SALLINEN. Aulis (b. 1935)

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2 BIS-CD-64 STEREO EItlDl Total playin g tirne; 7 l'21 SALLINEN. Aulis (b. 1935) E Kamarimusiikki I (Chamber Music I), Op.38 (1975)gurc1 Stockholm Chamber Ensemble conducted b) Jan-Olau Wedin t2'54 E Kamarimusiikki II (Chamber Music II), Op.41 (1976) 6urcl 12,24 for alto flute and strine orchestra Gunilla uon Bahr, alto flute; Stockholm Chamber Ensemble conducted by Okko Kamu E Qn.tt.o per Quattro, Op.l2 ( ) gurc; 17'13 Gunilla aon Bahr, flute/alto flute; Ari Angeruo, uiolin,. Veikko Hiillii, cello, Eoa Nordtoall, harfsichord E Chaconne for orean 1r'uer1 6, 15 Folke Forsman Pla)ing the organ o-f the Olaus Petri Church, Helsinki E Vintern var hird (text: B. Carpelan) 1nan4!,3O lgl Sakura (tcxt: traditional)1trr,1 1,26 Tapiola Children's Choir conducted b7 Erkki Pohjola

3 tr tr GI Nelji laulua unesta (Four Dream Songs) 1r--7 ftext: Paavo Haavikko) I. Unesta tehty mies (Man made from Sleep) II. Kehtolaulu kuolleelle ratsumiehille (Cradle Song for a Dead Horseman) III. On kolme unta sisiikkiiin (Three Dreams each within each) IV. Ei mikiiiin virta (There is no Stream) Taru Valjakka, soprano; Ralf Goth6ni, piano E Simppeli Simme ja hamppari Harlame 1rmrl (Simple Simme and Homeless Hamme)(text: Paavo Haavikko) Jorma Hynninen, baritone; RalJ Goth6ni, piano 13't5 2',30 2',47 4',01 s',45 4',21

4 A new movernent gradually made itself felt in music during the 1970s, a new stvle which has begun to be called neo-romantic. It has developed out of that musir:al expression of the latc sixties which concerned itself with sound clusters ancl charactcristic of it is a new-{bund love of simpler harmony based on triads and even, on occasions, a return to tonality. Aulis Sallinen is a typicallv Finnish representativc ol this new movement. Sallinen was born in 1935 and educated at the Sibelius Academv in Helsinki lrom He was taught composition thcre by Aarrc Merikanto andjoonas Kokkonen. He became himself a teacher at the Sibelius Academy in 1965 and non' divides his time between teaching three days a week and composing. He has been awarded a number of state scholarships. From he was also administrator of the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra in Helsinki. He startecl as a violinist and his knowledge of'thc instrument shows in his u'riting for thc string instruments in a succession of works ol chamber music. He {lrst becamc knon'n lor his chamber music but since the latc sixties has also produccd orchestral rvorks and his Firsl Slmphony was awarded a lirst prize in the t:ompetition arranged bv the city ol' Hclsinki in connection w'ith thc opening of the Finlandia Hall in Sallincn's Chamber Musrc l was written in 1975, commissioned bv the Helsinki Chamber Orchestra and in its vcrv title ("I") suggests that it was coni:eir-ed as the flrst in a scries ol works. -l'hc work is constructed in a manne r t,vpical o1'sallinen: at the beginnine we are lecl into a field of sound from which a theme gradually crystallises. In the end thc process is rcversed. the thematic material gradually clisappears and we are linallv left with a field of sound similar to that whir:h introducecl the work. Aulis Sallinen's strength as a composer lies in his use of line and it has olicn been pointcd out that his lecling lbr the pulse of the music can bc considered a legacy lrorn Sibelius. His appro:rch ttt music can secm a trifle paradoxical: on one side he acknowledges neo-rornanticisrn but on the other tends to dcnv the existencc ol' rnusical inspiration. Rather he sees composition as hard work and linds no dill'ercnce betwecn rvritinq commissions and writing "lbr pleasure". But the paradox rnav not be so grcatl rnany of his grcat nineteenth centurv predecessors worked in lact more w'ith the sweat of their brows than on "inspiration". 4

5 The cornposer rvritcs that Chamber Music II lirr alto Ilute ancl strinq orthcstra. Op.41 ( )"r'ontinues:r series ol cornpositions rvhich I startcd w'ith ('hamhtr Music I lor strinq orchestra. Chamber.\7u.iu r' 11 clillt'rs ll'orrr its precle ccssors; it is rlorc diverting, cl'en burlesque.'l'he personal timbrt'ol the alto flute has lrcl rnc lo rrrirn', new solutions ol instrurllentation ffor cx:rmole a trio either lvith nvo violas or rvith two cellos in passages. rerninciirrg.nr.t.r irrazurka). It is possible that tht'uot'k. thanks to its character, n):rv at somc tirrc be considered:t sorl {)l Gtttrauch.;rnu:i/;. A good thing. fbr it rvas *ritten to be plavecl olten. Lhanber,)lusic II is clcrlicatr:d to Gunilla von Bahr." Sallinen has provided the lirlloxing.comcntarv on Quattro Fer Aattro: that the piece "means quite sirnplr"'lirur rnovernents lbr lirur instrurncnts". th:it is oboe. violin, cello and harpsichord. At thc timc ol coniposition, a clevelr.rprnent rrrust havt' been taking place in rne rvhich later led to an erpansion of harmonic intercsts li'tilrr the chord all thc lvav to the clustcr. To statc this todav seerns verv easr'. but scrn in relation to the stylistic currents lvhir:h ckrrninatecl the earlv sixtics it bccornes vrrv diilerent. The triad rvas rcallv somethins rvhich one hacl to "invent" ancrr. An indicaticrn ol this ncil'ness are thc triads in thc Quattro which appear lor thc lirst time since mv atonal period. But in spite of this the linear thinking is still verv important ({br example the dialogue bet*een violin and cello at the beginning o1' the llrst and last movernents). In Quattro per Quatlro there is one characteristic thith probably appears in all mv latcr n'orks. There is a certain pastiche-like trcatnrcnt of' the motifs, a variation o['them in the stvles of'prcvious eras (in Qualtro lor e xarnple thcre is the "basso continuo" use of the cello and harpsichord)." Sallinen is, in his Chaconne for organ. as distant liom hvmns and from religious messages as is.l.s. Bach in his Prelude and litgue in Cl minor, BW\'546. Behincl this expressive music there hides a chromatic tu'elvc-note scale fion F to F. Sallinen has not onlv mastered the technique ol building music on such a stereonped themc; his virtuosity cxults in thc opportunitics lbr dranr:rtic expression without ever abandonins thc theme.

6 'fhc song cvclc Ne// Iaulua unesta (l'out' Drcarn Sonqs). to texls b1' Pa:N'tr Haavikko, r.ornrnissioncd bl"laru Valjakka and cornpletecl in 197i}. proviclecl thc initial material lirr thc opera Ratsumies (1'he Horsenran; 19 t'4).,\1an rnade.fiont Skep is the lalsc tesrirnonv ol'tlie horseman's wi{c at the trial, whilst 7}ara is rut slreatn contains the w'i1e's pr()tcst:rtions in her staternent al the assizes. Simppeli Simme.ia Hamppari Hamme (Simple Simme ancl Homcless Harnme). dedicatecl to the rrcrnorv of thc corrtposer's be:rr-hound Poiu, rellects a livclv rt':rnclcrlust and a rnanly eriel. The Stockholm Chamber Ensemble rvas loundcd in spring 19713; about three quarters ol'its mclrrbers t'ornc fi'onr the Stockholrn I'hilharmonic ()rchestra, the rest frrm the Roval ()pcra On:hcstra. At llrst thc group w:rs rvorking sporadicall;-, mostly Ibr pleasure. but in rccent tirnes it has been lie<1uentl,v cngagcd lttr tttncerts in tire Stockholrn arcir as rvcll :rs lirr tours in Swcde n, int:luding a conccrt and opera tour with the Nolrlarrcl ()pera (lornpany. Jan-Olav Wedin plavecl thc violin in thc Stockholm I'hilharmonic C)rchestra betwccn 1969;rnri 1!)U,1. In the ezrrlr'1970s he startecl the Stockholrn Charnber Enscmble, rvhich ht'lt'tl until l!)79. Hc also took the initiative as rcgarrls the Stockholm Sinlirnictta. Hc hurs bccn the artisti( director and concluctor ol the Oskarshamn Enst'rnblc sincc 1982 and is a sought-alicr sucst t:oncluctor both in Sn,edcn antl internationallr'. He 2rppears on 11 other BIS records. Okko Kamu (b. l!)+(i) stucliecl at thc Siberlius Acaclernv ancl startcd his career bv holcling a nurnber ol irrrport:rnt positions as :r violinist. He started conducting at the Finnish National ()per:r in 1968 ancl shortlv:rlteruarcls rvas appointccl guest t oncluctor :rt rhc Roval ()pe r;r in Stockholm. Thc internationallv recognizccl Kar:i.jan conducting cornpctition. rvhich ()kko Karnu u'on in Berlin in rvas of dccisivr illportant t' in thc 213-1'ear'-olcl's carccr. His victorv arousecl intclest all or,cr the rvorlcl ancl lvas firllol ecl b',' invitations to :rppcrar as guest t:oncluctor in the nrajol nrusical (entr('s. Hc zrppears on 7 other BIS rccords. 6

7 Gunilla von Bahr has in a short spacc ol tirnt: clevelopcd into onc of the Norclic countries'lcacling flute soloists. She *zrs lroln in 1941 and stuclir:d at thc Stockholrn Nlusic School, alier which shc plave<l li;r fivc vcars in several of'thc rounrn s leading orchestras. Nowadavs shr clcrotes ht'rsell to the clcrnanclinq clutics ul.r soloist. She naturally spans ovcr thc *hole ol thc classical rcpertoire ancl ha. in recent Vcars turned incre asinglv to ( ont('rnporarv rnusic. Hcrt: she has the undoubted advantage of bcing one ol rhe lcu llautisrs l'ho pla'" in all lirur llutcs (fiom piccolo to bass flute in C-i)ecluailv rrcll. A xhc)le ranse ol composers - Iltor(l than 25 - havc written a total ol nrore rhan.15 r'orks speciallr'lbr her. includinq se\.en concertos. She plavs about 100 colt(erts each vear ancl:rppears on 27 other BIS recorcls. Ari Angervo (b. 1914) studied the violin rvith ()nni Suhonen at thc Sibelius Academv in Helsinki anci *ith Entlrc \\blf in Stotkholm. Hc a.lso studieci conductins at thc Sibelius Academr,. He plavs liom the first clcsk in the orchesrla o1' the Finnish National Opera and is a membcr ol the Helsinki Cihambt-r Orc.hesrrzr but also appears in chamber music ancl as a soloist w,itlr orchestras. He tear.hes the violin at the Sibelius Academv. Veikko Hiiyla (b. 1935) studied at thc Sibclius Acadernv x'ith Yr'fo Sclin and witi.r Andr6 Navarra in Paris. He has bccn principal ccllist rvith the orchestra ol rtrc Finnish National Opera since 1963 ancl holds the same posirion in the Helsinki Chamber Orchestra. He appears as a soloist both in chamber music:rnd lirlr orchestras and also teaches the cello. Eva Nordwall (b in Czechoslovakia) studicd at the (onservatorv in Blncr belbre settling in Sweden in At the State College of \,Iusic in Stockl'rolm sl.rt: studied the piano with Stina Sundell and thc harpsichord rvith \Iarsit Thcorell. She made her concert ddbut in 1972 and has since appeared on raclio and telcr isiun as well as giving concerts in Su'eden and on the Continent. includins ljrst performances of numerous new compositions fbr harpsichord. She:rpprars on li other BIS records.

8 Folke Forsman (b. 1937) studied the organ with Enzio Forsblom, Lurgr Ferdinando Taeliavini and Michael Schneider. Since his d6but in Helsinki, Folke Forsman has given concerts not only in Finland but in the Scandinavian countrles and on the Continent. He teaches thc organ at the Sibelius Academy and is the orsanisr of the Swedish Olaus Petri Church in Helsinki. He is also activc as a music critic. The Tapiola Children's Choir was lbunded by Erkki Pohjola in Having won first class rcsults in Finnish and international competitions (e.g. the Silvcr Rose Bowl fiom the BBC Let the PeTple Sing competition in 1971), the choir has been elevatcd from being mcrely a school choir to an international arnbassador of Finnish music. The choir has siven concerts all over the world Erkki Pohjola (b ) is a member ol a well-known Finnish lamily of musicians. He did not start his musical training until he had qualified as a teacher. He plays the piano an thc viola and has playcd chamber music in the Pohjola Quartet with his sister and his brothers. He is director of the Espoo Music School. Taru Valjakka has sung with the Finnish National Opera since Her teachers have been Antti Koskinen. Gerald Moore and Erik Werba. Since her concert and opera ddbuts (1964) she has.ioined the ranks ofthe most heavily engaged artists: shc has worked all over the world with artists such as Erich Leinsdorf, Antal Doriiti, Jan Krcnz and Ralael Fnihbeck de Burgos. This is her second BIS recording. Jorma Hynninen is tociay onc of the best known Finnish singers, both in Finland and abroad. F{e h:rs re<:eived considerable international at:claim as a prolbund Licd singer and as an outstanding and versatile interpreter of operatic r6les. Hc came to public attcntion bv rvinning the National Song Contest at Lappeenranta in.l969 and b,v his cnsasement as a baritone with the Finnish National Opera the following ycar. He has sung in numerous concerts all over the world and made guest perfirrmances in thc world's most famous opera houses. Since autumn 1984 he has been the artistic director o1'the Finnish National Opera. He appears on 6 other BIS records. B

9 Ralf Goth6ni was born in Finlancl in l1),16. Ht'startecl studvins rhe violin ar thc aee of three and fbllowed this with thc piano ar f ivt.. Hc studiecl rhc piano ar rhe Sibelius Academy with Tapani Valsta. in \\'est (lermanv with Dctlc' Kraus ancl with Erwin I'6szl6in Switzerland. He llrst appcarecl with an orchestr:r at thr ase ol' 17 and made his olllcial d6but at thc.lvviiskvi:i fcstival in He has since qirrn piano recitals, appeared as sokrist nith,rc:hcstras and plaved charnbcr nrusit :rs well as accompanvinq singers both in l'inlancl :rncl abr6ad. He appcars 9n.l tltht:r BIS records.

10 Ir1 L1r.rle cie r T0cr.Jahre ist allrnd,hlich eint'neue Terttclenz in clcr N{usik t't'schtene n. cin Stil. clrn rnan nunrnchr den ncorotn:rntischen ncrnnt. Er lvurcle aus cler rxtrcrncn Klangrnusik ennvickclt. durch clic die lctzten 60er.Jahre gckcnnzcichnt:t lvurrlcn. uncl cinrs seiner (lharaktcristika ist cine fi'ische Liebe zur',ercinfachtcn H:rrrn6nik, aul rlcn Drciklangen ruhend, nranchrrral soqar einc Riickkehr zur 'lirnalitat. ln Finnland ist Aulis Sallinen ein tvpischcr Rtpl'rs(lltrtrlt tlitsct ttcuelt 'li'nclr Irz. S:rllinel rvurdc 1!)lJ5 geborcn untl 195ir bis 1960 air der Sibelius-Ak:rclelrti, ztr Hclsinki ausgciilclct; scine Ktttnp1lsitionslcIrer rvaren Aarrc NIcl'ikant6 uncl.j991as K,,kkiinen. 1965r rvurclc cr sclbst als I-t'lircr an dcr Ak:rclernic cnq:rgitrt, ',.,1,1.,, tcilt scint'zcit zlvisr:hcn clern clortigcn Unterric:ht, drei T:rge rvochentlich. unr:l clcrn Kornponicrcn: st'it rneht'cren.lahren bekonlmt et' st:ratlichc Stipcnrlitln rva.r t:r auf\crcle rrr Intcnclant cles Rulrcllunkttrchesters zu Helsinki. Anlangs rv:ir Sallincn Cieigcr, \\':ts an seint:r Vertrauthcit rnit clcn Streichinstrun)entcn ln cint:r.rciht,r'on Kanrnrct'tnusikwerkett zu nlt:rken ist. Aniangs s'ljrd('cr vorne htnlich clulch scinc Kammermusik bckannt, aber scit Endc der 60er.Jahre hat er 1ut.h ()rt.hgstcrlrusik gcschricbell: clurth scine /r:ls Sinfonie erranq elr beisoiclswerisr tlen ersten Preis beirn \\tttbcwerb clcr Stadt Helsinki anlaflli<:h ctcr L)r'i)i1nung des Finlanclia-Haust:s Sallincns Kammermusik 1 lvurtlt 1975 im Aultrage clcs Kanlnlerorche sters Hclsinki gcsr.liricbcn, uncl sthon dcr -I-itt:l deutt:t d:rraul hin. cla{i sie als erstcs \\'erk eincr Serit'geplant u'urdc. Das \\'crk ist zrul cint'liir Sallincn schr t.haraktcristisclic Wcisc ;rul,qcbaut: alrl Anlang ein Klangfclcl, aus rvclcheltr allrniihlir.h t'in thernatis< hcs NJ:rterial wiic:hst. Dann kt'hrt clie Flntrvicklung uilt. clas thern:rtische Nfaterial verschn,inclct rvieclcr. uncl zurtt Schluli blcibt nur rnehr ctrl Klangleld x'it ant Anliilrg clcs \Vcrkes l)ic kgrnpesitorischc Strirke Sallinens liegt erben in cler Clrolllinigkcit. unci cs rvurclc oli bctont. dali seinc F)tnplinclr.rng Iur dcn rriusikalischen Puls ein Erbgut von Sibelius sei. Scine flinstelluns zur N'lusik m2tg cts'as paradox:lnrllutcn: t'incrseits bekennt cr sich zur Ntorotnantik, anclererseits aber rnot:htc cr die 10

11 Existenz einer musikalischen Inspir':rti()n'erneinen: stattdessen sicht cr.ir, Kornponiercn cine hartc Arbeit, uncl cl siclir kcinen Unterschictl zwischcn clern K'mp<.rnieren auf Bestellung uncr crern Schrciben..des Vergntigo's \^,cgcn,'. Allcrdines arbciteten aber :ruch 'iele seincr qrofien vrrgarg..'i", 19.,.fahrhurulerts rnchr irn Schrveillc des Anqesichts als clurr:h eine,.,q(;ttiichc Eingcbung.,. uber Kammermusik II (op.41: ) Itir Altflote und Strcich.rc.esrer schrcibt der Kornponisr:,,(Das \\erk; bildet clie Forrserzunq cincr Rcihe r.on Kompositionen, dic ich..tit Kantntrrtusik I t'dr stre ich(;rchester beqann. Kammermu.tik 11 weicht vr.rm Vorsiinger ab. sie ist mchr unterhaltencl. :rur.h burlcsk. Die Klanglarbe.eigenarrige der Altflote hat mir r"ielc ncue Klanqloruneen zugelihrt (u.a. in cinem Trio rnir cnrxecler zwei Brarschen u.l.. r*,.1i Celli in Passagen, die an cine Nlazurka crinnern). Es ist rnoerich, clafi cliesc Kc,rnposition tlank ihrern Charakter einrnal als Cie brauchsmusik klassillzierr ruerclen,ui.<,1. (;ut. dcnn..das Sttick ist.ia auch rur fleifiigen clebrauch k.mponiert. I)as \\,erk ist Clunilla von Bahr zuseeisnet.,,. Ube.r Quattro Fer Quattro ( op.l2) schreibt er:,.clcr -I-ire,l bcrleutrt eanz einlach,,r'ier Sitze ftir vier Instrunrcnre ". d.h. flir oboe. \'iolinc. \.iolrncello uncl (lernbalo. Aul dieser Platte *'ird die oboenparrie'on cler Fl.tc alrsgelihrt. wdhrend Komposition.der dieses Str-ickes mu( ich begonnen hube,,.,r.,",r, harrnonisches Denken vorn Dreiklang zum..cluster., hin zu cntn.ickeln. I):is heute lestzustellen u'irkt einlach und leicht. aber anf'angs der 60-er.f ahrc. rnit clen cl:rrn:rls herrschenden Stilrichtungen, n'ar das crwas anjeres. Der jire iklang *ar cranrars erwas, was rlan'on neuern zu.,erllnden" hatte. Ein Zeichen des..rcuen..si.cl die DreikAnge dt:s Q;yattro, zum ersten NIale nach,,]elner:rtonaren periocrt,. Trotzdem ist das lineare Denken noch sehr rvichtie (siehe u.a. clen Dialo{ zx.isr.hrn Virline und Viokrnccllo arn Beeinn des ersren rn.l.i.r letztc. Satzes). rn eunrrro ptr Qualtro indct sich auch noch ein Zue, cicr lohl in alen rncinen,p,it".",i\\'".k"n auliritt. Es ist eine sozusasen pasticheartiec Behandlung der Nlotlre clcs \\'cr.kes. sie nzirnlich im Stile alterer Ze_iten zu'ariiercn (im euatt, z.b. clie A.*t..rru.q cines,,basso conrinuo" in Cello und Ccrnbalo.,i

12 InseirlerChaconneliir.C)rgelistSallinengleichl.ernvonGesangtexttnttntl r.eligirise \i.r.kiincligung wic liach in seinem priiludium und Fuge c-moll BW\r54ti. ftin-,...1". Musik 'crbirgt sich eine.chromatischc Zwiilf tonleitcr '.n F "*p."rri...r, lris F.. Sallinen beherr.schr nicht nur die -l'echnik, Musik iliber ein so stcreotvpes '['hcnta zu baut,rr, seinc IirtuOse Feder schwelgt auch in clcn Mi)glichkeitcn rlt:s Ausdr.ur.ks unrl rlcr l)rarnatik, ohne Vorn -I'herna abzuwcithen. Ist clics Ncorolttan t ik l' \irrrr Lieclzvklus Neljii laulua unesta (Yftr Traurnlicclcr: Texte: Paavtr Haavikko).,lur..,n 1'aru Valjakka in Aulirag gegebcn und 1973 r'ollcndet wurclc' stztmmt clirs C.iIun<lrrratcrial liir Sallinens Oper Ratsumies (DcI Ritter; 1974) Mann au.s schlal (unaril ist clie lalschc Aussage cler Frat' des Ritters bcinr clericht. EsgiDl l;,,in Ftili.itn (.nrhailr(l('n I)r'.test der Frau wahrend der (.le rit:htstage. Simppeli Simme.'ia Hamppari Hamme (Einf dltiger Simrnc und hcimloscr Harnme)' ist rlem (iccleni<err a,r P,,j.t, clcnr Hund des Komponisten, gewiiltntt' und spiegelt ' inc lcbencliqt' Walttltrlust uncl tntinnliche Traucr wider' Das Stockholmer Kammerensemble wurcle im Fnihiahr 1!)73 qesrr'indet: die \4itgliccler stanllncn zu ('twa 3/4 aus cler Str.rckhglmer Philliarrnonie. die irbriqcn,,,,r'.1.,. Kgl. HOlkaprllc. Zunachst hat das Ensemblc sporadisch und. grofitentr:ils rlcs Spalies wcqcrr gcarbcircr, aber mit d(rr Zcit haben sich die Aul.qaben gchiult: rnan Lat in rlt,r.sr.ckh.lnrt:r Gep4cncl etlichc Konzertc gcspiclt und auch mehrtrrt: 'lirurnt't'n in Sthu'etleIr absolviert Jan-olav wedin war Violinist des Stotkholrncr Philharmonisr:hen i)..he.t,'rr. Anlirng <ler' 1970er.Jahrell griindetc cr clas Stockholtner Kamtnerenscrrrltlt,. rlas er.bis 1979 leitcte. Er regte auch dic ciriindung der Stockhrilrn Sinlirnirttl an. St'ir l9b2 ist er kinstlerischer Lciter untl Dirigcnt cles oskarshatns- Flnst,rrrblt,s unrl cr ist e in geschiitztcr (iastclirigent in Sthweclen und im Auslanrl. Flr e lsc ltt'itrt :rttl 1 I lve ite re n BIS-Platten.

13 Okto Kamu (ucb 1946) ltctricb scirrt Sturlien un cicr Sibt'lius-Ak;rclcrni..nd *,ar anl?inelich rnir nrt'hrt:rt'n br:crcult ntrt'n.\urqatre n als Vrorinist rrctraut. s.in. Kapcllrnciste rlalrlbahn lrt:{ann t,r. an rlt.r l'irrnische n Nationzrkrpcr irn.jahrr: 1!)6g. und bald_clar:iuf vcrpflichrc.rt: ihn auch clic Kcl. ()pt,r in Srockholrl ars (iastkapclnrcistcr. I)cI intcrnarional l;cac.hrctt Kar.ujan-\\'ettbeu,erb. clcn c)kk, Karnu r96!.) in Berlin sewann. er.hiclt cinc errrsr.heiclcrrclc llccleutuns Iur <lic Laulbahn des j.ihriecn 23- Scin Sicg rlcckte.\rrlint,rks:rrnkeit in rlcr q:rnzcn \Vclt uncl harrc unrnittelbar ciastspielangcbott' r orr rlt,n r ornc'hnrstcn Nlusikze ntre n crcr. \\,elt zur Folgc. C)kko Karnu erst.ht,inr au1 i rr.cirt,ren BIS_plattcn. Gunilla von Bahr hat sit h in kulzt'r 7,tit zu cine r f uhre ncler Soloflirristin Skanrlinaviens cnrwickolr, Sic wurclc l 911 seltorcn uncl sluclicrtt, an cler Stot:kholnrer NJusiksc.hrrlc. cl:rnar.h x irktc sic 1unf..Jahre lans in nrchrercn liihrcnclen Sinlirnit:.rchcstcrn St:h*ecrt,rs rnit. In l.rzte;zeit hat sie sich q,nz cicr. zcitraubenclen solisrischcn 1-iitigkeir scu.iclrne r. Sic lleherrsc.ht selbsn.erst:rncllich das ganze klassische Rt:pcltoirc. unri in jiingstcr Zeit hat sis sich auliercle' rrr steigendern \,lalle cler NIusik der Cicge n\\.:irt girviclmet. In cliescnr Zuszrrnrnenhans ist ihr crn Urnstand r.orteilh:rfi sch.cse lt: sie isi eine clct.rvenisen. die clie s:irntlic.hcn 'ic. Querll<)tentvpe n (vorn I)ikk.l. bis zur Ba{il)'tc) mii dersclbe n Srcherhert l;che rrscht. NIchr als 25 Kornponistcn h:rl;t'n eigcns lur sie \\'erke kornponicrr. insgers:rrnt rnehr als 45 Konrpositione n. crarlrnter sieben Solokonzertc. Sie sprert.iiihrlich ctwa 100 K.nzcrte und crst.hcint uuf 27 *,errcr.en tsls-platren. Ari Angervo (ee'b 19.14) srudierrr'\'i.line bei onni Suhonen an cler Sibclius- Ak:rdernit: und bei Endre lvoll in Stot.kholrn. An dcr Sibelius-Akadernie sru<rierre :]. r:.1] c)rche:;tcrdirigicrt:n. Frr isr crsrer Konzerr,'cisrer am orchesrer crer F innischcn Nationaloper uncl Mitglierl cles Helsinki Kzrmrncrorc.hesters. Er tr.itt als Solist in kamtrterrnusikalischcm Zus:rnrrnenhanq uncl rnit orchcster aul uncl rsr auch :rls Lchrcr u irksarn. Veikko Hiiylii (teb 19115) stucliertc bci Yljii Selin an cler Sibclius-Akaclernic uncl bci Andrr< Na'ar.. in Paris. E. r'zrr scit 1963 S.l.cellisr irn or.t.hester.cler Finnlanclis.hcn Nati.nal.per unrr ist auch Solocellist irn Hclsinki 13

14 K:rnrtncrort'hester. Er tritt als Solist in katnmermrrsikzrlischtrn Zusalnlncnhang und mit Orc:hcstcr aul und ist auch als I-ehrer tiitrg' Eva Nordwall (gcb in cler -l-schtchoslou'akei) stuciicrtc ;trn Kttnsen'altoritttrt in B.ti,-,,..,, b.,r.ui ri" sich 1961J in Schweclcn niederlie8. An cler N'Iusikhot:hschule rrt Strlt.kholrrr studicrte src Klar,ier bei Stina Strndc:ll ulrd (lcrnbaltr bei N{arqit Tt'.'.,...ll.SeitihrcInKt-rnzertclebutlgT2hatsieR:rc]icl-uncl-1.\'-Aulhahrnc n,l,rru.ht. ln Schlveden uncl aul' clern Kontinent konzerticrt sic u a nltt Urautliihrunccn zahlrclchcr ncuer Wtrke lur Ccrnbalo Sic elschcint arrl 3 u,t'ittrcn BIS-Itlatterl. FolkeForsman(gctl'11)37)studierteorgelbeiF,nzioForsblcrln'LuigiFcrclinanclc il,s;ri"i ;,r.1 Nri'i,.hu.,l Sclinciclcr. Nach seinem l)ebut in Hclsinki hat er aull(:r rm HcilnatlzrnclauchinSkondi'','ienunclaul.demKtlntinentktlnzertiert.Eristals l,e hlt:r dcs ()rgclspiels an cler Sibelius-Akadctrtie und auch als Olganist dtr' St.hrvt:dischenolaus-l,ctri-Kirt:hcinHelsinkititig'AuchalsN,Iusikkritikerhater sich Ane rkcnnunq crrvttrben Wiihrt:nclclerlttzteril5.Jahrt:lratsichderTapiola-Chorr'tlncincntgewtilrnlit.hen Scliul.htrru u cincnl intt:rnationalen \''ertretcr tltls Heinratlands F innland cnnvickelt. Sein intcrnati0nzilcr Ruhln katn :rls Folge des Prciscs.'SilVer" Rose BOwl,, irn BB(l-Wertb$verb,.Lct the Peoplc Sing''. Scit clcr (irunclung 1961ist ilrkki pt,h1r,la dcr Dirigent. L)er.chor hat rnchrcrc'iirurnccn qcmachr, u.a. nach Clxrllbritannit:n. clcn Vcre iniqtcn Staatcn, der Sou' jetunion uncl lapan ErkkiPohjola(gc}l.1!)31)istC]hc{.des.MusikinstitutcsderStacltEspotl'Erha :.rc6 zu.l""n T,,*iL.,,.hrcritn..N{usica" bcigctragt:n, <lic i'r finnischen Schult. 'f t vct lvt'nclt't lvertlcn. Scitlg6!)sirrgtTaruValjakkarlrcltrFinnisthenNaticln;rltlper..Sie-studiertr:bei Antti Koskine.. G"rakl'NI,,()r!: und Erirh \\'.:rba und srit ihren Konzert- unrl il1r,:.n.tffr.r,. 1{)(j'l isr sie t'ine intcrnational gelr;rgtc Singcrin' clit zus-:rn-tnrtntit z.u. L,rich l-cinsclorf. Antal f)orziti..j^n Krenz urrd Ralacl Fruhbeck clc Burg"s itr rle n liilire ndt'n N{usikstiicltern clcr Welt gcrsungell hat 14

15 Jorma Hynninen ist eincr der lttk:trtnltsttn llnnisthcll S:inger' Scin Ruhrn als he rvorr:r{cndcr Liedintcrprct uncl aulirnl rlt'ntlic hcr. r'iclse itiger ()pernsing,'r ist bctriit.htlich. Er rvurrlc crsrnrals brzichte r. rrls er' 1!)61) dcn nationaler] Gesanqswettbctverb in Lappecnranta qru'zltlt. Irn lirlqenclrlt.)ahr rvurcle cr an dic Finnische Nationalopcr verpllichtct. Flr tr:rt ltci r it'lt'lt Konztt'tcn in aller \\clt aul, sowit- rtn <lcn gro{len C)pcrnh:iuscrn. Seit dcrn Herbst l!}b'l ist cr kunstlcristher I-eitcr rlt'r F innische n Oper. Ralf Goth6ni u'urde 1946 in Finnland geboren. Er begann seine Violinstudien mit drei Iahren und seine Klayierstudien rnit funl.lahrcnl spiter studierte er bei Tapani Valsta an der Sibelius-Akadernic. bei Dctlev Kr:rus in Deutschland uncl bei Erivin Liiszlrj in dcr Schn'ciz. Er ddbutiertc bci den.jyviiskr.'la-festspielen 19ti7 und ist heute als Kammermusike r, Beqlcite r und Solist sehr gef)'agt. 15

16 Dans lcs:rnnt(es un nouvcau courant fit lentcment rnais s0rement son entr6e clans la lnusiclue, un stvle que l'on a d'abord appel6 n6o-romantique. Il s'est cl6r'ekrppi ) partir cle I'extr0me musique sonorer tvpique de la fin des ann6es 60; il cst caratttlris6 par une nouvclle inclination pour unc harmonie simpliii6e bas6e sur Ies actorcls parlaits, parlbis m rne un clair retour ) Ia tonalitd. En Finlande, Aulis Sallinen cst un repr6sentant type de ce nouveau courant. Sallinen est nd cn 1935 et a dtudid i l'acad6mie Sibelius ) Helsinki de 1955 i 60: ses profcsseurs cle composition Iurent Aarre Merikanto etjoonas Kokkonen. II lut lui-rn0mc ensasd comme prolesseur i l'acaddmie Sibelius cn 1965 oi il se partaee clepuis entrc I'enseisnemenr. trois.jours par semaine, et la composition, le reste du tt--rnps: il :r rcgu des bourses dc I'Etat depuis de nombreuscs anndes. De 1960 ) 70, il Iut dgalemcnt Ie directeur de l'orchestre Symphonique de la Radio Finlandaise ) Hclsinki. Sallincn fut cl'abord violoniste, ce qui se remarque ) Ia connaissance qu'il rnanilestc dans son traitemcnt des cordes dans une longue s6ric d'truvrcs de musique de charnbre. Il lut d'abord connu surrout pour sa musique de chambre rnais, dcpuis la fin dcs ann6es 60, il a prdsent6 de la musique orchestralc et sa prernilre svmphonie gasna un premier prix ) la comp6tition que la ville d'helsinki lanqa ir l'occasion dc I'inaueuration de la Maison Finlandia cn Musique de Chambre no I de Sallinen lut 6crite en 1975 sur une commande dc I'Orchcstrc cle Clhanrbre d'helsinki er son titre ("no 1") laisse dd'j) enrendre que la piecc dtait pens6e Stre la prerniere d'une sdrie d'cruvres. Ellc est 6rigde d'unc Iag,'n typique pour Sallincn: :ru ddbut, il nous lait entrer dans un champ sonore duquel un mat6riel th6matique se cristallise de plus cn plus clairement. Le d6r'eloppement prcnd un autre tournant. le matdricl thdniatique disparait )r nouveau et, ir la lln, il ne restc qu'un champ sonore semblablc i I'initial. L;r firrcc d'aulis Sallincn comme compositeur r6side.justement dans les crandes lignes ct on:r souvcnt soulisn6 que son sens pour Ie pouls musical peut simplcrnent 0tre cl6crit comnle 6tant un h6ritaee de Sibelius. D'une certaine laqon, son attitucle vis-)-r'is Ia rnusique peut sembler un peu paradoxale: d'un c6td, il rcconnait Ctrc un n6o-romantique mais, d'un autre c6td, il a tendance ) nier I'existence cl'unc to

17 inspiration rrrusicale : il consicli'rt lrlutirt la r orrrposition ( ornnlc ttrr travail labot it ttr ctncvoitpasdedilllirt'n(ccntrcle Iaitcle (()n)l)os('rsurrorlttttattclt tttt'luicl'ilrirt "pour le plaisir de la chosc". \lais lt'par:rclort n ('st l)tut-i{r('1tas si {rltnrl t'rr litt cle cornpte: plusieurs mdrrre clc st's qrancls lrrtirltltcsscurs au 1!)' sriclc onl lrar aiiltl en fait plus ) la sueur tlc ltur liont rlut "ittspirlrtir;tl' lrltr. MusiquedeChambreno2pour ll0tcalrosol()clor(hcstltittortlcs(1!)75.op.11 "continue unc sdrie clc cotnpositions cotrrrnt nrdt",ttt't.\lu.;iqut dt Llnntbrt no I pour orche:tre i cnrde:.,\r[usfuue dt Chanttrt'na ] dil]t're rlc soll llrt(di(rss('lll l)al soll caractere plus divertissant. tn0rnc burlt'srlue. La roulcttr tonait 1rersonltt'llt clt'la IlritealtorrenlenaIplusieurssolutionsson()rcsnour.llet(t-ntl(.rtltt-r'\rttttti deux altos ou cleux violont clles cn gall)ille s. rilppe lant unt' tnazurka) ll e st llossillic que la compclsition. ) car:se cle sr.n carac ti'rr. soit unc jour t lassde ( oiilltt( tlit q('llrt' de Clebrauchsntusik. \'okrntiers. car lt rnortc:ru cst (orllposti pour 0ttt'utilistl souvent. I-'tr:uvrc est rltlclitrc i (iunilla I otl Bahr. Quattro per Quattro (19ti+-ti5. op.12) retrt tout sirrtplentent tlin (luirtr( mouvernents pour quatrc instrurnrnts '. ir s:rr oir hautbois. r'iolort. r'iolottte llt' t't clavecin. Sur ce disque. la pzrrtie clc hautbois tst.ior.lie ir Ia llffte - llfrtc alto. Pendant la composition dc cc t1t()r(eau. urr cl6r'eioppernent ai d0 (ollllllcl](cr ci) m()i, d6r'eloppement qui rrrrn:r plus tard i l'dlareissement dc la pensdc harllloniqtt, de I'accord parlait jusqu'au clustet'. Il serltblt sirnple et lacilc aujoulcl htri de constater ccla rnais, envisageant lt:s tcncl;rncestvlistiqucs qui pt't(ckrntitlaicnt;tlt d6but des anne<es 60. c cst dil}i:rcnt. L:rccord parlait 6tait alol's vrairncnt cluclclue chose que I'on devait "rcclt<couvrir". Urt signe du "nouveau" est lcs ittcorrls parlaits de Quattra. pour la prerniirc liris apris Ina p6riode :rt()nale. En cltrpit rle cela, rna pens6e Iine<aire cst en(ore tt'is itttportaltte (p:rrerenlplc le ciialoqr:c entlc lc yiolon et le yigloncclle au dtlbut cles plerrtiet et clernit'r Irrouvctrtcnts). f)airs Quattro per Quattro, il se tr',,url cn(()ru un t riir clui :rpparait ptobablctncnt tl:rns presque rourcs [res (f,]uvre s ultr<rieures: un certztin traitetncnt pastich(1 clt's tnotits clt' I'reuvre, les r.ariations clc ceux-ci clans clcs sn'les cie ternps :rnt iens (clalls Qrra11ro. par exernple. "basso contin l t'rr.rploi <lu violoncelle ct tlu clavccitl). "

18 Dans sa Chaconne, Sallinen est aussi loin des tcxtcs de cantiqucs ct de la pridication religicuse que J.S. Bach dans son prdlude et.fugue BWV546. Sous la musique exprcssivc se cache une gamrne chromatique dc douze tons de f) ) Ia. Sallinen rnaitrise la technique d'6crire de la musique sur un theme aussi stc<riotvpi ct son cravon virtuosc s'enivre des possibilit6s <1'expression et de drarnatique - sans pour cela d6r'ier du theme. Est-ce n6o-romantique? Le cvcle Quatre chansons de raue sur des textes dc Paavo Haavikko, cornrnandd par T:rru \/aljakka et achev6 en 1973, fournit le matdriel initial de l'op6.ra Le Caualier. Homme.fail du rire est le faux tdmoiqnage de la f'emme du cavalier au procis, alors que il n'),a pas de couranl renlerme les protestations dc la l'emme dans sa ddposition aur assiscs. Simppeli Simme ja hamppari Hamme, nommd ainsi ir Ia mdmoire de Poju, le thien tle rhassc rlu,,,-pr.it,rr. rcflite un vil eoilt dc l'aventurc et un rhagrin viril. L'Ensemble de Chambre de Stockholm lut lbnd6 au printemps de 1973; les trois quarts environ de sers mcmbrcs proviennent de I'Orchestre Philharmonique de Stockholm et le reste, de l'orchestre de la Cour Rovale. Au ddbut, I'ensemble travaillait sporadiqucment et surtout pour le plaisir de la chose mais, avec Ie ternps, les engascmcnts se sont multiplids: on a.ioud de nombrcux concerts dans la rision dc Stockholnr et lait plusicurs tourn6es en province dont une de concert ct d'opdra avcc l'opdra de Norrland. Jan-Olav Wedin est le directcur artistique de l'ensemble d'oskarshamn cr son chcl'depuis De 1969 a 1984, il dtait violoniste ) I'Orchestre Philharmoniqur cle Stockholrri. Au cl6but des anndcs 70. il tbnda l'ensernble de Chambre de Stockholrn qu'il dirieea.jusqu'en Il cst aussi le Ibndateur de la Sinlonietta de Stockholrn. Il a dtd un chef invit6 appr6cid en Subde et ) l'6transer. Il a enrccisr16 sur 12 autrcs disques BIS. Okko Kamu (n6 cn 1946) 6tudia e I'Acaddmie Sibclius et cornmenqa sa carri!re en occupant un certain nornbre de positions importantes en tant que violoniste. Il t8

19 c()rnrneng:l ) dirigcr ) l'opdra N:itional Finlanclais cn 1968 et, peu do tcmps:rpris. il 1ut nornrn6 c:hel cl'orchcstre invitel ) J'()pira Roval dc Stockholrn. Le clrncours Karajan pour thel,s cl'ort:hestrc. reconnu intcrnationalerncnt. c1u'okko Kattltt remport:r ) Berlin t:n 1969, lirt cl'unc itrrprtrlantc ddcisive dans la czrrriire du.jeunc homrne clc 23 ans. S:i victoire t<r'eilla lintdr0t clans le rnondc entier et fut sutvtc cl'inr.itations ) paraitrc (onrme che{ rl'orchestrc intitt< dans Ies plus grands cenlres de musiclue. Okko K:rrnu zi 6galetnent cnrt:qistrd sur 7 autres disqucs BIS. Gunilla von Bahr est rztpidcment clevt:ttuc une des ll0tistes les plus fminentes du Nord. Ellt: est nde cn 19'11 et a tituclit< ittr conservatoire de rnusique de Stockholm. apres cluor cllc ii.jouri penclant t inrl ans clans plusieurs des orchcstt'cs les plus importants cle Suiclc. Ellt' sr cuns.r, rc tttaintcnant exclusive nlent aux cxigeantes taches tl'une solistc. Fllle tnaitrisc ('i'rtii'rerncnt Ie rdpcrtoire classique et. ces dernifres anndes. elle a.joucl cle plus en plus cle rnusique contemporaine. Elle a rcr lc srand avantaqc d'3tre une dcs rarcs fltltistcs qui.jouent aussi bien des quatre 1lfftes, du piccok; ) Ia ll0te bassc. l'lus cle vingt-cinq compositeurs ont 6crit un rotal de plus de'15 <ruvres spdcialclnent pour cllc, parmi quoi sept (oncertos pour l1rite. Elle a 6salernent cnregistrd sur 26 alttres disques BIS. Ari Angervo (1944- ) a itucli6 le violon avec Onni Strhonen ) I'Acaddmie Sibelius et avec Endre Wolf i Stockholrn. Il a t<galement dtudi6 la direction d'orchcstre i l'acacl6mie Sibelius. Il est le prcmicr violon de l'orchestre de l'op6ra Nationarl Finlandais ct un rnembre de l'orchcstre de Chambre d'helsinki: il {ait 6galement partie dc l:r musicluc dc charnbre ct.iouc (olnrne soliste avec des orchestres, Il cst aussi prof'esseur de violon ) I'Acaddrnic Sibelius. Veikko H6yle (1935- ) a dtudic< avec Yr.io Selin ) I'Acaddmie Sibelius et ave(' Andrd Navarra )i Paris. II est lc violoncellc solo de I'Orchestre de l'opdra National Finlandais depuis 1963 et remplit les mdmes lirnctions ) l'orchestre de Charnbre d'helsinki. Il fait cles apparitions (ontntc soliste dans des conccrts de musique de chambre et :rlec orchestrc; il est 6galenttnt at:til'comme profcsseur'

20 Eva Nordwall (ntle en 1944 cn Tchdcoslovzrquic) a 6tudi6:iu Clonservatoire de llrno avant cle s'dtablir cn Subde. Eller travailla le piano avet: Stina Sundell et le clavct:in avct M:rrsit Theorell ir l'etole Sup6rieure dc Musiquc dc Stockholm. Aprds scs dt(buts en 1972, elle a lait des enrcsistrements pour la raclio et la It<l6r'ision et a ckrnnd clcs concerts en Sudde et sur lc continent incluant dt: ttornl)rrust's crd:rtions dc n<luvelles (Euvres pour clavecin. Nd cn 1t)1]7, Folke Forsman a dtudid I'orgue avec Enzio Forsblorn, Luigi lrrtlirtando'lhgliavini et Michael Schneider. Dcpuis ses ddbuts ) Hclsrnki, Folke liorsrnan ;r cftrnnd clcs conccrts non seulement en Finlande rnais encore dans les pavs siantlinaves et sur lc t:ontinent. Il cnscigne I'orsue ) I'Acad6rnie Sibelius ct touchc l'orsue cle I'tlelisc sutickrise Olaus Petri ) Helsinki. Il fait aussi de la i:ririquc rnu sir':rlc. Le chaur d'enfants Tapiola fut ftrndd par Erkki Poh.jola en Apris avoir obtrnu des rdsultats dc prenribre t:lasse clans des cornp6titions Iinlandaises ct intt'rnationales (lt: r'hmur gagna par exemple The Silver Rose Bowl qui lut Ie prcrnier prix clc la compdtition cle la BBC "l-ct the People Sing" cn i971). lc chtrur passa (le st2itul clc pctit chtrur d'6cole ) cclui d'arnbassadeur international rlc la nrusirluc Ilnlanclaise. Le chcrur a donntl dcs concerts aur Etats-LInis, crr Angk'tt'rre. Union Sovi6tique, I)olognc. Suissc, F rance, clans Ies pavs sr:an<linavcs t't :ru.japon. l,e che l <lu r'[rmur, Erkki Pohjola (1931-) lait partic cl'une Iamille llnlandaise bien ( onnlle dt' rnusicicns. Il nc cornrnenga pas son cntraineme nt rnusical avant de s'itre clualifi6 (ornnre professeur. Il.jouc du piano et cic l'alto et a Iait de la musique tlt' t h:rrnbrc rlans lt: Quatuor Poh.jola avcc sa soeur et scs fidres. Erkki Pohjola est lc tlirectcul de l'{t ole clr: rnusiquc d'espoo. Ar.'ec un collfguc, il a produit une sdrie de ttrunucls tle rnusiclue (Musica) pour usase clans Ies 6coles linlandaises. Taru Valjakka chante:rvec l'opira National Finlandais dcpuis Ses ploli'sst'urs tirrent Antti Koskincn, (]erald Moorc er Erik Wcrba. Depuis ses ildbuts cle (onccrt et d'optrra (1964), elle a 6ti tres en demande: elle a travailld 20