Contents REPORT OF ACTIVITY FOR THE YEAR RAPPORT D ACTIVITÉS POUR L ANNÉE RAPPORTO DI ATTIVITÀ PER L ANNO

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1 Contents REPORT OF ACTIVITY FOR THE YEAR RAPPORT D ACTIVITÉS POUR L ANNÉE RAPPORTO DI ATTIVITÀ PER L ANNO

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3 REPORT OF ACTIVITY FOR THE YEAR 2013 INTRODUCTION The International Institute of Humanitarian Law (Institute) realised a vast and wide-ranging programme of activities in the year 2013, registering a record number of participants (around 1.500), which was a significant increase compared to the previous year. Although the number of participants at the courses held in Sanremo was generally good, the increase was mainly due to all the courses and events that the Institute organised outside Sanremo. The trend of exporting the so-called Spirit of Sanremo, which started a few years back, became more widespread in The Institute was, in fact, invited or requested to organise both its regular courses and some ad hoc programmes in different countries such as Indonesia, Egypt, Iraq, Serbia, Sudan, South Africa, Tunisia. The Institute is grateful for the trust bestowed by its donors for these initiatives which all encountered gratifying success. The Institute continued its determination to promote its own activities and especially to increase the number of paying participants so registration fees would have a positive impact on income. Despite the persistent financial global crisis and the reduction of government resources for training, the number of registration fees increased with a parallel growth of income. It was worth noting the trend whereby general contributions were reduced and, on the contrary, support towards specific projects or the funding of scholarships increased. The Institute was able to offer a wide programme of courses, carefully up-dated and made relevant for the Institute s stakeholders. With this in mind, a new course was started, Naval Operations and the Law, which replaced the course for Planners and Executors of Naval Operations. For the first time, an advanced course on International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in Spanish was organised to run parallel to the English and French ones. The results were very rewarding. A first edition of an international course on law and legal protection in natural disasters was held with success for a restricted group of government officials, mainly from affected countries. This course will be proposed again in 2014 to all interested practitioners and post-graduate students who wish to pursue a career in international disaster law. The Institute s Military Department was reinforced with the arrival, in September, of Col. Xavier Perrillat- Piratoine, seconded as Deputy Director by the French Air Force. The presence of a French officer at the Institute will not only enhance the work of the Military Department, but it will also strengthen relations with French-speaking countries resulting in greater participation at IIHL courses. In accordance with the guidelines laid down by the Council, the Institute planned to continue collaborating with bodies and institutions based and working in various parts of the world so as to render its programme more widely known and appreciated, also by adapting them to the specific needs of its partners. It is no doubt worth mentioning cooperation with US AFRICOM and with EQUION which offered an important number of scholarships for different courses. The Institute s Liaison Office in Geneva, which is hosted by the Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), once again, offered its precious collaboration by holding several meetings on its premises with the aim of maintaining constructive relations with International Organisations present in Geneva, and of promoting the Institute in such an important international context. * External Courses are those organised by the Institute (or in cooperation with the Institute) and run at External Locations. 3

4 Thanks to the careful management of available resources, the financial statement registered a surplus at the end of the year. It should be noted that a number of maintenance works at Villa Ormond were realised in 2013, including: maintenance and certification of all escape and fire doors; the painting and restoration of the five entrance doors at the back of the Villa damaged by rain and humidity; the cleaning of a large section of the gutters and rain pipes, which were also fixed and substituted. An electronic device to better control the temperature of the heating and of the air conditioning was also installed with a view to saving on gas and electricity bills. Wi-Fi facilities, covering all Villa Ormond, were strengthened to allow a large number of users simultaneous connection. 4

5 TRAINING AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES COURSES ON INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW To foster the development of knowledge of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), also known as the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC), the Institute structures its training at three levels or tiers, which develop progressively and all emphasise the practical application of IHL. This tiered approach is structured as follows: Tier 1. LOAC Foundation Courses: Provide personnel with a practical introduction to the Law of Armed Conflict delivered from the perspective of military operations. Tier 2. Specialised IHL Courses: Aimed at personnel who require an enhanced practical understanding of specific areas of IHL. Tier 3. IHL Workshops: Directed towards participants with a good working knowledge of the given subject. These workshops are usually of shorter duration with less formal training. The emphasis is on the exchange of views and experiences between participants and instructors in order to reach a deeper understanding of the subject and thus provide a cutting-edge perspective. Instructors and participants hail from all over the world thus assuring constructive learning, with a broad and engaging international perspective. IIHL courses are addressed to both civil and military personnel with or without specific legal background. LOAC Foundation and Advanced Courses 149 th Course (English with Arabic class) 150 th Course (French) 151 st Course (Spanish with Portuguese class) 152 nd Course (English with Chinese, Russian and Arabic classes) 22 nd Advanced Course (English) 23 rd Advanced Course (French) 24 th Advanced Course (Spanish) Training Course on IHL in South Africa In collaboration with and with the support of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Institute organised a course in Pretoria, from 11 th to 15 th February. The course, which had gratifying results, treated the fundamental aspects of IHL, human rights and international criminal law. The course addressed twenty-five participants coming from various African countries with most varied backgrounds: magistrates from the Office of the Military Prosecutor, delegates of associations for the defence of human rights, and a relevant number of officers. The course programme, to which both civilian and military experts contributed, covered some legal questions linked to a number of cases recently examined by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. President Prof. Pocar led the debate. Workshop on Detainee handling in International Military Operations: Building on the Copenhagen Process This Workshop took place in Sanremo from 5 th to 7 th March. The workshop provided an in-depth analysis of the three most important principles raised by the Copenhagen Process, namely, detainee treatment and conditions; detainee review and procedures; and detainee transfer procedures. Considering the complexity of implementing these principles, special importance was given on how to translate them into operational best practice on the ground. For this purpose, several panel presentations with open discussions were held encouraging the military officers and civilian experts to share their experiences. The lecturers included Mr. William K. Lietzau, Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defence for Rule of Law and Detainee Policy, United States Department of Defence, and Ambassador Thomas Winkler, Legal Advisor at the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 5

6 Workshop on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Within the framework of the agreement signed with the Cairo Regional Centre for Training in Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping in Africa (CCCPA), and benefiting from the success of previous editions, the Institute organised a workshop on IHL and human rights in relation to Peace Support operations for military and civilian personnel from African countries engaged in peace-keeping missions. The Course was held in Cairo, from 10 th to 14 th March. 12 th Competition on IHL for Military Academies The 12 th edition of the Competition on IHL for military academies took place from 18th to 22 nd March at the Institute s seat, Villa Ormond. Around one hundred officer cadets, coming from different countries and encompassing four different continents (Belgium, Denmark, France, India, Italy, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and United States) gathered together in Sanremo to benefit from a very specific and practical approach to training mainly aimed at ensuring that participants developed an early appreciation of the critical importance of humanitarian law in multinational military operations. The Competition, one of the most prestigious training initiatives organised each year in Sanremo since 2002, consists of two parts: the first one where interactive lectures are held by various experts in the field of IHL and human rights, and the second one where the cadets, divided in mixed teams, simulate a multinational military operation where they have to show how they can deal effectively with the reality of complex geopolitical situations while at the same time conducting an efficient military operation in accordance with the obligations of humanitarian law. The teams were evaluated by a Commission which, at the conclusion of the Competition, selected the best mixed teams and the best individual cadet. Training Course on IHL in Indonesia The Institute, thanks to the contribution of the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, organised a two-week course in Jakarta from 15 th to 26 th April. The Course was attended not only by officers from the Indonesian National Armed Forces, but also by civilian Indonesian personnel and by officers and civilians from other South East Asian countries including Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Brunei, South Korea and Japan. This successful course contributed to the development and strengthening of the specific expertise of participants in the field of IHL, granting them the capacity to apply these fundamental principles in a wide range of operational scenarios. Workshop on Non-International Armed Conflict This Workshop, held in Sanremo from 28 th to 30 th May, examined the complex and often ambiguous juridical regime applicable in non-international armed conflicts and lingered particularly on the consequences that this uncertain regime causes in various military operations, encouraging specific in-depth analysis of the position Armed Forces and governments take on such delicate questions as classification of conflict, combatant status and targeting. The Workshop was directed by military and academic experts. Courses on IHL and Human Rights held in Baghdad and Erbil At the request and with the financial contribution of the Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs (General Directorate for Cooperation-DGCOOP), the Institute organised a course on international humanitarian law and human rights in Iraq from 2 nd to 13 th June. The Course, which was the fifth organised by the IIHL in Iraq, was co-ordinated by General Giorgio 6

7 Blais and held in Baghdad with the support of the Iraqi Ministry for Human Rights and the local Italian Embassy. Almost forty participants attended from the Ministries for Human Rights, of Defence and of Justice. At the request of the Kurdish Authorities and in the framework of the initiative of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in favour of institutional structures in Iraq, the Institute organised its first course on IHL in Erbil, from 3 rd to 7 th November. The Course, again under the supervision of General Blais, registered thirty-two participants, mainly from the Ministry of Interior of the Kurdish region. Africa Accountability Colloquium In collaboration with the United States AFRICA Command (U.S. AFRICOM) a Colloquium on accountability in Africa was held at Villa Ormond in Sanremo, specially tailored for African countries. The main goal of the Colloquium was to train officers responsible for the teaching of the respect of human rights and the application of the rule of law. The programme focused on military and transnational justice, as well as on international criminal justice. Participants, arriving from more than twenty African countries, debated on issues such as the challenges arising during UN peacekeeping missions and the question of responsibility deriving from breaches of international humanitarian law or anti-piracy operations. The Workshop ran from 4 th to 7 th June. 9 th Course on Conduct of Peace Operations In the light of the increasing complexity of the legal regime applicable to Peace Support Operations, the Institute organised the 9 th edition of the Course on Conduct of Peace Operations from 17 th to 21 st June at Villa Ormond. The Course focused mainly on the application and implementation of international humanitarian law, as well as human rights law in peace support operations (PSO), its promotion and protection through UN troops and other involved agencies. The teaching staff included a wide range of military as well as academic experts on the subject. Workshop on Rules of Engagement in the Asian Pacific region In collaboration with the Asian Pacific Centre for Military Law, the Institute organised a workshop on Rules of Engagement in Sydney, Australia from 24 th to 30 th June. The Workshop aimed at giving the participants a profound understanding of the key aspects evolving around the drafting and implementation of ROE. A substantial part of the Workshop was dedicated to a ROE exercise during which participants used the renowned Sanremo Handbook on the Rules of Engagement to draft and brief ROE for a variety of missions using a hypothetical scenario. Summer Course on IHL, Sanremo-Geneva The thirteenth edition of the Summer Course, which was as usual co-ordinated by Vice-President Professor Michel Veuthey, was held from 24 th June to 5 th July, commencing in Sanremo and concluding in Geneva. The Course enjoyed the participation of fifty-seven university students and young officials from international organisations from all over the world, who benefitted from lectures and workshops offered by top-ranking personalities of juridical and diplomatic circles committed in the promotion of IHL and human rights. In Geneva, participants were given the chance to visit the main international organisations working in the humanitarian field. Workshop on Rules of Engagement This Workshop was held in Sanremo from 9 th to 13 th September and was intended for commanders, legal advisors and other staff officers. The workshop focused on the basics of ROE development as well as on current complex ROE challenges using the Sanremo Handbook on the Rules of Engagement published by the Institute. Participants at the Workshop reached the Institute from all over the world. Course on Naval Operations and the Law This new Course stems from more than a decade of experience in providing specialised training 7

8 exclusively to personnel involved in naval operations and it is a revision of the successful Course for Planners and Executors of Naval Operations. The Course, which was in a way inspired by the famous San Remo Manual on International Law applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea, offered a very specialised programme that examined the legal regime affecting the planning and conduct of naval operations across the entire spectrum of conflict. Subjects covered included international law and the use of force in the context of naval operations; rules of engagement in the maritime context; law enforcement and antipiracy; counter-terrorism and drug enforcement operations, as well as naval warfare and peace operations in the maritime domain. In addition to lectures, the Course offered a series of lessons learned by military officers and legal advisers as well as scenario-based exercises. The event was held from 28 th October to 1 st November in Sanremo. Course on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law for Instructors and Trainers in the Armed Forces The Institute contributed to the organisation of a course for instructors and trainers of the Brazilian Armed Forces, which took place in Rio de Janeiro from 5 th to 7 th November. The Course, hosted by the School of Naval War, benefitted from the intervention of President Pocar and Vice-President Veuthey of the IIHL. The former presented an overview of the experience of ICTY in dealing with humanitarian law, in particular on the conduct of hostilities, and latter spoke about the interplay between human rights law and international humanitarian law. The Course aimed at providing participants with a deeper, theoretical understanding of human rights law and international humanitarian law in order to integrate such topics in future training and educational programmes, also in view of future training activities within the Brazilian Armed Forces. 28 th (English) and 29 th (French) Course for Directors and Trainers in IHL The 28 th Course for Directors and Trainers in LOAC (in English) and the 29th Course for Directors and Trainers in LOAC (in French) were both organized in Sanremo from 2 nd to 6 th December The two Courses gathered together military officers, military lawyers and others in charge of planning LOAC education. Participants were all involved in writing doctrine, determining training requirements and curriculum development, designing of course modules and materials for LOAC education within their armed forces (Directors) and military officers and military lawyers responsible for teaching LOAC (Instructors). Aim of the courses was to enable participants to analyse the needs, define the objectives, develop the teaching programmes and to integrate them in programmes of the continuous education of the different categories of personnel within the armed forces. Workshop on International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights for Members of the Afghan Armed Forces and Governmental Officials Following the great success of the first two workshops (held in Sanremo in 2011 and 2012), the Institute organised a third edition, thanks to the invaluable support of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and NATO. The Workshop, directed by Maj. Gen. (ret.) Salvatore Lato, took place in Sanremo from 12 th to 19 th December, with a specific ad hoc programme for military officers, government officials, lawyers, judges and police officers with a direct professional interest in the application of human rights and humanitarian law. Participants had the opportunity to learn how to apply the principles and rules of human rights law and international humanitarian law and to understand the evolution of the concepts of gender equality and women s rights within the international human rights system. The programme focused specifically on the importance of enforcement and implementation of these sets of laws and their integration in national legislation. It also included a detailed overview of the legal and normative developments in the promotion of women s rights of great interest to practitioners in this field. The Workshop covered a wide spectrum of topics: from the basic rules and principles of humanitarian law and human rights to the legal framework applicable to non-international armed conflicts and different operational scenarios, the applicability of human rights law in law enforcement operations with a specific attention to detention 8

9 and anti-terrorism measures, as well as refugee law and IDP protection. The initiative falls within the framework of the actions of the international community aimed at encouraging the peace process and assisting the development of democratic institutions in Afghanistan. COURSES ON INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW As in previous years, these courses were organised in close collaboration with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and with the support of the Swiss Federal Office for Migration, the US State Department and the Norwegian and Swedish Ministries of Foreign Affairs. These courses aim to increase the knowledge and skills of government officials who are involved in the formulation and application of legislation and policies affecting people in need of international protection and who have only a basic knowledge of international refugee law. More than two hundred and ten participants coming from eighty-five countries took part in the following courses: 70 th Course (English) 71 st Course (French) 72 nd Course (Spanish) 73 rd Course (English) 74 th Course (English) 74 th bis Course (Arabic, held in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates) Courses on International Refugee Law in Arabic for Sudanese Officials This Course was made possible thanks to the support of the Swiss Federal Office for Migration and the cooperation of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The Course, held in Tunis from 19 th to 23 rd May, was run entirely in Arabic and was attended by Sudanese UNHCR representatives and governmental officials. The aim of the Course was to enhance the skills of participants in developing and applying policies and standards in conformity with principles of international law and the protection of refugees. Professor Fausto Pocar, President of the Institute, gave an opening lecture on the issues of human trafficking and the legal implications of this crucial phenomenon. As a follow-up, the Institute organised a course on Refugee Law in Arabic in Khartoum from 8 th to 12 th December. This Course was attended by thirty-two officials (including five ladies) from the Sudanese Government involved in the formulation and application of policies in the subject matter of refugees and asylum-seekers. Its specific aim was to significantly and concretely influence the treatment of refugees and their protection. Professor Edoardo Greppi, Vice President of the Institute, presented the opening lecture on IHL and Human Rights, with a special view on refugee issues. Special Training Session on Refugee Protection For the first time, the Institute organised a special session on refugee protection addressed to the staff of Permanent Missions, which took place on 28 th May in Geneva. The event was organised in co-operation with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and with the support of the Swiss Federal Office for Migration. This session brought together the staff of various Permanent Missions dealing with refugee law and related policy issues in the course of their duties. The session not only provided a thorough orientation on current themes in refugee law and protection 9

10 but, above all, it created a shared environment in which peer-to-peer interaction and fruitful debates took place. Under the direction of Steven Wolfson, Senior Refugee Law Training Officer, Global Learning Centre, UNHCR and IIHL Vice-President, Michel Veuthey, the debates evolved around issues such as mixed migration and international protection versus national security. COURSE ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION LAW The Institute, thanks to the longstanding support and co-operation of both the International Organization for Migration and the Swiss Federal Office for Migration, organised its 9th Course on international migration law in Sanremo from 7 th to 11 th October. Participants included officials, experts and operators involved in the formulation and application of legislation concerning migration and asylum in different regions of the world. The Course was held in English. INTERNATIONAL COURSE ON THE LAW AND LEGAL PROTECTION IN NATURAL DISASTERS Following the positive experience of the first edition, a second edition of this course was organised in collaboration with Brookings, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and UNHCR. Costs were borne by the IFRC, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States Agency for International Development. The Course, which took place at Villa Ormond, Sanremo from 3 rd to 7 th December, offered a response to the increasing necessity for coherent legal and regulatory frameworks aimed at limiting the human cost of natural or man-induced disasters at both the domestic and international level. organisations dealing with the legal aspects of disaster preparedness from Anguilla, Grenada, Haiti, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. JOINT PROGRAMME WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF NICE The Institute, during the academic year , organised a Diploma Course on IHL in collaboration with the Institut de Droit de la Paix et du Développement of the University of Nice. The Diploma Course provides for a series of training modules, both in English and French to be completed by attending IIHL courses held at the Institute in Sanremo or through distant learning online. Fifty-four young graduates and officials from organisations working in the humanitarian field participated from France, Italy and different Frenchspeaking countries (Canada, Ivory Coast, Mali, Senegal). Forty-two were distance learning students and twelve were residential students. The programme, organised for the second year on the basis of the original project HUMANMED concluded in 2011, met with gratifying success. ADVANCED DIPLOMA: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON PEACE OPERATIONS AND CRISIS HANDLING The Institute, in collaboration with ISPI (Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale), organised an Advanced Course on Peace Operations and Crisis Management with a focus on emerging trends and new challenges in this field. After an initial residential session, which took place at ISPI headquarters in Milan from 2 nd to 6 th December, a second session was held online in the following weeks. The event registered a wide participation of representatives from government agencies, parliaments, inter-governmental organisations, non-governmental organisations and regional 10

11 ROUND TABLES, EXPERT WORKSHOPS AND SEMINARS Workshop of the Training Advisory Group (TAG) Sanremo, 22 nd -23 rd March 2013 The Institute s Training Advisory Group of Experts organised its annual meeting in Sanremo on 22 nd - 23 rd March. The Workshop, attended by representatives from various academic and military institutions from different regions of the world, provided the opportunity to discuss the updating of some existing teaching methodologies and to face new problems arising in the field of IHL training with the aim of providing an appropriate standard able to satisfy the needs of civilian and military experts who take part in the courses and workshops offered by the Institute. Round Table on Temporary Protection of Refugees. Sanremo, 15 th 16 th July 2013 The Institute hosted an important event organised by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees on the theme of temporary protection. Experts in the subject matter gathered from various countries of the world under the presidency of the Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees, Erika Feller, and the Director of International Protection, Volker Turk. During the meeting, in which President Professor Pocar took part, questions related to the system of temporary protection were examined and discussed, together with procedures for the drafting of soft law specific guidelines which could lead to the establishment of a real juridical instrument in the future. XXXVI Round Table on Current Problems of IHL Respecting International Humanitarian Law: Challenges and Responses Sanremo, 5 th -7 th September 2013 The XXXVI Round Table, traditionally organised together with the International Committee of the Red Cross, addressed the issue Respecting International Humanitarian Law: Challenges and Responses. To guarantee a wider respect of IHL it is considered necessary to better the condition of civilians involved in armed conflict situations. There is a general consensus that respect of the law of armed conflict by States, and also by non- State actors taking part in hostilities, is often considered insufficient so it is also necessary to better comprehend measures taken on a juridical, practical and political basis which could contribute to reinforcing the observance of this body of rules. The XXXVI Round Table provided a forum for relevant discussion on the matter, concentrating on the identification of specific measures and mechanisms that could allow a wider respect of international humanitarian law before, during and after armed conflicts, high lightening the role that the various actors play or can play in obtaining a more effective application of IHL. The conclusions of the Round Table were presented by the President of the Institute, Professor Pocar, and can be consulted on the Institute s webpage The Round Table was attended by more than two hundred and fifty participants coming from all over the world. As is the tradition, the proceedings will be published in a single volume in the near future. Seminar on Migration, Asylum Law and Operational Challenges in Serbia Belgrade, 18 th - 21 st November 2013 At the request and with the financial contribution of the Swiss Federal Office for Migration, the Institute 11

12 organised a seminar in Belgrade from 18 th to 21 st November, in collaboration with the Commissioner for Refugees and Migration of the Republic of Serbia and with the participation of representatives of UNHCR and IOM in Belgrade. The Seminar was attended by fifty-four participants, mainly officials of the Commissariat for Refugees and Migration and from the Ministry of Interior. The topics on the agenda gave rise to fruitful discussion and were of particular relevance considering the increase in problems related to countries of origin of asylumseekers and migrants. The seminar was coordinated by Dr. Jean-François Durieux. International Conference on The Threat of Contemporary Piracy and the Role of the International Community Rome, 28 th November 2013 The Institute renewed its interest in the phenomenon of piracy by organising a conference at the Centro Alti Studi Difesa (CASD), Rome, in collaboration with the Istituto Affari Internazionali on The Threat of Contemporary Piracy and the Role of the International Community. The Conference addressed specific aspects of maritime piracy, such as capture and the treatment of pirates, with the application of IHL in mind. ADDITIONAL EVENTS In 2013 the Institute awarded its Prize for Promotion, Dissemination and Teaching of International Humanitarian Law to Ms Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The Prize was personally handed out by the President at Villa Ormond on March 25 th, during a ceremony which was also attended by IIHL Council Members and representatives of the diplomatic and academic world specially convened to Sanremo for the occasion. The motivation for the Prize acknowledged: Ms Pillay s outstanding commitment in the fields of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights as the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and as a Judge of the International Criminal Court, as well as for the position taken on the application of international humanitarian law in recent armed conflicts, also taking into account her significant contribution to the consideration of gender issues in armed conflict situations.the Institute once more participated in the periodical Course: International Standards for the Protection of Individuals and Groups: Course for Operators in the field of Human Rights, organised by the Scuola Superiore Sant Anna in Pisa from 4 th to 21 st July, under the auspices of ENTRI (Europe s New Training Initiative for Civilian Crisis Management). The Institute also organised a conference on 19th July to celebrate the second anniversary of the death of Ambassador Boris Biancheri. The event was held under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Regione Liguria and the Municipality of Ventimiglia, and thanks to the Italian Embassy in the Principality of Monaco, the Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI) and the Association of Frontier Workers from Ventimiglia. The Institute participated in the Seminar: EU Common Military Training and Education: Time for Improvement and Synergies held in Brussels on 24 th October. On that occasion, the Institute was able to present its training programmes to the numerous participants coming from various centres of excellence, both civilian and military, as well as to groups of multinational institutions operating in the field of military training. The Institute participated in the VII meeting on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law: Post-conflict Reality and New Challenges held in Bogotà from 29 th October to 1 st November, with the financial support of EQUION. President Pocar delivered two lectures one on the issue of extrajudicial instruments in the context of transitional justice and the other on the topic of the repression of war crimes in a transitional context, in light of the experience of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. On various occasions the Institute welcomed groups of students from secondary schools, both from Sanremo and other cities in Northern Italy to Villa Ormond. Such initiatives aimed at giving the students, especially those approaching their high school 12

13 diploma, the basic knowledge needed to comprehend and critically analyse emergency situations and international security operations. The Institute regularly participated as observer at various meetings of International Organisations based in Geneva. session on 27 th April to adopt the Report of Activity for the year 2012 and the Financial Report for the same year. Both reports had previously been certified by the external Auditors. The Council met in Sanremo on 24 th -25 th March and on 4 th September. PUBLICATIONS In 2013 the Institute published the proceedings of its XXXV Round Table on Private Military and Security Companies through the publishing house, FrancoAngeli, Milan. PARTNERSHIPS In 2013 the following Memoranda of Understanding were signed with: - the «Ecole des Commissaires des Armées» in Salon de Provence, France; - the US Air Force Academy; - EQUION (Convenio Marco de Cooperación) in Bogotà, Colombia; - IDEAMERICA (Instituto para la Democracia, el Desarrollo y los Derechos Humanos en America Latina). NEW MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE The following persons were accepted as new Members during the year 2013: Dr. Guido ACQUAVIVA, Italy; Ambassador Laura MIRACHIAN, Italy; Ambassador Riccardo SESSA, Italy; General Giorgio SPAGNOL, Italy; Professor Serge SUR, France; Ambassador Thomas WINKLER, Denmark and General Naim E. ZIADE, Lebanon. A new Associate Member was also accepted: Dr. Peter CHAN CHUOL KHOR, South Sudan. The total number of Members at the end of 2013 amounted to 298. INTERNSHIPS The Institute hosted the following interns either in Sanremo or at its Liaison Office in Geneva: Alexandre AUGUSTIN, France; Jacopo TERROSI, France; Melanie CURNIS, Switzerland-Italy; Caroline ROY, France; Albert MENGUAL MALLOL, Spain; Margherita D ASCANIO, Italy; Friedrich S. BOEHM, Austria; Gina MENGHINI, Switzerland; Nargiz ARUPOVA, Belgium; Tudor MIHAILESCU, Romania; Michela ALBERTAZZI, Italy; Alessandro COMPAGNO, Italy; Lisa BONATI, Italy; Ndeye THIAM, Senegal. MEETINGS OF STATUTORY BODIES CONTRIBUTIONS AND SPONSORS The Institute is particularly grateful for the following contributions in kind, which as such are not considered in the financial report even though they constitute an essential support: the granting of the full use of Villa Ormond by the Municipality of Sanremo as the IIHL headquarters; the secondment of Colonel James Johnston as Director of the Military Department by the British Army; the secondment of Colonel Xavier Pérrillat- Piratoine as Deputy Director of the Military Department by the French Air Force; the granting of the full use of premises in Geneva to the IIHL, as the seat of its Liaison Office, by the Geneva Centre for Security Policy. The activity carried out by the Institute in 2013 was made possible due to the generous financial contribution of numerous sponsors including: the Italian Government (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prefettura of Imperia); the Swiss Government (Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defence, Civilian Protection and Sport, Federal Office for Migration); the Swedish Government (Ministry of Foreign Affairs); the Government of the United States of America (Office for Population, Refugees and Migration); the Government of the State of Israel (Ministry for Foreign Affairs), and the Regione Liguria. The triennial agreement signed with the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which includes its financing of scholarships for various IIHL courses and its annual contribution towards the organisation of the annual Round Table on IHL, continued to be applied with very positive results. The contribution of the Italian Red Cross was again greatly appreciated, particularly with regard to general management costs. Some contributions for earmarked projects made available by NATO; the International Committee of the Red Cross; the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; the International Organization for Migration; the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie ; the Municipality of Sanremo; the British Red Cross; the Red Cross of Monaco; the Foundation Brookings-London School of Economics Project ; the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and from EQUION, once again proved to be absolutely essential. The General Assembly met in Sanremo in ordinary 13

14 RAPPORT D ACTIVITÉS POUR L ANNÉE 2013 INTRODUCTION L Institut International de Droit Humanitaire (IIDH) a réalisé un programme d activité riche et varié durant l année 2013 et enregistré une participation record (environ 1500 participants). L Institut a vu augmenter le nombre de participants aux cours dispensés à Sanremo, une hausse due principalement aux cours et activités organisés à l extérieur de Sanremo. L idée de partager «l esprit de Sanremo» à l étranger, qui s est développée depuis plusieurs années, a cru en importance en L Institut a ainsi été invité à ou a été prié d organiser ses cours habituels ainsi que des formations ad hoc dans différents pays tels que l Indonésie, l Egypte, l Iraq, la Serbie, le Soudan, l Afrique du Sud, la Tunisie. L Institut tient à remercier ses donateurs, qui lui ont fait confiance pour leur soutien dans la réalisation de ces projets qui furent tous un succès. Dans le but de promouvoir son activité et d assurer la régularité de ses revenus, l Institut a poursuivi sa politique de recherche de participations payantes aux activités. En dépit des effets continus de la crise économique et d une diminution des aides gouvernementales aux formations proposées par l Institut, ce dernier a pu, par le biais des frais de participation, assurer l accroissement des recettes. Il est également important de noter que, malgré la tendance globale à la baisse des contributions non affectées, il y a eu un soutien croissant à des projets spécifiques et pour la distribution corrélative de bourses destinées aux participants. L Institut a pu offrir des cours variés et actualisés afin de mieux correspondre aux attentes des participants. Dans cette optique, le cours «Opérations Navales et Droit» vint à remplacer le cours pour les Organisateurs et Opérateurs d Opérations Navales. Pour la première fois, un cours avancé traitant du Droit International Humanitaire (DIH) fut organisé et conduit en espagnol parallèlement aux cours dispensés en anglais et en français. Les résultats en furent très concluants. Une première édition du cours international sur le droit et la protection juridique lors de catastrophes naturelles fut organisée et menée à bien pour un groupe de représentants gouvernementaux de pays principalement confrontés à ces difficultés. Ce cours sera de nouveau proposé en 2014 pour tous professionnels et étudiants diplômés souhaitant poursuivre une carrière dans le droit international relatif aux catastrophes. Le Département Militaire de l Institut fut renforcé par la nomination du Colonel Xavier Périllat- Piratoine de l Armée de l Air française au poste de Directeur Adjoint en septembre dernier. La présence d un officier français à l Institut a non seulement renforcé la compétence du Département Militaire, mais continue également à consolider la relation de l Institut avec les pays francophones, ce qui devrait à terme engendrer une participation accrue de ces pays aux activités de l Institut. En accord avec les directives arrêtées par le Conseil, l Institut a pour fin le renforcement de sa collaboration avec les institutions dans différentes régions du monde afin de promouvoir son activité et d adapter son offre aux besoins spécifiques de ses partenaires. Il faut à ce propos en particulier noter la coopération de l Institut avec US AFRICOM et avec EQUION, qui ont offert un nombre important de bourses aux participants de différents cours. Le Bureau de Liaison de l Institut qui est logé au sein des bureaux du Centre de Politique de Sécurité de Genève (GCSP), a de nouveau offert sa précieuse collaboration en organisant plusieurs rencontres au sein de son siège dans le but de maintenir des relations fonctionnelles et amicales avec les organisations internationales présentes à Genève et de promouvoir l activité de l Institut dans ce contexte international important. Grâce à la gestion attentive des ressources, le bilan financier a permis de constater un surplus de recettes à la fin de l année. Il faut noter que de nombreuses rénovations furent réalisées à la Villa Ormond en Variance v 13 Internes Dép. Militaire Dép. Réfugiés Cours d'eté Externes Dép. Militaire Dép. Réfugiés Total * Les cours externes sont les cours organisés par l Institut (ou en coopération avec l Institut) et qui se sont déroulés en localités externes. 14

15 2013, y compris: maintenance et assurance des issues de secours et portes coupe-feu; la peinture et restauration des cinq portes d entrée à l arrière de la villa qui avaient été endommagées par la pluie et l humidité; le nettoiement, la remise en état de fonctionnement et la substitution des gouttières et conduits de pluie. L air conditionné et le système de chauffage ont également été mis à jour et peuvent maintenant être contrôlés électroniquement, afin de faire des économies d utilisation du gaz et de l électricité. La connexion Wi-Fi permet à présent à un plus grand nombre d utilisateurs d être connectés à internet de manière simultanée. 15

16 COURS D ENSEIGNEMENT ET DE FORMATION COURS SUR LE DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAIRE approfondie et mise à jour du sujet. Les instructeurs et les participants arrivent de toutes régions du monde, ce qui crée un terrain d apprentissage multiculturel et fournit aux participants une perspective globale unique à cet échange international. Ces cours s adressent au personnel civil ainsi qu au personnel militaire, et les participants ne sont pas contraints de bénéficier d une formation juridique au préalable. Cours de Base et Cours Avancés en Droit des Conflits Armés Le programme de formation en Droit International Humanitaire (DIH) de l Institut est structuré en trois niveaux permettant d acquérir progressivement une très bonne connaissance du droit international des conflits armés, en insistant sur les aspects pratiques de sa mise en œuvre, au travers de thèmes spécifiques à la portée de chaque participant : 1. Cours de base sur le Droit des Conflits Armés: une introduction théorique et pratique au Droit des Conflits Armés dispensée du point de vue des opérations militaires. 2. Cours avancés sur le Droit International Humanitaire: prévus pour les participants qui requièrent un apprentissage pratique approfondi dans les sujets précis que contient de DIH. 3. Cours spécifiques ou ateliers sur le Droit International Humanitaire: prévus pour les participants possédant une bonne compréhension fonctionnelle du sujet abordé et souhaitant perfectionner leur approche. Ces cours ou ateliers sont habituellement de courte durée et l entraînement est moins formel. L accent est mis sur l échange de points de vue et d expériences en la matière entre participants et enseignants afin de parvenir à une compréhension 149 ème Cours (anglais avec cours en arabe) 150 ème Cours (français) 151 ème Cours (espagnol avec cours en portugais) 152 ème Cours (anglais avec cours en chinois, russe et arabe) 22 ème Cours Avancé (anglais) 23 ème Cours Avancé (français) 24 ème Cours Avancé (espagnol) Cours sur le DIH en Afrique du Sud En collaboration et avec le soutien du Secrétariat du Commonwealth, l Institut a organisé un cours dans la ville de Prétoria, du 11 au 15 février Ce cours dont les résultats furent très concluants était centré sur les aspects fondamentaux du DIH, les droits de l homme et droit pénal international. Les vingt-cinq participants étaient issus de différents pays africains et possédaient des connaissances dans des domaines très variés: des magistrats du bureau du procureur militaire, des délégués d associations pour la défense des droits de l homme et un nombre significatif d officiers. Le programme du cours, auquel des civils ainsi que du personnel militaire ont contribué, a traité des aspects légaux liés à un nombre de cas récemment examinés par le Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda. Les débats furent conduis par le Président de l Institut, le Professeur Pocar. 16

17 et bâtissant sur les succès passés, l Institut a de nouveau organisé son cours de formation en DIH et en droit des réfugiés pour le personnel militaire et civil africain engagé dans les opérations de paix. Le cours a eu lieu au Caire du 10 au 14 mars. 12 ème Compétition sur le DIH pour les Académies Militaires Workshop sur les conditions des détenus lors d opération militaires internationales: au-delà des Principes de Copenhague Ce workshop eu lieu à Sanremo du 5 au 7 mars Ce cours spécialisé a fourni une analyse approfondie des trois principes essentiels abordés par le "Processus de Copenhague": les conditions de détention et le traitement des détenus, procédures et classement statutaire des détenus, procédures de transfert des détenus. Au vu de la complexité d implémentation de ces principes, une attention particulière fut portée sur la manière de les traduire efficacement en pratiques opérationnelles sur le terrain. A cet effet, plusieurs présentations et débats eurent lieu afin d encourager les officiers et experts civils à faire part de leurs expériences. Les personnes conduisant le débat furent notamment Mr. William K. Lietzau, Adjoint du Secrétaire Éxécutif du Ministre de la Défense pour l État de Droit et pour la Politique relative aux Prisonniers, Département de la Défense des Etats-Unis, et l Ambassadeur Thomas Winkler, Conseiller Juridique au Ministère des Affaires Étrangères danois. La 12 ème édition de la Compétition sur le DIH pour les Académies Militaires a eu lieu du 18 au 22 mars au siège de l Institut, à la Villa Ormond. Environ cent officiers cadets issus de quatre continents et de différents pays (Angleterre, Belgique, Danemark, Etats-Unis, France, Inde, Italie, Pays-Bas, Nigeria, Norvège, Suède, Suisse et Turquie) se sont réunis à Sanremo dans le but de bénéficier d un enseignement spécifique et très pratique visant à les sensibiliser, tôt dans leur carrière, à l importance vitale du droit humanitaire international dans les opérations militaires multinationales. La Compétition, qui est une des initiatives de formation les plus prestigieuses organisées chaque année depuis 2002 à Sanremo, est distribuée en deux parties. La première consiste en une suite de cours interactifs dispensés par des experts de divers domaines du DIH et des droits de l Homme. La seconde partie donne l opportunité aux officiers cadets partagés en équipes mixtes de participer à une simulation d opération militaire multinationale au cours de laquelle ils doivent démontrer leur habilité à conduire efficacement une opération militaire en accord avec les principes du DIH en tenant compte de la réalité complexe de la situation géopolitique à laquelle ils sont confrontés. Les équipes ont été évaluées par un comité de juges qui, à la fin de la Compétition, a désigné les meilleures équipes et l officier cadet le plus méritant de la semaine. Workshop sur les Droits de l Homme et le Droit International Humanitaire Dans le cadre de l accord signé avec le Centre Régional du Caire pour la Formation sur la Résolution des Conflits et le Maintien de la Paix en Afrique («Cairo Regional Center for Training on Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping in Africa») Cours de formation au DIH en Indonésie L Institut, grâce à la contribution du Centre Norvégien pour les Droits de l Homme, a organisé un cours de deux semaines, du 15 au 26 avril, à Jakarta. Au Cours ont participé des officiers des forces armées nationales indonésiennes. Il a également été suivi par du personnel civil indonésien et par des officiers et civils venus d autres pays de l Asie du 17

18 sud-est, notamment de Thaïlande, du Vietnam, du Myanmar, de Brunei, de la Corée du Sud et du Japon. Le succès du cours a contribué au développement et à la consolidation de l expertise de chacun des participants dans le domaine du DIH, ainsi qu à leur capacité à mettre en application ces principes fondamentaux lors de scénarios opérationnels divers. Workshop sur les Conflits Armés Non- Internationaux Cet atelier, qui a eu lieu du 28 au 30 mai à Sanremo, a permis d examiner le régime juridique complexe et parfois ambigu qui s attache aux conflits armés non-internationaux. Les conséquences de l ambiguïté de ce cadre juridique pour les opérations militaires furent étudiées et discutées, ce qui permit une analyse en profondeur de la position des forces armées et des gouvernements à propos de questions délicates telles que la classification du conflit, le statut des combattants et les opérations de ciblage. L atelier fut dirigé par des militaires et des académiciens experts sur ce sujet. Le cours, placé à nouveau sous la supervision du Général Blais, permit la formation de trente-deux participants, principalement des membres du Ministère de l intérieur de la région kurde. Colloque sur la Responsabilité Criminelle en Afrique En collaboration avec l AFRICA Command des Etats- Unis (US AFRICOM), un colloque sur la responsabilité en Afrique, spécifiquement créé pour les pays africains, a eu lieu à la Villa Ormond de Sanremo du 4 au 7 juin. Le but premier du colloque consistant à former les officiers responsables de l enseignement du respect des droits de l homme et de la mise en application de la loi. Le programme était centré sur le droit pénal militaire et la justice transnationale ainsi que sur le droit pénal international. Les participants, en provenance de plus de vingt pays africains, ont ainsi pu débattre de problèmes telles que les difficultés qui se présentent lors de mission de préservation de la paix des Nations Unies et de la question de la responsabilité qui découle des instances de violation du DIH ou lors d opérations de contre piraterie. Cours sur le Droit International Humanitaire et les Droits de l Homme à Bagdad et à Erbil Suite à la requête et grâce à la contribution financière du Ministère italien des Affaires Étrangères, l Institut a organisé son cinquième Cours sur le Droit International Humanitaire et les Droits de l Homme en Irak du 2 au 13 juin. Le cours eu lieu sous la coordination du Général Giorgio Blais, membre de l Institut, au «Military Ethic and Values Center» de l Université Militaire Irakienne, et grâce au soutien du Ministère Irakien pour les Droits de l Homme ainsi que de l Ambassade Italienne en Irak. Près de quarante participants furent présent cette année et, parmi eux, des membres du Ministère des Droits de l Homme, du Ministère de la Défense et du Ministère de la Justice. De plus, à la requête des autorités kurdes et dans le cadre d une initiative du Ministère italien des Affaires Étrangères en faveur de la consolidation de structures institutionnelles en Irak, l Institut a pu organiser, pour la première fois, un cours sur le DIH dans la ville d Erbil, du 3 au 7 novembre. 9 ème Cours sur la Conduite des Opérations de Maintien de la Paix Au vu de la complexité croissante du régime de lois applicable aux opérations de maintien de la paix, l Institut a organisé son 9 ème Cours sur la Conduite des Opérations de Maintien de la Paix du 17 au 21 juin à la Villa Ormond. Le Cours a principalement traité de l application et de la mise en œuvre du DIH, ainsi que du droit des droits de l homme lors d opérations de maintien de la paix et de leur respect par les troupes des Nations Unies et autres organismes impliqués dans les opérations. Le corps enseignant comprenait un aréopage de militaires et académiciens experts sur le sujet. 18