African Development Indicators The World Bank Washington, D.C.

Transcription

1 African Development Indicators 2001 The World Bank Washington, D.C.

2 Copyright 2001 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C , U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing February The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this book are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. Permission to photocopy items for internal or personal use, for the internal or personal use of specific clients, or for educational classroom use is granted by the World Bank, provided that the appropriate fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone , fax Please contact the Copyright Clearance Center before photocopying items. For permission to reprint individual articles or chapters, please fax a request with complete information to the Republication Department, Copyright Clearance Center, fax All other queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, at the address above or faxed to Cover design by Patricia Hord Graphik Design. ISSN ISBN

3 Contents Acknowledgments xix Preface xx Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi Introduction 1 1. Selected Background Data Basic indicators Population 6 Technical notes National Accounts Gross domestic product, real Value added in agriculture Value added in industry Value added in services Gross domestic product, nominal Total consumption General government consumption Gross domestic investment Gross public investment Gross private investment Gross domestic savings Gross national savings 26 iii

4 iv Contents Resource balance Exports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Imports of goods and nonfactor services, nominal Exports of goods and nonfactor services, real Imports of goods and nonfactor services, real GDP growth GNP per capita Total consumption per capita 34 Technical notes Prices and Exchange Rates GDP deflator (local currency series) GDP deflator (U.S. dollar series) Consumer price index Official exchange rate SDR exchange rate index Currency conversion factor Parallel market exchange rate Ratio of parallel market to official exchange rates Real effective exchange rate index 50 Technical notes Money and Banking Domestic credit Credit to the private sector Credit to the government Net foreign assets Growth of money supply Discount rate Real discount rate Commercial bank lending rate Commercial bank deposit rate 64 Technical notes External Sector 70 Balance of Payments 5-1. Merchandise exports, f.o.b Merchandise imports, f.o.b Exports of total services Imports of total services Net private transfers Net official current transfers Current account balance, excluding net capital grants Current account balance, excluding net capital grants/gdp Net capital grants 80

5 Contents v Net foreign direct investment Net long-term borrowing Other capital flows Use of reserves Import coverage ratio of reserves 85 Prices Export unit values Import unit values Terms of trade 88 Commodity Trade Forest products exports Petroleum exports Copper exports Iron exports Phosphate exports Cocoa exports Coffee exports Cotton exports Groundnut exports Oil palm products exports Sisal exports Tea exports Sugar exports Tobacco exports Meat exports Manufactured goods exports Manufactured goods exports, growth Food imports Food imports, growth Nonfood consumer goods imports Nonfood consumer goods imports, growth Fuel imports Fuel imports, growth Primary intermediate goods imports Primary intermediate goods imports, growth Manufactured goods imports Manufactured goods imports, growth Capital goods imports Capital goods imports, growth Direction of trade matrix, imports, Direction of trade matrix, imports, Direction of trade matrix, imports, Direction of trade matrix, exports, Direction of trade matrix, exports,

6 vi Contents Direction of trade matrix, exports, Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, Direction of trade matrix, current U.S. dollars, Technical notes External Debt and Related Flows Gross disbursements: official concessional long-term loans Gross disbursements: official nonconcessional long-term loans Gross disbursements: private long-term loans Disbursements: long-term loans and IMF purchases Amortization: official concessional long-term loans Amortization: official nonconcessional long-term loans Amortization: private long-term loans Amortization: long-term loans and IMF repurchases Interest payments: official concessional long-term loans Interest payments: official nonconcessional long-term loans Interest payments: private long-term loans Interest payments: long-term loans and IMF charges Total external debt service payments: long-term loans and IMF credit Interest payments: short-term loans Net flows: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Net flows: long-term loans, including IMF Net transfers: long- and short-term loans, including IMF Net transfers: long-term loans, including IMF Long-term debt: official concessional Long-term debt: official nonconcessional Long-term debt: private Total external debt Structure of external debt Structure of external debt service payments Terms of long-term external financing, External debt and debt service ratios, Technical notes Government Finance Government deficit/surplus (including grants) Government deficit/surplus (excluding grants) Government primary deficit/surplus Government expenditure and lending minus repayments Government interest payments Government revenue (excluding grants) Grants to government Foreign financing Taxes on income and profits 194

7 Contents vii Taxes on international trade and transactions Indirect taxes Nontax revenue, excluding grants Government expenditure: wages and salaries Government expenditure: trends in real wages and salaries Government expenditure: other goods and services Government expenditure: interest payments Government expenditure: subsidies and current transfers Government expenditure: capital and net lending Government expenditure: trends in real defense spending Government expenditure: real per capita education spending 205 Technical notes Agriculture Nominal producer prices Food price index Food production index Nonfood production index Food production per capita index Volume of food output, by major food crop Value of agricultural exports Cereal production Crop production index Fertilizer use Fertilizer imports Area under permanent crops Agricultural yields by major crop Incidence of drought 237 Technical notes Power, Communications, and Transportation Electric power consumption per capita Energy production and use Telephone, radio, and television availability, Vehicle ownership Road-to-population ratio Paved primary roads Rail goods traffic-to-$ppp GDP ratio Rail load-to-locomotive ratio 254 Technical notes Privatization of Public Enterprises Summary of privatization of public enterprises Divestiture methods employed (to end 1999) Progress in privatization: ownership and control changes 261 Technical notes 262

8 viii Contents 11. Labor Force and Employment Number and gender structure of the labor force Children under 14 working in the labor force Unpaid family workers as share of active workers Industrial structure of the labor force Industrial structure of economically active population Wages in agriculture Wages in manufacturing Wages in mining and quarrying Wages in construction Wages in transport, storage, and communication Wages in community, social, and personal services 277 Technical notes Aid Flows Net ODA from all donors, nominal Net ODA from DAC donors, nominal Net ODA from non-dac bilateral donors, nominal Net ODA from multilateral donors, nominal Net ODA from all donors, real Net ODA from DAC donors, real Net ODA from non-dac bilateral donors, real Net ODA from multilateral donors, real Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDP Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDP Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDP Net ODA from all donors as share of recipient GDI Net ODA from DAC donors as share of recipient GDI Net ODA from multilateral donors as share of recipient GDI Net ODA per capita from all donors Net ODA per capita from DAC donors Net ODA per capita from multilateral donors 300 Technical notes Social Indicators Age and gender structure of the population Poverty Income distribution Urbanization Components of population change Survival prospects Immunization and ORT use Child malnutrition Access to sanitation facilities Access to safe water 317

9 Contents ix Health expenditure Health care Illiteracy rate Primary school gross enrollment ratio Pupil progression Net primary enrollment ratio Number of school teachers Pupil/teacher ratio Secondary school gross enrollment ratio Public expenditure on education Economic opportunities of women Household and economic participation of women Relative prices of consumption and investment in PPP terms, Structure of household consumption in PPP terms, Technical notes Environmental Indicators Forest resources, Forest ecosystems, Wood production and trade, Freshwater resources and withdrawals, Marine and freshwater catches, aquaculture, balance of trade, and fish consumption Energy production by source Energy consumption by economic sector CO 2 emissions from industrial processes, Globally threatened species: mammals, birds, and higher plants, late 1990s Globally threatened species: reptiles, amphibians, and fish, late 1990s National protection of natural areas, International protected areas, Technical notes 357 Bibliography 363 Figures 1-1. Development diamonds for all African countries, Selected basic indicators, Gross domestic product, GDP and export growth rates, average Composition of GDP, Real effective exchange rate, Credit to private and public sectors as a share of GDP,

10 x Contents 4-2. Real discount rate, average Terms of trade gains and losses, average Debt service ratio (ex post), Debt to GDP ratio, Government deficit as percentage of GDP, Food price index, Food production per capita index, Food and nonfood production index, Agriculture exports, Drought, Total net ODA as a share of recipient GDP, Total net ODA per capita, Life expectancy, GDP per capita based on PPP, Urban population as a percentage of total population, Primary school gross enrollment ratio, Maternal mortality,

11 Table des matières Remerciements xix Préface xx Acronymes et abréviations xxi Introduction 1 1. Statisques de base Indicateurs généraux Population 6 Notes techniques Comptes nationaux Produit intérieur brut, à prix constants Valuer ajoutée dans l agriculture Valuer ajoutée dans l industrie Valuer ajoutée dans les services Produit intérieur brut à prix courants Consommation totale Consommation du gouvernement central Investissement brut Investissement brut de l Etat Investissement brut du secteur privé Epargne intérieure brute Epargne nationale brute Solde des ressources 27 xi

12 xii Table des matières Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix courants Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix courants Exportations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix constants Importations de biens et services (non facteurs), à prix constants Croissance du PIB Revenu national brut par habitant Consommation totale par habitant 34 Notes techniques Prix et taux de change Déflateur du PIB (série en monnaie locale) Déflateur du PIB (série en dollar des Etats-Unis) Indice des prix à la consommation Taux de change officiel Indice de taux de change du DTS Facteur de conversion des monnaies Taux de change sur les marchés parallèles Rapport du taux de change parallèle et du taux de change officiel Taux de change effectif réel 50 Notes techniques Monnaie et banque Crédit intérieur Crédit au secteur privé Crédit au gouvernement Avoirs extérieurs nets Croissance de la masse monétaire Taux d escompte Taux d escompte réel Taux débiteur des banques commerciales Taux de rémuneration des dépôts dans les banques commerciales 64 Notes techniques Secteur extérieur 70 Balance des paiements 5-1. Exportations de marchandises, f.o.b Importations de marchandises, f.o.b Exportations totales de services Importations totales de services Transferts privés nets Transferts courants officiels nets Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital Solde des transactions courantes, hors transferts nets en capital, PIB Transferts nets en capital Investissements directs nets Emprunts à long terme nets 82

13 Table des matières xiii Autres flux de capitaux Utilisation des réserves Taux de couverture des importations 85 Prix Valeurs unitaires des exportations Valeurs unitaires des importations Termes de l échange 88 Commerce de marchandises Exportations de produits forestiers Exportations de pétrole Exportations de cuivre Exportations de fer Exportations de phosphates Exportations de cacao Exportations de café Exportations de coton Exportations d arachides Exportations d huile de palme et produits dérivés Exportations de sisal Exportations de thé Exportations de sucre Exportation de tabac Exportations de viande Exportations de produits manufacturés Exportations de produits manufacturés, taux de croissance Importations de produits alimentaires Importations de produits alimentaires, taux de croissance Importations d autres biens de consommation Importations d autres biens de consommation, taux de croissance Importations de carburants Importations de carburants, taux de croissance Importations de biens de consommation intermédiaires primaires Importations de biens de consommation intermédiaires primaires, taux de croissance Importations de produits manufacturés Importations de produits manufacturés, taux de croissance Importations de biens d équipement Importations de biens d équipement, taux de croissance Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, Matrice de directions du commerce, importations, Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations, Matrice de directions du commerce, exportations,

14 xiv Table des matières Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, Matrice de directions du commerce, à prix courants en dollar des Etats-Unis, Notes techniques Dette extérieure et flux correspondant Décaissements bruts: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme Décaissements bruts: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme Décaissements bruts: prêts privés à long terme Décaissements à long terme: prêts officiels et achats au FMI Amortissement: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme Amortissement: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme Amortissement: prêts privés à long terme Amortization: prêts à long terme et rachats au FMI Paiements d intérêts: prêts officiels concessionnels à long terme Paiements d intérêts: prêts officiels non concessionnels à long terme Paiements d intérêts: prêts privés à long terme Paiements d intérêts: prêts à long terme et rémunérations du FMI Service de la dette extérieure: prêts à long terme et crédits du FMI Paiements d intérêts: prêts à court terme Flux nets: prêts à court terme et à long terme, y compris FMI Flux nets: prêts à long terme, y compris FMI Transferts nets: prêts à court terme et à long terme, y compris FMI Transferts nets: prêts à long terme, y compris FMI Dette à long terme: officielle concessionnelle Dette à long terme: officielle non concessionnelle Dette à long terme: privée Dette extérieure totale Structure de la dette extérieure Structure du service de la dette extérieure Conditions des financements extérieurs à long terme, Ratios de le dette extérieure et du service de la dette extérieure, Notes techniques Finances publiques Solde budgétaire (dons compris) Solde budgétaire (hors dons) Solde budgétaire primaire Dépenses publiques et prêts moins recouvrements Intérêts, sur la dette publique Recettes publiques (hors dons) Dons reçus Financements extérieurs Impôts sur le revenu Impôts sur le commerce extérieur et les transactions internationales Impôts indirects 196

15 Table des matières xv Recettes non fiscales, hors dons Dépenses publiques: salaires Dépenses publiques: tendances des salaires réels Dépenses publiques: autres biens et services Dépenses publiques: intérêts Dépenses publiques: subventions et transferts courants Dépenses publiques: dépenses en capital et prêts nets Dépenses publiques: tendances des dépenses réelles de défense nationale Dépenses publiques: dépenses réelles d éducatin par habitant 205 Notes techniques Agriculture Prix aux producteurs Indice des prix des produits alimentaires Indice de la production alimentaire Indice de la production non alimentaire Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant Volume de la production alimentaire, par principales cultures Valeur des exportations agricoles Production des céréales Aide alimentaire Utilisation d engrais Importations d engrais Aires cultivées, par permanentes cultures Rendements agricoles par principales cultures Incidence de sécheresse 237 Notes techniques Energie, communications, et transports Consommation électrique par habitant Production et consommation d énergie Disponibilité de téléphone, radio et télévision, Appartenance des véhicules Ratio routes/population Routes primaires recouvertes Ratio circulation ferroviaire/pib ($ PPP) Ratio chargements ferroviaires/locomotives 254 Notes techniques Privatisation des entreprises publiques Tableau synoptique d activité de privatisation des entreprises publiques Les techniques de privatisation utilisées (jusque a la fin 1999) Progrès dans la privatization: changement dans la propriété et le contrôle 261 Notes techniques 262

16 xvi Table des matières 11. Population active et emploi Main d oeuvre et structure par sexe Enfants en dessous de 14 ans inclus dans la main d oeuvre Travailleurs familiaux non rémunéré faisant partie des travailleurs actifs Structure de la main d oeuvre par industries Structure industrielle de la population économiquement active Salaires dans l agriculture Salaires dans l industrie manufacturière Salaires dans l industrie minière et les carrières Salaires dans le secteur du bâtiment Salaires dans les transports, l entreposage et les communications Salaires dans le secteur social et des services personnels 277 Notes techniques Flux d aide Aide officielle au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds n appartenant pas au CAD Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux Aide officielle au développement, nette réelle, de tous les bailleurs de fonds Aide officielle au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD Aide officielle au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds n appartenant pas au CAD Aide officielle au développement, nette réelle, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux Aide officielle au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux en pourcentage du PIB du pays bénéficiaire Aide officielle au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds en pourcentage de l investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD en pourcentage de l investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux en pourcentage de l investissement brut du pays bénéficiaire Aide officielle au développement, nette, de tous les bailleurs de fonds, par habitant Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds du CAD, par habitant Aide officielle au développement, nette, des bailleurs de fonds multilatéraux, par habitant 300 Notes techniques 303

17 Table des matières xvii 13. Indicateurs sociaux Structure de la population par âge et par sexe Pauvreté Distribution des revenus Urbanisation Composantes des changements de la population Espérance de survie Vaccinations et utilisation de la TRO Malnutrition enfantine Accès aux installations sanitaires Accès à l eau potable Dépenses dans le secteur de la santé Soins de santé Taux d analphabétisme Taux brut de scolarisation primaire Progrès/développement des écoliers Taux net de scolarisation primaire Nombre d enseignants Taux élèves/enseignants Taux brut de scolarisation secondaire Dépenses publiques pour l éducation Possibilités économiques ouvertes aux femmes Ménage et participation des femmes aux activités économiques Prix relatifs de la consommation et de l investissement selon les termes de PPP, Structure de la consommation des ménages selon les termes de PPP, Notes techniques Indicateurs concernant l environnement Ressources forestières, Ecosystème forestier, Production et commerce des bois, Ressources d eau douce et retraits, Consommation des ressources maritimes et d eau douce, aquaculture, balance commerciale, et des poissons Production d énergie par secteur Consommation d énergie par secteur Emissions de CO 2 résultant de l activité industrielle, Espèces menacées: mammifères, oiseaux, et plantes supérieures, 1990s Espèces menacées: reptiles, amphibiens, et poissons, 1990s Protection nationale des zones naturelles, Zones protégées internationales, Notes techniques 357

18 xviii Table des matières Références 363 Graphiques 1-1. Losange du développement, Indicateurs de base, Produit intérieur brut, Croissance du PIB et des exportations, Composition du PIB, Taux de change effectif réel, Crédit au secteur privé et au secteur public, en pourcentage du PIB, Taux d escompte réel, Amélioration/détérioration des termes de l échange, Ratio du service de la dette (ex post), Ratio dette totale/pib, Solde budgétaire en pourcentage du PIB, Indice de la production agricole, Indice de la production alimentaire par habitant, Indice de la production alimentaire et non alimentaire, Exportations agricoles, Sécheresse, Aide officielle au développement nette totale en pourcentage du PIB des pays bénéficiaires, Aide officielle au développement nette totale par habitant, Espérance de vie, PIB par habitant sur base de la parité des pouvoirs d achat, Population urbaine en pourcentage de la population totale, Taux de scolarisation primaire, Mortalité maternelle,

19 Acknowledgments This volume was produced by the Operational Quality and Knowledge Services of the Africa Region, in collaboration with the Development Data Group of the Development Economics Vice Presidency. The volume was prepared by a team led by Ziad Badr and comprising José Delcour, Tosi Mpanu- Mpanu, Rose Mungai, Joan Pandit, and Vildan Verbeek-Demiraydin. Maria Cristina Germany provided valuable guidance. Tariqul Khan prepared the ADI CD-ROM and updated the database. The chapters on national accounts, balance of payments, trade, and government finance draw heavily on the work of World Bank country desks. The chapters on power, communication and transportation, labor force and social indicators tap the World Bank s World Development Indicators database. The chapter on external debt is heavily drawn from DRS (Debt Reporting System) of the World Bank. The chapter on environment was prepared with data from the World Resources Institute. The chapter on privatization of public enterprises was provided by Oliver C. Campbell-White and prepared by Ronnie Hammad. Nicki Marrian provided assistance in editing and production of the volume. Lawrence Mastri desktopped the text. In addition, many World Bank staff provided information on their countries or related to their economic or sectoral specialties. Other staff aided and advised on the design and content of this volume. A new milestone in efficiency and technology was reached in preparing this volume. ADI 2001 was produced using the data reporting tool of the 2nd Generation Live Database (2gLDB) system. This tool was programmed to generate automatically all the tables in this volume and can be used for other publications. Using data warehousing technology, the 2gLDB instantly recalculates all indicators and aggregates them once new information is available. This guarantees that the most recent data are reflected in this and future volumes. In the process of reprogramming the system, a major cleanup of the data was performed, which should be reflected in a higher quality product. xix

20 Preface African Development Indicators 2001 continues the data publication series started by the World Bank in 1989 with African Economic and Financial Data (published jointly with the United Nations Development Programme), followed by African Development Indicators 1992, 1994/95, 1996, 1997, 1998/99, and These data volumes are intended to provide Africans and those interested in Africa with a consistent and convenient set of data to monitor development programs and aid flows in the region. Each successive volume provides access to more focused information and represents an improvement in the quality and availability of the data. The data in this volume derive from a variety of sources. In most cases, the original source is national statistical services in Africa. In addition, many international agencies collect or compile data on Africa and organize national data in a standardized framework. This volume draws heavily from such sources. The data have been supplemented by World Bank staff estimates to help address problems of missing or inconsistent data from standard sources. Some of the estimation methods used here differ from methods used in other sources. This volume addresses these differences in methodologies in the chapter introductions and in the technical notes. In the tradition of the first seven volumes, this data collection is intended to serve as a prime source of information on Africa. Its wide dissemination to African and non-african analysts and policymakers will contribute to a better understanding of Africa and to development on that continent. John Roome Director, Operational Quality and Knowledge Services Africa Region xx

21 Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB African Development Bank ADI African Development Indicators AEFD African Economic and Financial Data (UNDP/World Bank 1989) AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa BIS Bank for International Settlements CDIAC Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center CFA Communauté Financière Africane (franc zone) CIDA Canadian International Development Agency c.i.f. Cost, insurance, freight CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMTRADE Commodity Trade database (United Nations) CPI Consumer price index DAC Development Assistance Committee of the OECD DDG DRS ECA FAO f.o.b. GDF GDI GDP GDS GFS GNFS GNP GNS IBRD ICP IDA IEA IFAD IFS ILO IMF ISIC Development Data Group, World Bank Debtor Reporting System (World Bank) Economic Commission for Africa UN Food and Agriculture Organization Free on board Global Development Finance (formerly World Debt Tables-WDT Gross domestic investment Gross domestic product Gross domestic savings Government Finance Statistics (IMF) Goods and nonfactor services Gross national product Gross national savings International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Comparison Project International Development Association International Energy Agency International Fund for Agricultural Development International Financial Statistics (IMF) International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund UN International Standard Industrial Classification xxi

22 xxii Acronyms and Abbreviations ITU IUCN LIBOR LIMIC MBO METMIN ODA OECD OPEC ORT PE SAF SDA SDR SIMA SITC SNA International Telecommunications Union International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources London interbank offered rate Low-income and middle-income countries Management employee buyout Metals and minerals database (World Bank) Official development assistance Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Oral rehydration therapy Public enterprise Structural adjustment facility Social dimensions of adjustment Special drawing right Statistical Information Management and Analysis Database (World Bank) UN Standard International Trade Classification System of national accounts UNCTAD UNDP UNECE UNEP UNESCO UNHCR UNICEF UNIDO UNSO UNSTAT UNTA WFP WHO WRI ZIMCO United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Children s Fund United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Statistical Office United Nations Statistical Department United Nations Technical Assistance World Food Programme World Health Organization World Resources Institute Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation