) înlocuieşte procedurile de extrădare oficiale anterioare dintre statele membre şi contribuie semnificativ la o urmărire penală mai eficientă a infractorilor care se deplasează în teritoriul Uniunii Europene. Mandatul european de arestare se bazează pe principiul recunoaşterii reciproce a hotărârilor judecătoreşti, precum şi pe menţinerea unor standarde comune privind protecţia drepturilor omului. Este de menţionat faptul că MEA are o mulţime de avantaje în comparaţie cu sistemul anterior de extrădare, şi anume: MEA este emis şi executat în mod direct de către autorităţile judecătoreşti rolul ramurii executive (ministere etc.) a fost eliminat sau redus la cel de a facilita transmisia; MEA este emis folosind acelaşi formular simplu în toate statele membre, deci este uşor de utilizat şi de tradus; 131

18 MEA abordează în mod eficient dubla incriminare pentru o listă de 32 de categorii de infracţiuni grave specificate, în anumite condiţii, rezolvând astfel problemele care rezultau din aplicarea codurilor penale diferite ale statelor membre; motivele de refuz sunt limitate în mod strict la decizia cadru care face deosebirea între motivele obligatorii şi cele opţionale. Predarea cetăţenilor statelor membre, de exemplu, nu mai poate fi refuzată din motive de cetăţenie. Cu toate acestea, anumite state membre au adăugat câteva motive de refuz în momentul punerii în aplicare a deciziei cadru în legislaţia naţională. Termenele pentru deciziile care trebuie luate în baza unui MEA şi pentru executarea acestuia sunt explicite, astfel încât procedura de predare este mai rapidă decât procedura anterioară de extrădare; 13 o alertă SIS are acelaşi statut ca MEA original, fapt care simplifică distribuţia mandatelor. 14 În această ordine de idei ar fi foarte elocvent să facem unele referiri şi asupra structurii mandatului european de arestare. Astfel, din cuprinsul Deciziei cadru nr. 584/JAI/13 iunie 2002 privind mandatul european de arestare şi procedurile de predare între statele membre ale Uniunii Europene, rezultă conţinutul şi forma mandatului european de arestare: 1) Mandatul european de arestare conţine următoarele informaţii: a) identitatea şi cetăţenia persoanei căutate; b) numele, adresa, numerele de telefon şi de fax şi adresa electronică a autorităţii judiciare emitente; c) indicarea existenţei unei hotărâri executorii, a unui mandat de arestare sau a oricărei alte decizii judiciare executorii având acelaşi efect, intrând în sfera de aplicare a articolelor 1 şi 2; d) natura şi încadrarea juridică a infracţiunii, în special cu respectarea articolului 2; e) descrierea circumstanţelor comiterii infracţiunii, inclusiv a momentului, locului şi gradului de implicare a persoanei căutate la infracţiune; f) pedeapsa pronunţată, în cazul în care este vorba despre o hotărâre definitivă, sau seria de pedepse prevăzute pentru infracţiune de legea statului membru emitent; g) în măsura posibilă, alte consecinţe ale infracţiunii. 15 Alin. 2 al art. 8 din Decizia cadru C.E.(2002/584/JAI) stabileşte că: Mandatul european de arestare trebuie să fie tradus în limba oficială sau în una din limbile 13 juridice/2441/termenul de mandat european de arestare.html (vizitat la 20 decembrie 2010) 14 (vizitat la data de 22 decembrie 2010) 15 juridic.ro/articole/continutul mandatului european de arestare 3466.html (vizitat la 23 decembrie 2010) 132

19 oficiale ale statului membru de executare. Orice stat membru poate, în momentul adoptării prezentei decizii cadru sau ulterior, să indice, într o declaraţie depusă la Secretariatul General al Consiliului, că acceptă o traducere în una sau mai multe alte limbi oficiale ale instituţiilor Comunităţilor Europene, prevedere care de asemenea preluată în legea naţională, astfel ca, mandatul european de arestare transmis autorităţii competente a unui alt stat membru trebuie tradus în limba oficială sau în limbile oficiale ale statului de executare sau în una ori mai multe alte limbi oficiale ale Instituţiilor Comunităţilor Europene, pe care acest stat le accepta, conform declaraţiei depuse la Secretariatul General al Consiliului Uniunii Europene. Un aspect extrem de important în analiza instituţiei mandatului european de arestare îl reprezintă însuşi procedura de transmitere a acestuia. Sub aspectul dat, atât reglementările comunitare, cât şi cele naţionale ale statelor membre au avut în vedere că, după emiterea mandatului european de arestare, acesta să fie transmis autorităţii judiciare de executare, tocmai pentru a se ajunge la scopul scontat, adică să i dea curs în sensul predării infractorului pentru executarea mandatului de arestare ori a executarii pedepsei privative de libertate ori a unei măsuri de siguranţă( de asemeni privativă de libertate). Decizia cadru C.E.(2002/584/JAI) a reglementat procedura de transmitere a mandatului european de arestare prin art. 9 10, stipulând că, în cazul în care se cunoaşte locul unde se află persoana căutată, autoritatea judiciară emitentă poate transmite direct autorităţii judiciare de executare mandatul european de arestare, totodată putând decide( în toate cazurile) să semnaleze persoana căutată în Sistemul de Informaţii Schengen (SIS). O astfel de semnalare este efectuată în conformitate cu dispoziţiile articolului 95 din Convenţia de punere în aplicare a Acordului Schengen din 14 iunie 1985 privind eliminarea treptată a controalelor la frontierele comune, din 19 iunie În acest fel, o semnalare în SIS are valoarea unui mandat european de arestare, însoţit de informaţiile prevăzute la articolul 8 alineatul (1) din Decizia cadru. Totodată, pentru o perioadă tranzitorie, până în momentul în care SIS va avea capacitatea să transmită toate informaţiile menţionate la articolul 8, semnalarea are valoare de mandat european de arestare, până la primirea originalului, în buna şi cuvenita formă, de către autoritatea judiciară de executare. Pentru ca autoritatea judiciară emitentă să poată să solicite introducerea semnalmentelor persoanei în cauza în Sistemul de Informaţii Schengen, trebuie aplicate dispoziţiile art. 95 ale Convenţiei din 19 iunie de punere în aplicare a Acordului Schengen din 14 iunie 1985 privind eliminarea treptată a controalelor la frontierele comune, articol care prevede procedura de introducere a alertei, menţionându se şi informaţiile esenţiale care trebuie s o însoţească, şi anume: autoritatea care a formulat cererea de arest; dacă există un mandat de arestare sau un alt document cu acelaşi efect juridic sau o hotărâre executorie; natura şi încadrarea juridică a infracţiunii; 133

20 o descriere a împrejurărilor în care s a comis infracţiunea, inclusiv data, locul şi măsura în care persoana pentru care s a emis alerta a participat la comiterea infracţiunii; în măsura în care este posibil consecinţele infracţiunii. Cert este că, dacă informaţiile susmenţionate însoţesc semnalarea făcuta în Sistemul de Informaţii Schengen, aceasta semnalare echivalează cu un mandat european de arestare (potrivit alin. 4 al art.9 din Decizia cadru). 16 Un moment esenţial şi demn de menţionat este că în literatura de specialitate întâlnim diverse opinii vis a vis de impactul colaborării internaţionale asupra suveranităţii statelor implicate în procesul penal. Aşadar, aplicarea principiului teritorialităţii legii procesual penale nu poate fi limitată decât în mod excepţional şi în măsura în care derogarea se justifică obiectiv, oferind soluţii singulare pentru realizarea unor interese majore. Astfel, colaborarea internaţională în toate domeniile nu încalcă drepturile statelor care intră în relaţii, ci dimpotrivă le amplifică în măsura în care cooperarea este bazată pe respectarea neabătută a principiului suveranităţii. Acest deziderat trebuie să se manifeste şi în domeniul asistenţei juridice internaţionale. Lupta contra infracţiunii pe plan mondial atrage colaborarea între state. Aceasta duce la urmărirea şi judecarea infractorilor în altă ţară decât unde s a săvârşit infracţiunea, ceea ce impune sprijinirea activităţii desfăşurate de organele judiciare ale unui stat de către organele judiciare ale altor state (înmânarea de citaţii, ridicarea unor obiecte sau înscrisuri, ascultarea de martori sau părţi, extrădarea unor persoane, tranzitarea de arestaţi etc.). Ca urmare, colaborarea internaţională în materie procesual penală sprijină activitatea organelor de urmărire penală şi ale instanţelor de judecată în vederea descoperirii noilor infracţiuni a căror rezonanţă a trecut cu mult peste hotarele unui singur stat juridic.ro/articole/procedura de transmitere a mandatului european de arestare 3493.html (vizitat la 20 decembrie 2010) 134

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