Instrument testing Tests instrumentaux Montpellier 23 juin - 4 juillet 2008 Gourlot J.-P.
Plan of presentation Plan de présentation Fiber development and measurement Length measurement Colour and trash Maturity, fineness and micronaire Strength A point about calibration Développement et mesure de la fibre Mesure de longueur Couleur et trash Maturité, finesse et micronaire Ténacité Un point sur l étalonnage
Fiber quality development Primary wall Secondary wall
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Age of the boll (days) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Length (mm) and diameter (micron) Wall thickness (microns) Fiber quality development Length Perimeter Maturity Flower
Fiber constitution Constituants Percentage Cellulosis 95.0 Proteins 1.6 Waxes 0.9 Physiological sugars 0.3 Other 2.2
Fiber quality measurement Micronaire Mike, IM Color + contaminants Tensile behavior
Fiber quality measurement Could be measured Cellulose types Wax content Flexion / flexibility Curling / crimp Reversals Spiral...
Fiber quality measurement Length Micronaire Length uniformity Color Trash content Strength and more Example of ITC (This display does not constitute any type of recommendation for this equipment, picture from an advertisement from Uster Technologies)
Plan of presentation Plan de présentation Fiber development and measurement Length measurement Colour and trash Maturity, fineness and micronaire Strength A point about calibration Développement et mesure de la fibre Mesure de longueur Couleur et trash Maturité, finesse et micronaire Ténacité Un point sur l étalonnage
Optical sensor Transmission Diffraction -inside - outside Scattering - inside - outside Absorption Original drawing : Gourlot 12/97
Fibrogram curve Construction du fibrogramme Light sensor, measure of variation % of fibers Fibrogram Quantity of fibers for tensile test Displacement Light emission Displacement Fiber length
Fiber quality measurement Length Fibrogram % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fibrogram 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 Lengh group (mm) Mean Length Upper Half ML Uniformity Index % = ML. 100 UHML
% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fiber quality measurement Length Fibrogram NOT FOR HVI Fibrogram 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 SL 50 % Lengh group (mm) SL 2.5 % UR% = SL 50 %. 100 SL 2.5 %
Fiber quality measurement Length parameters NOT FOR HVI SL 2.5 ~ UHML ~ Pulling 22 40 mm SL 50 % <> ML 10 18 mm 18 30 mm UR % <> UI % 38 50 % 78 85 %
Plan of presentation Plan de présentation Fiber development and measurement Length measurement Colour and trash Maturity, fineness and micronaire Strength A point about calibration Développement et mesure de la fibre Mesure de longueur Couleur et trash Maturité, finesse et micronaire Ténacité Un point sur l étalonnage
Fiber quality measurement Pressure plate Cotton Sample Glass support Light bulbs or flash light Reflectance Rd % Yellowness + b Image analysis
Fiber quality measurement
Fiber quality measurement Trashmeter image Grey level 1 2345678910 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 7 2 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 6 3 7 7 6 7 5 4 7 6 4 7 7 4 5 4 3 6 6 5 7 6 3 2 0 2 5 5 6 7 6 3 1 0 4 5 5 7 7 7 4 2 6 6 7 7 Binarisation and threshold applied
Fiber quality measurement Trashmeter image 8 pixels considered as trash particle 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Trash count, Trash area, Leaf, Leaf grade
Plan of presentation Plan de présentation Fiber development and measurement Length measurement Colour and trash Maturity, fineness and micronaire Strength A point about calibration Développement et mesure de la fibre Mesure de longueur Couleur et trash Maturité, finesse et micronaire Ténacité Un point sur l étalonnage
Fiber quality measurement Recorded results: IM : micronaire [2, 7] MR : Maturity Ratio [0, 1.2] PM% : Percent Mature fibers [0, 100] H : Linear Fineness (mtex) [120, 350] Hs : Standard Fineness (mtex) [120, 400] Hs = H (tex = grams/1000 m) MR
Micronaire, maturity and fineness Fine Large Mature Immature => Some combinaisons of MR and H correspond to close IM for very different fibres
Micronaire, maturity and fineness IM = 4.1 MR = 1.04 H = 150 Hs = 144 MR = 0.67 H = 220 Hs = 328
Weft IM = 2.4 Warp, IM = 6.0 IM = 3.5 IM = 4.7 Fiber quality measurement
Relation between IM, MR and Hs MR 1.2 1.1 1.0 Fine Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 300 0.9 0.8 0.7 Coarse (Variety dependent) 0.6 0.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 MR² =(3.86 x IM² + 18.16 x IM + 13) / Hs PM = (MR - 0.2) x (1.565-0.471 x MR) x 100 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 IM
Relation between IM, MR and Hs MR 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Premium range Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220 Acceptable maturity range 240 260 300 0.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 IM
Relation between IM, MR and Hs MR 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 Hs=120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 300 0.7 0.6 Growing conditions problems induce lower MR and lower IM 0.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 IM
Characterization of fibers Caractérisation de la fibre Main characteristics of fibres can be measured manually, or on classical or automatised instruments (HVI). Only automatised instruments Allow instrumental measurement, automatised, fast and integrated of commercial criterias and allow a bale to bale classification on all criterias together Les principales caractéristiques de fibre peuvent être établies soit manuellement, soit sur appareils classiques ou soit sur chaînes CMI. Seules les chaînes CMI : permettent des mesures instrumentales, automatisées, rapides et intégrées des critères commerciaux, et autorisent un classement balle à balle sur l ensemble de ces critères
Plan of presentation Plan de présentation Fiber development and measurement Length measurement Colour and trash Maturity, fineness and micronaire Strength A point about calibration Développement et mesure de la fibre Mesure de longueur Couleur et trash Maturité, finesse et micronaire Ténacité Un point sur l étalonnage
Hardware design Construction mécanique Light sensor Comb + fibers Fixed clamp (front) Mobile clamp (back) Calibrated with reference masses Force sensor Light emission Step motor
Hardware design Construction mécanique Force sensor Optical sensor
Hardware design Construction mécanique Force sensor Traction jaws
Fibrogram curve Construction du fibrogramme Light sensor, measure of variation % of fibers Fibrogram Quantity of fibers for tensile test Displacement Light emission Displacement Fiber length
Fibrogram and strenth Fibrogramme et ténacité 100 % of fibers 80 Fibrogram Strength (g/tex) = Force x K Estimated weigth 60 40 20 Clamping zone 1/8 inch Force 0 jaws Fiber length
Fibrogram and strenth after break Fibrogramme et ténacité après casse 100 % of fibers 80 60 40 20 Clamping zone Strength (g/tex) = Force x K Estimated weight f(nb de fibres et IM) jaws 0 Fiber length
Force / elongation curve Courbe Force / Allongement 16000 14000 Module Peak Force 12000 Force (cn) 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Strength = (cn/tex) Tenacity = (cn/tex) Force x k = Constraint Estimated mass = Force/Broken surface +/-= Force/fineness = f (quantity of fibers, IM) 0 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 4 8 12 Elongation Displacement (Step)
Fibrograms before/after break Fibrogrammes avant/après casse % fibers 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Length Fibrogram after break Fibrogram before break
Position of the break Position de la casse a b<a
Tenacity or strength Ténacité HVI Single fibers F S F F S Tenacity F / S should be constant
Rheology Constraint Elasticity of reorganization Elasticity Slippage Plasticity Deformation
Plan of presentation Plan de présentation Fiber development and measurement Length measurement Colour and trash Maturity, fineness and micronaire Strength A point about calibration Développement et mesure de la fibre Mesure de longueur Couleur et trash Maturité, finesse et micronaire Ténacité Un point sur l étalonnage
Existing reference cottons after 1998 Cotons de référence existants après 1998
Existing reference cottons after 1998 Cotons de référence après 1998
Modules calibration: Micronaire Etalonnage du module Micronaire Observed values 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 Calibration = change slope and offset between observed vs theorical values Theo. Obs. 2.5 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 Theorical values
Sources of variability in the results Variety Growing conditions (fertilizer, insects) Plant to plant Picking technique Farm size Seed cotton preparation Ginning technique (R/S) Lint cleaning Number of samples / bale Number of bales / lot Method of sampling Precision Accuracy Repeatability Reproducibility RH conditions, HVI calibration Nb tests / sample
Expected precision Précisions attendues Confidence interval IM (+/-) 0.1 unit Length (+/-) 0.02 inch (+/-) 0.51 mm Length uniformity (+/-) 1.5 % Strength (+/-) 1.5 cn/tex Rd % (+/-) 1 % +b (+/-) 0.5 Trash (+/-) 0.1 % From Sasser, 1992.
Confidence Intervals* Intervalles de confiance 2.5 Units 2.0 1.5 1.0 UHML UI Strength UHML UI Strength Upland Saw ginned samples Barbadense cottons 0.5 0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Nb measures / sample *research samples in specific sampling conditions, échantillons de recherche pris dans des conditions spéciales
Other possible bias in HVI measurement Autre biais possible sur mesure CMI Mass of this deposit = 0.0175 g
Thank you for your attention