MAPPING THE BENEFITS: FIRST STEPS IN DEVELOPING A NEW DECISION TOOL FOR TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS INTERVENTIONS DRAFT in progress!!!

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1 MAPPING THE BENEFITS: FIRST STEPS IN DEVELOPING A NEW DECISION TOOL FOR TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS INTERVENTIONS DRAFT n po!!! Axnd Shw 1, Guy Hndkx 2, Mu Gb 3, R Mo 4 nd Wm Wn 5 1 A P Conun, Upp Co, Abbo Ann, Andov, SP11 7BA, Und Kndom 2 AvGIS, Rho 33, B 298 Zo, Bum 3 Lboo d Boo nm u, C P 16/12, F Unvy o Bu, B15, Bum 4 AGAH, FAO, V d Tm d C Rom, Iy 5 Envonmn Rh Goup Oxod (ERGO), P O Box 346, Oxod, OX1 3QE, Und Kndom n oboon wh Von Codj 6, Rm Do 7, Oum D 8, Ch Mhm 9, & I Sdb 1. 6 Don d 'Ev, Mnè d 'Auu d Pêh. BP 241, Coonou, Bnn 7 Inu Too d Rhh Aonomqu (CTRA), BP 114 Sokod, Too 8 CNRA MDR, B P 2295, Bmko, M 9 Vny Sv Dpmn T nd Typnoomo Cono Un, P O Box 97, Ponm, Ghn, 1 CIRDES, 1 B P 454 BoboDouo, Bukn Fo Juy 24

2 Cov Pu: Cud bn 2y. (xpd do p qu kom) o movn ypnom, SUMMARY Th pupo o h udy w o nv h by o nkn qunv onom vb o GIS p mwok n od o povd nw nh nd no h donmkn po o nd ypnoom (T & T) nvnon. Th wok kd Bnn, Ghn, Too Bukn Fo nd M. A n o nddd vok poduon nd p d w od non, povn nd d v om h ouny, oh wh h mo n vok, oppn nd d d. Th w mmd wh h opondn d y dvd nd dpd om h PAAT Inomon Sym nd nw dbuon mp o ypnoon nd upb bd w podud o h udy. Exn nomon on h d mp on poduon pm w nopod n hd mod. Th w ud o m h pon bn o T & T nvnon o h dn bd, hby own h pon bn o b mppd w. Th mpon o xpnon n vok popuon nd hn n h dbuon o xmnd nd mppd. A mp o h pon bn o h d on pnd. Th xn o whh h ppoh ompmn nd n h un n o mppd vb nd dd o xn donmkn oo dud.

3 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P Tb o Conn 1. INTRODUCTION B Appoh D Coon Hd Mod Suu o h hd mod Eonom mhodooy Bd / Poduon ym modd Inpu o h hd mod Ru om hd modn Snvy ny Mppn Bd Bkound Hoy o bd n W A C bd mp o W A...17 C phnoyp nd mn ym Don owd ompn bd phnoyp mp o W A Bd phnoyp mp o W A Modn zbu dbuon m Co bdn n h un Pob mpovmn Mppn h hn n Lvok Dbuon Ovvw Mppn Cyn Cpy Spd mod Lvok Popuon Gowh Mppn h Bn Conuon nd Rommndon Rn APPENDICES Quonn Enh Von Fnh Von COLLABORATORS REPORT: BURKINA FASO Commn nodu : DONNEES PAR PROVINCE COLLABORATORS REPORT: MALI COLLABORATORS REPORT: TOGO COLLABORATORS REPORT BENIN COLLABORATORS REPORT GHANA...113

4 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P L o Fu Fu 1: T Pn...2 Fu 2: C Dny (FAO 24)...3 Fu 3: Hd Suu o h ndvdu Hd Pojon...7 Fu 4: Hd Suu hown Fou Lnkd Hd Pojon ud o modn Bd/ Poduon Sym ombnon...8 Fu 5: Avb Bd Dbuon Mp...18 Fu 6: Too Phnoyp Dbuon Mp...19 Fu 7: Fmn Sym n W A...21 Fu 8: Don o podu phnoyp mp...21 Fu 9: Zbu Dbuon Mp...23 Fu 1: C Bd/ym opondn o h hd mod...23 Fu 11: Cyn Cpy nd Annu Rn...25 Fu 12: Cyn Cpy nd Humn Popuon...25 Fu 13: Cud Cyn Cpy...25 Fu 14: Dp kn o pd mod...26 Fu 15: A dnd o qun pd o, n pn o ypnoom...27 Fu 16: A dnd o qun pd o, du o mov o ypnoom...27 Fu 17: C dny 2 y, n pn o d...28 Fu 18: Chn n dny 2 y, om mov o d...28 Fu 19: Bn 2 y, om mov o d, no xpo...29 Fu 2: Bn 2 y om mov o d o mpo om ovokd...29 Fu 21: To bn 2 y om mov o d...3 L o Tb Tb 1: Ru o Hd Modn x Tb 2: Bd/Poduon Sym Dnon...11 Tb 3: E o ypnoom on poduon pm...12 Tb 4: Poduon Pm Aumpon by Bd/Poduon Sym...13 Tb 5: Bn Ru by Bd/Poduon Sym...15 Tb 6: Snvy Any...16 L o Box Box 1: Mppn Hubndy Sym n Too...2 Box 2: Modn ub o zbu phnoyp...22 Box 3: GIS Mod o W A C Bd Mp...23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th uho woud k o hnk h Anm Hh Pomm o h Und Kndom Dpmn o Innon Dvopmn o undn h wok, nd Po. In Mudn o h noumn nd uppo. Thy o hnk Poo Ro nd h TALA Rh Goup, Oxod Unvy o povdn h my ud o mod h vo nd vok dbuon.

5 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P

6 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 1 1. INTRODUCTION Condb nvmn hv bn md by FAO, DFID, h Innon Aom Eny Any (IAEA) nd h Pomm An An Typnoom (PAAT) n mppn nd n oh oo o nhnn pnnn o T nd Typnoom (T & T) nvnon. Two ky hm hv bn h p ppon o Goph Inomon Sym (GIS) o ypnoom k mn nd, mo ny, h dvopmn o onom udn o h dnon/on o T & T nvnon n W A ({ TA \ "Hndkx, G. (21) P ppon o GIS o h dnon nd on o ono n W A. Ld pp pnd h FAO/IAEA Wokhop" \ "Hndkx 21" \ 1 }Hndkx, 21, { TA \ "Hndkx G., Snhnbh, J. H. W., Do, B., Bnn, P. nd Np A. (1997) Goph Inomon Sym (GIS), Powu Too n Don Mkn. In: Pubon no. 119, ISCTRC, 24 h Mn: Mpuo, Mozmbqu, 1997, pubhd 1999, OAU/STRC, Nob, Kny, pp " \ "Hndkx 1997" \ 1 }Hndkx., 1997, { TA \ "Hndkx, G., d L Roqu, S. nd Mo, R. (23). Lonm nd ypnoom mnmn opon n W A. PAAT Thn nd Sn S, FAO, Rom (n p)" \ "Hndkx 23" \ 1 }23, { TA \ " Shw, A. P. M. (24) Eonom Gudn o S Pnnn o T nd Typnoom Cono n W A. FAO Pomm An An Typnoom (PAAT) Poon Pp." \ " Shw 24" \ 1 }Shw, 24, { TA \ " Gb, M., Jnn, C., Pnd, J., Ro, D., Snnbh, J. nd Wn, W. (21) Th Pomm An An Typnoom Inomon Sym (PAATIS) In: Bk, S. N. nd Sd, J. R. (d) Wod C P: Voum 1 Th An Typnoom. Kuw Adm Pubh, Dodh, Th Nhnd, pp.1124" \ "Gb 21" \ 1 }Gb., 21, { TA \ " Pnd, J., Jnn, C., Wn, W. nd Gb, M. (21)Pomm n Anm Typnoom Inomon Sym (PAATIS). Sow Wb nd d CD podud by Envonmn Rh Goup Oxod Ld on bh o h Nu Rou Inu, Chhm, o h Food nd Auu Onon, Rom nd h Dpmn o Innon Dvopmn, London. hp:// \ " Pnd 21" \ 1 }Pnd., 21). Convnon ppoh o ombnn onom nd oph mhod hv bn o vu h o nd/o bn o pob nvnon (uuy vo ono) o p boundd uh v bn, poj o dmnv on. Th h bn y onun o h h h npu d (o, vok nd vo dbuon n o on) hv ony bn vb vu o h udy.in n y, dvn n dbuon mppn hv podud hh ouon mp o mny o h undyn d yp ud n h onom mod py u o un modn nd moy nd my o podu h qu mp, nd py du o h nn ophon o GIS ow nd h hnqu hy nopo (Wn, 23{ TA \ "Wn, W., Chond, P., Gb, P., Robnon, T. nd Wn, T. (23) Dnn Lnd Unub o Lvok. Conuny Rpo ppd by Envonmn Rh Goup Oxod Ld o h Anm Hh Sv o h Anm Poduon nd Hh Dvon o h Food nd Auu Onon o h Und Non, Rom, Iy." \ "Wn 23" \ 1 }). Gvn h po, houd now b pob o ombn h GIS ppoh wh n onom modn, by nkn qunv onom vb o GIS p mwok, o podu vy hh ouon (5 by 5 kom) m o h bn o T & T v, whh oud hn b d o povd pon bn o ny o nd yp qud. Th wok nvd poo o onp udy dnd o dvop nd h hnqu, pooo, mod nd d ndd o mp h onom bn o h mov o ypnoom om u. Th onp w d o nn poon o W A n wo ph, h nopon Bnn, Ghn nd Too, nd h ond ovn p Bukn Fo nd M.

7 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P B Appoh Th b ppoh dopd o ombn onom wh oph ny do mppn on un onom vu o vb h n b mppd nd o whh d vb h qud v o p d o h who o h udy. A ndp no homonou, h ppoh o dpnd on bn b o m bn un (..do p qu kom, hd, nm, o my) n v yp o o poduon ym. Aodny h oown mwok w dopd: 1. Podu onom hd mod o o d nvnon o o bd nd ym, dd n Son 3.3: Supb (Zbu), wo yp o Cobd nd Typnoon (Tun). Two o o mod oupu qud: n onom vu xpd $ bn o T&T mov p n o n nm, nd hd owh xpd h numb o x podud p n nm wh nd whou T&T mov. Bn nd owh ud o 2 y pod. 2. Podu dbuon mp o pdomnn bd o whh onom mod podud nd ombn h wh o dn o podu mp o un numb o h bd p qu kom. 3. Appy onom mod oupu dbn hd owh o un bd dn o numb o x nm 2 y, wh nd whou ypnoom pn 4. Appy mod oupu o onom bn o T&T v (xpd $/nm) o dn o h bd o $/q. km. bn. 5. Idny pd o vok by nn ddon (x) ok podud o nhboun whh qu mon o yn py nd n ny ddon onom bn o h o whh nm xpod. 2. D Coon Th nomon upon whh h wok h bn bd w obnd om numb o pubhd nd unpubhd ou. F nd omo, d w od by h non oboo h p v, udd by h quonn pnd n h Appnd. A ouny v h ovd poj nvno nd nu, nomon on uvy, bd dbuon nd h xn o u ponn n bn oond by z nd/o m. Fo dmnv v 2 un (povn o ) d on h numb o vny ou nd vok numb by bd w od. Fny, o on o x dmnv v 3 un (d o ) mo dd d on vok poduon ym, vok npu nd oupu p nd on o w od, wh pu mph on h u o wok oxn, uh h popoon o houhod kpn hm, h h nd numb o y wokd. Th d w obnd o M nd Bukn Fo, Too, Bnn nd Ghn. Th oboo po, povdd, pnd n h Appndx. Fu 1: T Pn

8 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 3 G. mon (muv), G. pp (oh), G. hnod (n) A h p () Fu 2: C Dny (FAO 24) O h oph d, oppn nd vo dbuon (Fu 1), modd un moy nd vb pdo { TA \ " Hy, S. I. nd Lnnon, J. J. (1999). Dvn mooo vb o A o h udy nd ono o vobon d: ompon o mo nn nd p npoon o m. Top Mdn nd Innon Hh, 4(1) " \ "Hy nd Lnnon 1999" \ 1 }(Wn nd Ro 2{ TA \ " Wn,W. nd Ro,D. (2) Pdd Dbuon O T In A Rpo nd db ppd by Envonmn Rh Goup Oxod Ld nd TALA Rh Goup, Dpmn o Zoooy, Unvy o Oxod, o h Anm Hh Sv o h Anm Poduon nd Hh Dvon o h Food nd Auu Onon o h Und Non, Rom, Iy." \ "Wn nd Ro 2" \ 1 }, Hy nd Lnnon, 1999), w kn om h PAATIS hv ({ TA \ " Pnd, J., Jnn, C., Wn, W. nd Gb, M. (21) Pomm n Anm Typnoom Inomon Sym (PAATIS). Sow Wb nd d CD podud by Envonmn Rh Goup Oxod Ld on bh o h Nu Rou Inu, Chhm, o h Food nd Auu Onon, Rom nd h Dpmn o Innon Dvopmn, London. hp:// \ " Pnd 21" \ 1 }Pnd., 21), bu modd wh ny by nomon hd om h d. C dn (Fu 2), o modd un nvonmn, m nd dmoph vb pdo, w kn om h FAO vok dbuon d hv, updd n 24 (FAO, 24){ TA \ "FAO (24) Lvok D Ahv. Lmd dbuon wb hp://odd.zoo.ox..uk/d/ndx.hm" \ "(FAO, 24)" \ 1 }, un mhod dpd om ho dbd n { TA \ "Wn, W., Boun D., Hndkx, G., Kuk, R., nd Snnbh, J (22) Lvok Mppn: Pn nd Fuu. Chp 2 n: Th, R. nd Hn, D. (d) Gob Envonmn Db (Voum 2). Innon Soy o Phoommy nd Rmo Snn (ISPRS), pp " \ "Wn 22" \ 1 }Wn 22. Humn popuon d w xd om { TA \ " Lndn (22) Th LANDSCAN d podud nd dbud by Coumb Unvy Ok Rd Non Lboo. hp://d.n.oumb.du/pu/pw/ndn/" \ "Lndn 22" \ 1 }Lndn (22). Thdy, nomon om numb o pvou ud w dwn upon. Th u on h mp o h d on vok poduvy h bn vwd by.{ TA \ " Swow, B. M. (2) Imp o Typnoom on An Auu. PAAT Thn nd Sn S 2, FAO, Rom. 52 pp." \ "Swow 2" \ 1 }Swow (2), h ud by { TA \ "Thop, W., Couby, L., Dy, A., din, G. D. M., Fon, A., Gund, G., Hk, P., Iy, P.,

9 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 4 Mh, J. H. H., Mwun, K., Mokm, G., Muunu, M., Nd, S. M., Pn, R. W., Po, M., Ry, J. M., Shu, A., nd T, J. C. M. (1988) Fo nunn poduv pomn n n o Nwok uon. In: An Typnoon Lvok Nwok (ATLN) Lvok Poduon n T Ad A o A. ILCA/ILRAD, Nob, Kny, pp " \ "Thop 1988" \ 1 }Thop. (1988), { TA \ "Aymn, K., Dwn, R. H., L, D. A. nd Rownd G. J. (1997) V Ndm C Poduon n W A: Sx y o h n Th Gmb. Innon Rh Inu, Nob, Kny nd Innon Typnoon Cn, Bnju, Th Gmb. 131 pp" \ "Aymn 1997" \ 1 } Aymn 1997.nd h oundbkn wok by { TA \ "Cmu, E. (1981) Evuon onomqu d p povoqu p ypnoomo u qu yp nqu d bovn dn nod d Cô divo. Rvu dev d Mdn vn d Py opux 34, " \ "Cmu 1981" \ 1 }Cmu (1981) w puy hpu. Mo n wok (.. { TA \"Kmun M., din, G., Tno, K., Jbb, M. A., Swow, B. M. nd Pokou, K. (1999) Fm pn o bd, h mk vu nd pop o mpovmn n W A: A ummy vw o ud n Bukn Fo, Cô divo nd N. In: Podn o h 25 h Mn o h ISCTRC Momb, Pubon no. 12. OAU/STRC, Nob, pp " \ "Kmun 1999" \ 1 }Kmun nd { TA \ "Kmun, M., Su, H., Bu, B., Swow, B. nd din, G. (21) Fm Ppon o h Imp o T nd Typnoomo nd Cono on Lvok Poduon: Evdn om Souhn Bukn Fo. Top Anm Hh nd Poduon 33, " \ "Kmun 21" \ 1 }21) w o onud. Th mo omphnv oon o d on ypnoon vok poduvy nd dbuon o b ound n h ud: { TA \ "FAO, ILCA nd UNEP (198) Typnoon Lvok Dvopmn n W nd Cn A. Vo. I Gn Sudy, Vo. II Couny Sud. FAO Anm Poduon nd Hh Pp 2/1 nd 2/2, FAO, Rom, 146 pp. nd 33 pp." \ "FAO 198" \ 1 }FAO/ILCA/UNEP, 198, { TA \ "Shw, A. P. M. nd Ho, C. H. (1987) Typnoon C nd Lvok Dvopmn n W nd Cn A. Vo. I Th nnon uppy nd dmnd o bdn ok, Vo. II Typnoon n h non vok onom. FAO Anm Poduon nd Hh Pp 67/1 nd 67/2, FAO, Rom, pp. 184 nd pp. 33." \ "Shw nd Ho 1987" \ 1 }Shw nd Ho, 1987 nd { TA \ "Ho, C. H., Chon, E., din, G. nd T, J. C. M. (1988) L b ypnoon n Aqu odn n Vo. 3 Bn dun dnn. FAO Anm Poduon nd Hh Sud 2/3, FAO, Rom, 281 pp." \ "Ho 1988" \ 1 }Ho., 1988, whh hv bn ompmnd by n wok, wh on ooonom omponn, undkn n W A (.. { TA \ "Cn Innon d RhhDvoppmn u Ev n Zon Subhumd (CIRDES), Innon Lvok Rh Inu (ILRI) nd h Innon Typnoon Cn (ITC) (2) Jon po o omphmn nd u ( ). Cobov Rh Pomm on Typnoomo nd Typnoon Lvok n W A, undd by h Common o h Euopn Commun. 227 pp." \ "CIRDES 2" \ 1 }CIRDES.., 2). Inomon on yn py w dvd n p om { TA \ "Pu, S. N. H., Shw, A. P. M., Mhwmn, R. W., Boun D. M., Undwood, M., Jm, A. D., Hm, M. J. And E, P. R. (198) Th So nd Eonom Impon o Typnoom Cono udy o mp on vok poduon nd u dvopmn n nohn N. Vny Epdmooy nd Eonom Rh Un, Sudy no. 25, Rdn Unvy, 549 pp." \ "Pu 198" \ 1 }Pu., 198, { TA \ " Jhnk H.E (1982) Lvok Poduon Sym nd Lvok Dvopmn n Top A" K Wnhv Vuk, K, Gmny, 253 pp." \ "Jhnk 1982" \ 1 }Jhnk, 1982 nd { TA \ " Bom, R., Bny, K., To, M. nd Rovd, A. (1996) Lv n vo dnnon. Inu Roy d Topqu, Th Nhnd nd Inu deonom Ru, M, 22 pp. "\ "Bom 1996" \ 1 }Bom., 1996.

10 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 5 3. Hd Mod 3.1. Suu o h hd mod Hd mod hv bn ud o vu h o ypnoom on poduvy o ov wo dd. A ummy o h u n h onx vn n Tb 1, whh o how h yp o u obnd n modn x udyn h d. Th o h w onud by { TA \ "Cmu 1981" }Cmu (1981), nd vou mod hv bn ud n hn o ook h onom o h d, h n bno ud ppn o vun p, uuy, ono pomm, o o quny dd o n n m. Cô divo (Cmu 1981{ TA \ "Cmu 1981" }) Tb 1: Ru o Hd Modn x 1982 Couny nd Sou Nu o Mod E on nnu hd owh E on oupu % Gowh by bd Oupu p hd p nnum o unnd hd ompd o nd Dynm dy, Hd u +v v In n v % m oupu ony Bukn Fo (Bnd, 1985{ TA \ "Bnd, F. E. (1985) Th u o hd muon mod o h mon o d onom bn o ono. Appon o h po zon o Sddouou, Bukn Fo. Rvu d'ev d Mdn vn d Py opux 38, " \ "Bnd, 1985" \ 1 }) Souhn A (Shw, 199{ TA \ "Shw, A. P. M. (199) A Spdh Mod o h Eonom Any o T Cono Av Bnn C Poduon. In Sn nd Appon 11, " \ "Shw, 199" \ 1 }) Cô divo bkound uon o (Shw., 1994{ TA \ "Shw 1994b" }) Rpub o Cn A Dynm mod, m nd mk oupu Dynm mod, m, mk nd on oupu Dynm mod, m nd mk oupu Bou NDm NDm x Bou Zbu x Bou % % Whou poj Wh mdum v umpon ok unhnd % % Whou poj Wh ok unhnd % Whou poj Tnhumn 2.4 Sdny 2.4 % Wh ok unhnd % % Whou p wh Bou NDm NDm x Bou Zbu x Bou Cumuv ov 1 y: n o 43% n o nom (12% ow, 73% o hh umpon) 23% n p hd p nnum, o whh qu du o d % In n nom p nm p y Tnhumn 14. Sdny 18.2

11 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 6 (Bn., 1995{ TA \ "Bn, F., L G, F. nd Cun, D. (1995) L u p p on Gon up up pou poon d 'v n Rpubqu nn. V. E d'ny oûbn du pomm. Rvu d'ev d Mdn vn d Py opux, 48, " \ "Bn., 1995" \ 1 }) Ehop, Subhn A (Kjnon., 1999{ TA \ "Kjnon. (1999)" }) Dynm mod, m nd mk oupu % Whou poj Impd o hd % Wh ok unhnd Sou: { TA \ "Shw, A. P. M. (24) Th Eonom o An Typnoom. In: Th Typnoom, Mudn, I., Hom, P. H. nd M, M. A., CAB Innon, Wnod. Chp 2, pp (In p)." \ "Shw (24)" \ 1 }Shw (24), n d, dpd n p om Swow (2).{ TA \ "Swow 2" } Th ILCA boonom hd mod ({ TA \ "von Kumnn, R., MIny, J. nd Iy, P. (199) ILCA boonom hd mod o moompu. Thn Rn Gud. ILCA, Add Abb, Ehop." \ "von Kumnn 199" \ 1 }von Kumnn., 199) h quny bn ud, n pu by Kjnon. (1999){ TA \ "Kjnon, P. M., Swow, B. M., Rownd, G. J., Kuk, R. L. nd d Luw, P. N. (1999) Mun h o o An nm ypnoomo, h pon bn o ono nd un o h. Auu Sym 59, " \ "Kjnon. (1999)" \ 1 } bd on d pnd n Woudyw. (1999),{ TA \ "Woudyw Muu, Swow, B. M., Rownd, G. J. Lk, S. G. A., DIn, G. D. M. And Nd, S. M. (1999) Eonom Bn o Fm o x y o ppon o n nd Pouon o Cono T n Ghb, Souhw Ehop. Podn o h 24h Mn o h ISCTRC, Mpuo, Mozmbqu, 1997, Pubon no OAU/STRC, Nob." \ "Woudyw. (1999)" \ 1 } o vu h pob bn om h wdpd ppon o pon vn n ypnoom. I w o ud by Iy (1992){ TA \ "Iy, P. (1992) Eonom o V C Poduon n T Ad A o A. A udy o ypnoom ono un ypnoon nd hmohpy n Ehop, Kny, Cô divo, Th Gmb, Z nd Too. HunGo V, Konnz, 316 pp." \ "Iy (1992)" \ 1 } n h dd ny o h onom o poduon n x oun. Th mod ud h d om h Kumnn mod n v wy: k oh mn nd ny d nk o d ou bu h ony mod whh do mp o pu vu on d pow. I o nopo xp ypnoomd u uh h u o ypnod o h wh nd whou d no ({ TA \ "Shw, A. P. M. (1986) Th ono o Typnoom n h Sudn nd Nohn Gun Zon o W A, wh p n o N nd M. PhD h, Unvy o Rdn, 338 pp." \ "Shw 1986" \ 1 }Shw, 1986, { TA \ "Shw, A. P. M. (1989) Th U o Mhm Mod n Emn h Pon Eonom Bn o Typnoom Cono. In: Pubon no. 115, ISCTRC, 2 h Mn: Momb, Kny, 1989, pubhd 1991, OAU/STRC, Nob, Kny, pp " \ "Shw 1989" \ 1 }199, { TA \ " Shw, A. P. M., Zn, K. H. nd Münmnn, S. (1994) Modn h onom o ono un monopymd p n Cô divo. In: Rownd, G. J., Kyu, M. nd Py, B. D. (d.) Podn o h 7h Innon Sympoum on Vny Epdmooy nd Eonom, Nob, Kny. Th Kny Vnn 18, " \ "Shw 1994b" \ 1 }1994, 23{ TA \ "Shw 24" }).

12 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 7 Th b mod w xnvy modd o h p pupo o h udy. In pu now o nud p opon o mpo nd xpo hd nd o d oxn. Modn h p ondd by h uho o b u n nn n undndn o how mpovd poduvy n hp o h oph xpnon o uu poduon ym. Th mod o ow mpovmn n poduon pm o b h nnnou o du, n h pd ov v y. Th mod b uu hown n Fu 3 nd Fu 4. Fu 3: Hd Suu o h ndvdu Hd Pojon Fu 3 how how h hd pojon undkn. Th mod npu on o poduon pm nd p. Th poduon pm nd x p. Ky pm om h pon o vw o d ono obvouy moy nd y. Fy nd n v vn, h bn h numb o v pn p m d h o ov ( oono o Tb 4). Whn h onx o h x, h popoon o youn m od o d wok ky pm n dmnn wh popoon o h hd on o d m. Fo podu h d o bwn n youn m o d, nn hm nd vnuy n hm o uh o nn hm o bdn. Oh pm ndd o u oupu mk yd nd h numb o dy wokd by p o d m, boh o whh d by h pn o ypnoom (Tb 1 bov, Swow 2{ TA \ "Swow 2" }). Ly p nd o b nd. In h x, h ky p w: h p o whh nm od; h vu o h nm n h hd, whh on dn om p,.. bdn ow n h hd mo vub hn h u ow ommony ound n h mk; h vu o nm on, nd h v vu o dy wok by on o p o d m; nd h p o mk. Th hd pojon owd o o n h hd om oud h ym om wo ou. Fy, mpod n h xpo hd. Th on o xpod om h un oon dun h ou o h nx wny y, h wh ypnoom pn o wh h hh popuon owh h woud ppy w bn, h popuon oup un yn py nd om hd v h, dud n Son 5.1. Th xpo hd wh mpod y by y om h o hd, wh h vou popuon uny od.

13 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 8 Sondy, n opon o mpon ony youn m o b ud d nm h bn bu n. Th opon ndd n w oon wh h popoon o d m n h popuon hh hn h popuon n un. In h pop buy nm o on om hd oud h. Tunn o h oupu, wo o o x h hd pojon. Fy, h ho vn bu h no mo zn, dnd o b mpod no n xpo hd. Sondy, h h mnn nom ok om h hd. Ok n h mod dnd h n x o, h nm uhd o od, ho puhd. Ly, h oupu uon oow h ndd podu o un oupu om vok np. I vu podu podud n h mk nd d; houh h mod nud n opon o vun mnu, h w no nudd n h pn uon. Thn vu nm nn o vn h hd, xp houh bh o dh. Anm nn h hd d n npu o o nd nd nv vu. Anm vn h hd d oupu nd nd pov vu. Thu nm xpod d oupu, nm mpod d o nd vud houh hy w puhd. Ly h hn n h hd vu ompud nnuy, wh n n bn nd pov vu nd d nv vu. To u nom, h o o mnnn h hd pu h o o ypnod ud und dn no md nd ubd om h vu o oupu. Tunn o h mo ompx Fu 4, h how how h wh nd whou ypnoom no w hndd o mnn n h o on, h o hd nd o ho whh w xpod o noh om pon dun h wny y, h xpo hd. Dn wh h mn h 2 x 2 o ou hd pojon hd o b undkn o h ndvdu bd/poduon ym. Fu 4 u h nk bwn h, nd how hy ud o u h bn om h mov o ypnoom. Fo h uon n h bn o ypnoom, hown n h op h o h u, h ppop hd poduon pm ppd o h o hd om whh, ny du o yn py m bn hd, nm xpod o h xpo hd. Th my b no nd o xpo, n whh h xpo hd onn no, o h xpo hd, n h uon undkn, my, h nd o 2 y, onn ny h mny h o hd. In ny, w wy, ud, b m hn h o hd. Th m hd poduon pm o h whou ypnoom uon ppd o h nm n h xpo hd. In ddon, h u o d m vy hh, boh h o hd nd h xpo hd hv h opon o mpon d m om hd oud h. Th o pn vu 1 o h nom ov wny y ud om boh h o hd nd h xpo hd. Th boom h o Fu 4 h ppd ov von o h op h; n h h pojon o h un uon, wh ypnoom pn un v. Thu, houh h m p v ud o h whou ypnoom uon, h poduon pm h pn uon, wh hh moy, ow vn, mk yd, wok oxn u nd by o wok ( Tb 4). Th o hd n xpo nm n h m wy n h whou ypnoom uon, dud n Son 5 bow, vn wh ypnoom pn, hd own, h w uon wh yn py m w xdd whn 2 y o h wh ypnoom uon. A bov, h xpo hd howv wy mnd m hn h o hd. Fu 4: Hd Suu hown Fou Lnkd Hd Pojon ud o modn Bd/ Poduon Sym ombnon 1 Pn vu mn h dound o o h nom d n h y.

14 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 9 In od o m h bn o h mov o ypnoom nd h o p oph oon, h n n nom ov wny y und h whou ypnoom uon w ud o ho hd nd h xpo hd, hown by h n ov. Th n n nom h dn n h pn vu o nom ov wny ywhou ypnoom nd h wh ypnoom mp ubon. Fo h u o b mppb, w ud p hd o n h hd whou ypnoom h nd o h wny y pod. Thu h w u p hd o mnn n h o nd ow u p hd o now dn n h xpo, pnn h h h popuon n h xpo h bn bhd o hn h who wny y pod nd ho nd nom. Th mod bd o h h o popuon nd h o nom nd o boh h wh nd whou ypnoom no dn howv ppoond bwn o nd xpo. I h yn py m no hd n n, hn h who o h nom ov wny y od o h. In h wy, by ppoonn nom bwn o hd nd xpo hd h mn objv o h udy ud, by on nom p qu kom. Th n un w

15 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 1 vnu ompon bwn h bn d p qu kom nd h o o dn wh h d n h oph Eonom mhodooy Th onom mhodooy w hu bd on wh nd whou ompon, pojd ov wny y, h bn y ndd m pn o vun poj. A d bov, mp n h ppoh ud h pon o xndn h ny o h pon bn om h mov o ypnoom o n ny o h o o don o by vou mhod nd vnu bno ompon. Th doun ud houhou w 1%, n n wh n p n vok poj ( duon n Shw, 23{ TA \ "Shw 23" } o Gn, 1982{ TA \ "Gn, J P (1982) Eonom Any o Auu Poj. John Hopkn P EDI n onom dvopmn, Bmo, USA. pp. 55." \ "Gn, 1982" \ 1 } b x xpnn h mhodooy). P ud w ho o md23. In od o v pyn d h m p w ud o mod. In h m pnd n 23 (Shw., 23{ TA \ "Shw, A P M, Hndkx, G nd Wn, W., n oboon wh Codj, V., Do, R., D, O., Gb, M., Mhm, C., Mo R. nd Sdb I. (23) Mppn h bn: p n dvopn nw don oo o nd ypnoom nvnon Podn o h 27h Mn o h ISCTRC, Po, Souh A, 23, Pubon no OAU/STRC, Nob (n p)." \ "Shw., 23" \ 1 }) h w whd n vou o h h oun pod on (Too, Ghn nd Bnn). Lvok p nd o d uh noh owd h Sh nd o n h uon, h w bnd ou nd hy ow p w d hn ho ud n h pmny ny. A w b dud bow, poon h o von no on o p do mn h o d nd o onom movon o om xn o. Fuhmo, h m p w ud o boh h wh nd h whou ypnoom uon. I oud b ud h wh h mov o ypnoom d o ubn n n popuon h h p o vok podu woud, hu n onum upu, n pop woud b b o buy mo o h podu mo hpy. Qunyn nd nyn h onum upu ndd oo n onom ny bu w ondd oud h op o h udy, who mn ou w on bhn poo o onp o mhodooy pmn py dd ny o h v nd dbuon o bn om h mov o ypnoom. I nvov mn h y o dmnd o m, mk nd n h pn udy, nm on, mn ky p hn nd on bn bwn onum nd podu. Th onum upu ppoh w ud by Kjnon. (1999){ TA \ "Kjnon. (1999)" } n h Awd ny nd h d d o h n od o n undndn o mpon. Th mo du o m p w h vu o nm on. Dvn vu o h woud n juy on udy, ookn h o o kpn d m, nn nd mnn hm, puh nd p nd mo mpony h o d on op yd nd pnd. In h udy h d povdd o h ouny on h p pd o hn nm w od ( Appnd). Th vun o oupu om wok oxn w don by un whd v o h dn h ud n h v 3 dmnv mpd by oboo. Th wh w nd odn o h numb o dy wokd on dn k nd mdpon n h n o h dn oun d. Th p ud w hn djud o ju ov h o h h o h h h h p ovm h vu nd nud mn o po o h own Bd / Poduon ym modd In n duon, h uho dnd om xn bd/poduon ym ombnon, nn om h m v hd o dw W An Shohon (WAS) ound n o

16 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 11 Bnn nd Too o h nhumn hd o zbu ound on h nohn n o h udy. Chon o bd/poduon ym oud, o xmp, b odn o: bd; ypnoom hn; v o d pow u; xn o whh mk o m poduon h mn o; d o mk non; ownhp pn muown, ownmnd o hdmnd; nd d o moby om u on nhumn, v o mon nd wndn n h o zn o vu zo zn ym. Cy ondn uh wd n o vb woud podu oo mny dn bd poduon ym o mp nd o whh o u bn, nn dmnd o nomon whh mpy do no x. I w ho ddd o poo h mo mpon h n od o bud ou hd mod, dd n Tb 2. Tb 2: Bd/Poduon Sym Dnon Bd/Poduon Sym Tun Co 1 Co 2 Zbu Bd Ndm, W An Shohon (WAS), Dw WAS M, Boou nd oh bd nd nw o n o, bwn Zbu x WAS nd Zbu x Ndm W An Zbu bd ound om Too o Bukn Fo Poduon ym Mod u o Vy hh wok Moy mnhumn hd, Moy v hd d nm n oxn u ym, wh v own, mhumd nd puy ound nd mo om o mon humd zon, n oon own moy hn v py dun dy o pd zon, v hd, uuy bon o on o zn, bd o d, hd, on my, w d vy w d nm v hd mon nm T Chn Hh Mdum Mdum/ow Mdum/ow Typnoom mp on bd Low Mdum Mdum Hh Typnod u o ypnoom Low, uv whn nm k Ru u, boh uv nd pophy Ru nd qun on pophyx nd uv whn ndd Ru on pophyx, qun uv u I ond h h oupn om homonou, hown boh wd dvy bwn ypnoon bd (y bwn Ndm nd Lun) nd bwn poduon ym (y bwn M ud o d n h hh oxn ownn ym o M nd Bukn Fo nd bwn n Too nd Bnn wh w obd ud o pouhn). Howv, h poo o onp o h wok, w h mod bd on ou,h hn h pon n o mo ombnon, w ppop. Smy, nodun xp von n h mod pm o dn v o hn w no don h. A wh h p, h poon h wd n o o p, hubndy pn nd mnmn ym no ou bd/poduon ym oup d o o o d nd pnvn o om ubym nd uon. Howv, h ou oupn owd h u o h ky pm mkn o vby n modn h mp o ypnoom: d nm u, bd nd d mp whh o d by bd w by oph oon Inpu o h hd mod Qunyn h mp o ypnoom on poduvy h povd upny du. Tb 3 umm h pubhd ud undkn o W A, wh d nd u

17 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 12 om ud o oh p o A hv bn mbd n Swow (2){ TA \ "Swow 2" } nd n Shw (24){ TA \ "Shw (24)" }. Tb 3: E o ypnoom on poduon pm Couny, Poduon Sym, Sou Th Gmb NDm V Hd (Aymn., 199 nd Aymn., 1997{ TA \ "Aymn 1997" }) Th Gmb NDm V Hd (Aymn., 1997{ TA \ "Aymn 1997" }) Th Gmb NDm V Hd (CIRDES, ITC nd ILRI, 2{ TA \ "CIRDES 2" }) Cô divo Sdny V Hd, Ndm, Bou nd o (Thop., 1988{ TA \ "Thop 1988" }) Cô divo V Hd vou bd: Bou (B), NDm (Nd), Zbu x Bou o (ZxB) nd NDm x Bou o(nxb) (Cmu, 1981b{ TA \ "(Cmu, 1981b)" }) Bukn Fo Po zon, nwy d zbu, v oubk o ypnoom hn movd. (Kmun., 21{ TA \ "Kmun 21" }) Too Rnh NDm nd D Coon Mhod nd Smp Indvdu nm ompon by numb o pm monh (on o mo o zo) C Moy Adu Moy Imp Mud Cvn R (CR) Oh Dun 4 monh popum Mk Yd 1 6 monh CR% C uvv o 6 monh: Av Dd CR% Co ompon o 6 Lon Yd Chn v % C Moy %Adu Moy % Cvn R Dy mkn k Low/Zo x 45 Low x 32 Low/Mdum x 495 Low/Mdum x 421 Mdum x 278 Vy Hh x 23 % Moy 3 dy 6 monh % Cvn R Lon Yd Ind Non Hhy 54.2 In Non Connuou monon, Ind Ind 1 6 monh & 55. d In. monhy d oon o und ndvdu nm % 15 8 Ind 2nd 6 monh & 53.7 k unnd und nd + und nd + d Ind 1 6 monh & d 49.2 Ind 2nd 6 monh & 42.8 d C o monh 89.5 C o 8 monh 78.8 Dun 8 monh popum: 1+ CR% Indvdu nm ompon by numb o pm monh (on o mo o zo) Compon o pm n nd (pov) nd nonnd (nv) hd. Bo nd o ono ompon un d o dh du o ypnoom nd d d Indvdu nm ompon by numb o pm n % C Moy % Adu Moy % Cvn R Bd +v v Bd +v v Bd +v v B B B Nd Nd Nd NxB NxB NxB ZxB ZxB ZxB C Moy: % yp. & d Moy: % yp. & d Bo A Bo A M M F F Ox A Dun 6 monh popum

18 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P CR% n Sou: { TA \ "Shw, A. P. M. (24) Th Eonom o An Typnoom. In: Th Typnoom, Mudn, I., Hom, P. H. nd M, M. A., CAB Innon, Wnod. Chp 2, pp (In p)." \ "Shw (24)" \ 1 }Shw (24), n d, dpd n p om Swow (2).{ TA \ "Swow 2" } No: A u o pod o on y un d ohw. Wh kn, bov, h vby n h v o mub mp on ky ndo uh vn nd moy. Th b o ompon vy om udy o udy, hy n body b oupd no h o: o ompon (wh wh hh nd ow v o hn ompd); ompon odn o whh o no nm dd pm; nd bo nd ono ompon o h m ( duon n Swow, 2{ TA \ "Swow 2" }). In ddon om ud (Cmu, 1981b){ TA \ "Cmu, E. (1981b) Epdmoo ndn nqu d ypnoomo bovn dn nod d Cô divo. Rvu dev d Mdn vn d Py opux 34, " \ "(Cmu, 1981b)" \ 1 } dnuh bwn hd onnn pm ndvdu nd ho h do no, wh oh omp odn o ndvdu nm pm o hh u. Gnn, m h h o ompon yd b dn hn h ndvdu nm ompon bu du o whh h bu h dnuhd by dn oh hn ypnoom u o bu ndvdu nm ompon du nd d by h on ow nvy o h bn ud. Tb 4: Poduon Pm Aumpon by Bd/Poduon Sym (no h h poduon pm ppy o h hd, no o ndvdu nd nm) Tun Cobd Cobd Zbu Bd/Poduon Sym Hd Hd 1 Hd 2 Hd Pm Typ + Typ Typ + Typ Typ + Typ Typ + Typ Wh Av hd o hd (k) Av hd o hd (%TLU 1 ) Moy % p y by /x oup Fm 1 y M 1 y M & Fm 1 2 y M & Fm 2 3 y M & Fm 3 o mo D m 3 o mo y Ok % p y by /x oup M 2 3 y Fm 2 3 y M 3 y o mo Fm 3 y o mo D m 3 y o mo Cvn nd mk yd Ev vn p m d 3 o mo 2 Mk yd p on () D M % o 2 3 y m d o d numb o dy wok / y % o hd

19 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 14 Typnod U Do p y D m Fm d 3 o mo y R o hd Sou: S Appnd, o Tb 2. No: I houd b mphzd h h poduon pm ppy o h hd, no o ndvdu nd nm. 1 TLU 25 k op vok un 2 Th v vn dv ud n h mod o ovom h pobm h vn ou houhou h y, h om v bon nd d whn ho pod, o h n nu kn ny m o y om o h v bon h woud no b d o d n h hd ompoon nd h h o vn n om 3 o 5 y. In h mod h v vn h o o h numb o v pn by h numb o m d mo hn h. Th u o h mu b ombnd wh omwh ow moy nd vn hn ho h woud b obnd om dd wk by wk monon o bh o bdn m nd mo, nudn non mo. Tb 4 bov h poduon pm nd no h ou bd/poduon ym mod. Th hd, h hn ndvdu nm pm. Thy w bd on nomon om wd n o ou, n pu h ud d n Tb 3, h vy numb o hd ompoon nd poduon pm od n FAO (198){ TA \ "FAO 198" } nd Shw nd Ho (1987){ TA \ "Shw nd Ho 1987" } nd h nomon povdd by non oboo ( Appnd). Thouh h poduon pm w d on h b o bd p nomon n h ud d hy w o bd o h bd/poduon ym h dnd n Tb 2. Eh o moy, ok nd vn n pu hd ompoon, o h hd ompoon whh md w ompd wh ho od by d mumn. Un n v po, h mod pm w vd nd djud un pub hd ompoon md, wh ov owh, dh nd ok m o ho obvd n h d. Aumpon w o md bou un ypnod u, bd on nomon povdd by ou oboo ( Appnd). I h n W A, wh on h onnn, bov wok oxn who vn ypnod, oowd by bdn m (Don, 2{ TA \ "Don, M, (2) SooEonom o ypnoomo. Impon o o ono whn h Common FyB o Mw, Mozmbqu, Zmb nd Zmbbw. Bovn Typnoomo n Souhn A, Vo. 3. Ron T nd Typnoomo Cono Pomm o Souhn A, H, 156 pp." \ "Don, 2" \ 1 }, CIRDES., 2){ TA \ "CIRDES 2" }. Po ypnoom mov, h v o u w umd o o 1% pnvnon v. Howv, houd b bon n mnd h h pu no ny h howd. Evdn om h d how h vok kp do no ny op un ypnod whn onod (.. CIRDES., 2{ TA \ "CIRDES 2" }, Kmun., 21{ TA \ "Kmun 21" }). Mo mpony, vdn om ouhn A y how h vok kp n om o dp mkn v u o ypnod h hy pvn mo moy n wok oxn nd ow, o muh o h h moy n h nm n b ow n hh hn hn n ow hn (Don, 2{ TA \ "Don, 2" }) Ru om hd modn Th mn no w modd o h bd/poduon ym. Th w n nnnou hn om h wh o h whou ypnoom uon, wh nom ov wny y om hd wh h yp + vu w ompd o nom om hd wh h yp pm ppd om y on onwd. Th uon n b n pnn h o o du o h d ov h pod. Th ond w du hn om h wh o h whou uon, wh h yp pm w duy nd ov pod o v y. Fo mpy, h non w umd o b n. Th u om h n b n pnn h mxmum pub bn om nv o ono h d, n h hy pn

20 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 15 mn o how h noduon nd uu mpmnon o mu o ono ypnoom woud duy mpov poduvy nd n pop ondn n un d pow. Th hd no nvd h xn o whh h u dpndd on umpon bou n n h u o d pow, by hvn h umd n n h popoon o d m n h bd/poduon ym hd. A duon, w ddd h h ond no pnd h b nd mo ppop bn o mppn, n pu bu h h v h oud vnuy b ompd o h o o nvnn o ono h d. Tb 5 v h u om h ny. Fo h o hd n h no xpo uon, bn p hd pn h nd o wny y m o $62 o un, $144 o h owoxn u obd ym (o 1), $145 o h hhoxn u obd ym (o 2) nd $111 o h zbu. Fo h uon wh xpo, h bd nkn mnd h m, wh h od bn vd bwn o 2 nd o 1, nd n h bn w hy hh n h o wh xpo nd hy ow n h xpo. Th u n, howd h bn om onon h d o b dvn by h pn o wok oxn, houh h b hh nd nd numb. Fo h on, h hh bn w hvd by h obd/hh oxn u poduon ym, oy oowd by h zbu. Th o n n h u o oxn w m n h o 2 ym nd h hh u o ypnod w d by hy m d mp ( Tb 4). Th why, dp h vy hh oxn numb, h bn p hd o h hd w no nny dn om h Co 1 ym. Th Co 2 ym w h ony on wh youn m hd o b mpod o d. Th u o pon, byond whh o hd nno podu nouh d m m o b whn h oun o mo hn 2% o 25% o h hd. In h ym, ypy up o 8% o houhod u d pow ( Appndx). Du o h bn h mo upb o h d, h d on moy nd y w h n h zbu, ydn hh bn p hd. Th ypnoon un muh d by ypnoom nd h mod onnd w wok oxn, hu dn o h ow bn vu. In ou poduon ym, hd w own, b owy, vn n h pn o h d. Th mo h u o ud ( Tb 1 nd vok nu d, dp h h n h o ou oubk mv o ou n upb ok (.. Kmun., 21{ TA \ "Kmun 21" }). Tb 5: Bn Ru by Bd/Poduon Sym Tun Co 1 Co 2 Zbu No xpo uon A $ nd p hd pn B n n z o hd whou yp o y /y C $ nd p hd pn nd whou yp (A/B) D 2 y n n z o hd wh yp pn Wh xpo uon Sn popuon p q km Y n whh xpo yp h Y n whh xpo no yp $ nd p hd pn nd whou yp nd mnn n o $ nd p hd pn nd whou yp n h xpo Oh ky umpon Popoon o hd wok oxn wh yp

21 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 16 Popoon o hd wok oxn whou yp Ro whou/wh Nd o mpo wok oxn? No No Y No Run n n numb o wok oxn wh yp Run n n numb o wok oxn whou yp Summy o mn ud pm US$ Inom p hd o hd wh yp US$ Inom p hd o hd whou yp % In n nom p hd o hd % Annu dh wh yp % Annu dh whou yp % Annu ok wh yp % Annu ok whou yp % Annu popuon owh wh yp % Annu popuon owh whou yp % Fm d 3 o mo y n hd wh yp % Fm d 3 o mo y n hd whou yp Sou: Mod pojon Snvy ny Tb 6 how how h oh no pomd, n ompon wh h d bn. In h onx o h yp o onom ny, h u upny obu, vyn by hn 25%. Th ond n how h non o nn hn wh vy m u o h poduon ym, n h mpyn n n o ju ov 2%. Thu nodun h y o du hn n od o u h bn whh n uy b d du h o bou 8% o o o om h d ov h pod nyd. Th u n h n, ookn h o umpon bou h o n n h u o wok oxn mo vb, n bov, h n popoon o wok oxn n h ym. Th xn o whh h bn dvn by h u o wok oxn nd h vu pu on nm on m uh xmnon. Th u obnd do howv, y w wh ho o h oh ud d n Tb 1 nd Tb 3. Tb 6: Snvy Any Compon o bn p hd o hd nd o 2 y wh bn o o hd n h bn o xpo Compon (Ro vn %) Tun Co 1 Co 2 Zbu Low wok oxn n, du hn / hh wok oxn n du hn Inn hn, hh wok oxn n / du hn, hh wok oxn n Mppn Bd 4.1. Bkound Hoy o bd n W A Ov h p dd n nn numb o ud hv oud on unvn h hoy o domon. Th vb hoo vdn u w domd v m n pn o uu dvopmn. I now w pd h Tun w domd n h F Cn o Tuky bou 8. y o, nd humpd domd bd ppd om 6. y o n h Indu Vy o Pkn (Gon, 1989{ TA \ "Gon, C. (1989) In: Th Bnnn o Auu, M, A., Wm, D., Gdn, G., Ed. (Bh Ahoo Rpo Innon S 496, Oxod), pp " \ "Gon, 1989" \ 1 }). Auu hn md wh h om h n o uu dvopmn. L dd hoo vdn u hd ndpndn

22 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 17 domon n n h nohn p o A (MDond, 2{ TA \ "MDond, K. C. (2) In: Th On nd Dvopmn o An Lvok: Ahooy, Gn, Lnu nd Ehnophy, Bnh, R. M., MDond, K. C., Ed. (Unv. Co London P, London), pp. 217." \ "MDond, 2" \ 1 }). Rn ud ondud by h m o Ov Hno (ILRI, Nob, Kny) nd Dn Bdy (Tny Co, Dubn, Ind) ompd n vdn om 5 popuon onn om 23 An oun pnv o h pn dbuon n A. Thy dny h mjo n nd n ody popuon whh nd o on boh h En nd An on o dom (Hno. 22{ TA \ "Hno, O., Bdy, D. G., Ohn, J. W., Vj, Y, H, E. W. nd R, J. E. O. (22) An Pom: Gn Impn o On nd Mon. Sn, 296: pp " \ "Hno. 22" \ 1 }): () zbu hv bn nodud by d n h Hon o A, h E Co nd Md nd uh md om h, () n un vd by nd ov Nohn A nd owd W A, nd () hd oup ond om popuon o wd An bovn n h nohn p o h onnn. Th h, odn o n vdn, v W An un bd do no hv zbu no onm h hoo vdn h un w nodud n hn zbu bd n h p o A (Bdy. 2{ TA \ "Bdy, D. G. (2) In: Th On nd Dvopmn o An Lvok: Ahooy, Gn, Lnu nd Ehnophy, Bnh, R. M., MDond, K. C., Ed. (Unv. Co London P, London), pp " \ "Bdy. 2" \ 1 }). In ddon, h mkb dpon o pvn m ondon nd d uh ypnoom nd poho, uh u n vou o onm pn. I mo ny (7 h nuy AD) wh Ab mon om h E An o mn h zbu hd W A om h Noh (Epn, 1971{ TA \ "Epn, H. (1971) Th On o h Dom Anm o A, vo. 1 (An Pubhn Copoon, London)." \ "Epn, 1971" \ 1 }), bu bn hhy upb o nmd ypnoom, w hd h Nohn d o h dbuon. I h wo mjo mon vn whh d o W A unqu bd pn. In ddon n onmpoy hoy zbu noon no un bd w uh nhnd by () h y douh oun n h 197 nd 198 whn zbu w od no un oy, () h nnon o op uu nd h mp o mn on h nvonmn dun hb, mny o vnnh p (Boun., 21{ TA \ "Boun, D.; Rd, R.; Ro, D.; Snow, W; nd Wn,W. (2) Envonmn Chn nd h Auonomou Cono o Typnoomo. Conuny Rpo ppd by Envonmn Rh Goup Oxod Ld o h Anm Hh Pomm o h Dpmn o Innon Dvopmn, London." \ "Boun., 21" \ 1 }), nd () h dvopmn o modn vny p nd h noduon o ypnod du C bd mp o W A A o ud ondud n h 197 by T. (ILCA, 1979, { TA \ "ILCA Typnoon vok n W nd Cn A Vo. 1: Gn ud. Innon Lvok Cn o A (ILCA) Mono. No 2. Add Abb, Ehop, ILCA. 148 pp." \ "ILCA, 1979" \ 1 }ILCA, 1979b{ TA \ "ILCA. 1979b. Typnoon vok n W nd Cn A Vo. 2: Couny ud. Innon Lvok Cn o A (ILCA) Mono. No 2. Add Abb, Ehop, ILCA. 33 pp." \ "ILCA, 1979b" \ 1 }) nd updd by Shw nd Ho{ TA \ "Shw nd Ho 1987" } (1987){ TA \ "Shw nd Ho 1987" } ompd mv moun o nomon on ypnoon ok n W A nudn, ppoxm dbuon mp (Fu 5). A dud bov, W An n b d no wo mjo o: hump ypnoon un (Bo uu) nd h humpd ypnoupb zbu (Bo

23 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 18 ndu). O h un, wo uboup known; Lonhon (B. uu onon) nd Shohon (B. uu bhyo). Th Lonhon 2 pnd by on mjo bd, N'Dm, whh ound houhou h nd p o Sn, Th Gmb, Gun, Gun Bu, S Lon, ouhn M nd wn Cô divo. Th W An Shohon (WAS) uboup 3 nomp wd n o bd (Fu 5b) d Svnnh WAS nd Dw WAS. Th Ako Hhnd n Bnn nd Too hbou h Somb bd nd ondd h d o uboup. To h w, Ghn hohon pn n h nohn h o Ghn, Lob n ouhwn Bukn Fo nohn Cô divo nd Bou n h nohn h o Cô divo. To h, Muuu ound n h ouhn h o N. Dw WAS ound n m popuon on h o n om Lb o N. Fu 5: Avb Bd Dbuon Mp A B M M NDm M Bou Lob Sn Ghn Shohon Somb Boou Kku Muuu In ddon, o bzd o hv bn dbd h nohn m o un dbuon, wh h h bn on nd u on bwn un nd zbu bd: M n M, Cô divo nd Bukn Fo, Sn n Ghn, Boou n Bnn nd Too nd Kku n N. A dud n h pvou Son, h udy h md o ou mjo bd/ym oupn, whh opond o h ho dbuon o zbu nd W An hohon un oup whou dnon o bd. Sbzd obd, whh how mjo ypnoon h (Dhoux., 1993, R., 1994{ TA \ "R, J. E. O., Aboy, G. S. nd Twh, C. L. (1994) Shohon o W nd Cn A IV. Poduon h. Wod Anm Rvu, 78: pp " \ "R. 1994" \ 1 }), w b ondd ond h un oup wh o nnd onon obdn w b d wh py. 2 Th oun do no k no ondon h Ku bd ound h ho o k Thd, oud ou udy. 3 Fo h m on o bd pn n Cmoon no nudd h.

24 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 19 Exp o h wd ud mnond bov w hv ddd h pobm o mppn bovn phnoyp n W A on. In N hh ouon nd bd dbuon mp w podud dun n nd ound uvy ondud n 199 (RIM 1992{ TA \ "RIM (1992) Nn Lvok Rou. Fou voum po o h Fd Govnmn o N by Rou Invnoy nd Mnmn Lmd: I. Exuv ummy nd ; II. Non ynh; III. S po; IV. Ubn po nd ommy mnd vok uvy po." \ "RIM 1992" \ 1 }). Oupu mp nudd d mp dbuon pn nd dn o h w nd dy on w vo mp dpn h dbuon m o h vou bd pn. In Too n xhuv uvy d ou wh ound m n h 199 y dnd o v obdn nd mp o bovn phnoyp w ompd (Hndkx. 1999{ TA \ "Hndkx, G., Np, A., Do, B., Bwu, D., Bnn, P., D Dkn, R., Vmyn, A., Vuy, J. nd Snnbh, J.H.W. (1999) Th wd pdmooy o bovn ypnoomo nd mp on mxd mn n ubhumd W A ; udy n Too. Vny Pooy, 84, 1331." \ "Hndkx. 1999" \ 1 }). Th w d vdd o pnv ub mp un mo mk o zbu noon (.. noypn) (Hndkx. 1996{ TA \ "Hndkx, G., Mhn, C., Np, A., Mhuh, D. E., Bdy, D. G. & Do, B. (1996) Phnoyp dnon o Too o ony wh mo qun. Anm Gn, 27 (upp.2), 21." \ "Hndkx. 1996" \ 1 }). Sn obdn mny hvd by nodun zbu bu no ypnoon /o obd hd, mp o m phnoyp w o ompud (Fu 6). Inny houh bnd o nd o bdn w dnd n h nohn p o h ouny w zbu nd un dbuon m, o vy v o bdn w dnd n h ouhn p o h ouny. Impony m pn w hown n Ghn (Mhm., n ppon{ TA \ "Mhm, C. I., Kon, A., Hndkx, G., D Dkn, R. nd G, S. (n ppon) Poon o o nd ypnoom ono n Nohn Ghn." \ "Mhm., n ppon" \ 1 }). Fu 6: Too Phnoyp Dbuon Mp A B ow hh Ru Inmdy Mk ond

25 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 2 C phnoyp nd mn ym C p o mn ym dvn o o uu dvopmn. Th w y hown o Too w bd phnoyp mp w ompd o pvn nm hubndy ym (Fu 6b). Domnny un mhd don nm hubndy wh v o bdn w oy ound n mk ond ym (Box 1). Th nd owd obdn n mk ond ym w o doumnd wh n W A (Jbb., 1997{ TA \ "Jbb, M. A., Swow, B. M., din, G. D. M. nd Bu A. A. (1997) Fm Pn nd Mk Vu o C Bd o W nd Cn A. Sooonom nd Poy Rh Wokn Pp No. 21. Add Abb, Ehop, ILRI. 24 pp." \ "Jbb. 1997" \ 1 }, Jbb & Ddhou 21{ TA \ "Jbb, M. A. nd Ddhou M. L. (21) Do Bd M o C Fm nd Buy? Evdn om W A. Th Fondzon En Eno M No d Lvoo S Indx: hp:// 39 pp." \ "Jbb & Ddhou 21" \ 1 }).. Box 1: Mppn Hubndy Sym n Too Mp w obnd by un o ooonom vb: () dny, () hd z, () numb o own p hd, (v) pn o own onn om u ompd o ubn, (v) pn o h u own bn uu ompd o vok pop. Th mjo u ppd om h ny:. A u ym domn h nohn h o h ouny: hh dn, m hd (44) nd mo own p hd o whh mo on om u (93%) nd opuu (78%). Mo o ho h v hd. Th ym how popny owd non o nd uu. b. A mk ond ym n h ouhn p o h ouny: ov dn ow bu ndvdu hd nny (83) nd own p hd w. L hn h h own om om u nd mo v vn o mhn nvn n n dn popud pubn n h p.. An nmdy ym ound ophy yn bwn boh pvou ym. Wh h ym h om u h dn nny ow nd hd z nny hh hn n h u ym nd numb o own p hd ompb o h mk ond ym. A ompon o h nm hubndy ym mp nd h phnoyp, ndpndny obnd d y how nk bwn ym nd bd (Fu 6). Th v o mxd mn,.. pon non o op nd vok uu w o mppd on on b (Hndkx., 24{ TA \ "Hndkx, G., d L Roqu, S. nd Mo, R. (24) Lon m nd ypnoomo mnmn opon n W A. PAAT Thn nd Sn S (pd)." \ "Hndkx. 24" \ 1 }). Ru obnd how bnd k pn n W A: () po bnd n h dy Noh, () n mxd mn bnd w mo o h ound oh wh o o hh op nny nd w oon own h op nd () op uu bnd n h humd Souh wh ow dn ( Fu 7).

26 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 21 Fu 7: Fmn Sym n W A Mxd mn (yow) & Low dny Souhn bnd (n) Hh popuon dny n Souhn bnd A pvouy dud, zbu domnn n h po wh n h mxd mn bnd un pdomn. Cobdn w dpnd on () zbu mon om h Noh, h ony o mo pmnny (.. d), o () nd o obd d oxn n oon own. In h ouh, dn ow nd humn popuon dn hh, py n o o h W An o p. Hd hv mk ond pupo nd obdn o mpov z vy v Don o ompn bd mp o W A Cuny, xp o Too nd N, no d vb o omp px by px bd o phnoyp mp. Th don vn n Fu 8 how how vb d my hp onu uh mp. Fu 8: Don o podu phnoyp mp

27 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P Bd/phnoyp mp o W A Modn zbu dbuon m. Box 2: Modn ub o zbu phnoyp Thnqu ud: Lo on. Exd vu om h ndpndn vb o nn d pon w nudd n pdh mod (SPSS) nd h o unon w ompud. Th unon w hn ppd n GIS nvonmn (Id) o h u ndpndn d. A mp hown pobby o pn o zbu phnoyp w dvd om h d. Th un mp how o m uby o zbu n bu (Fu 9b). By dnon h o ow zbu pobby my b dnd ub o un. Tnn (Fu 9): 1.75 ndomy d pov nd 1.75 nv nn d pon w dvd om h mp wh ho zbu/un m (Fu 6) od n N. Sn h vn m bwn boh phnoyp w no xpd o b u no nn d w d om bu zon o 15 km bwn boh phnoyp. Indpndn vb: o 5km d ouon moy nd om uo o von, mpu, humdy nd n. Hoy h pd o Zbu w hd mny by m nd nvonmn ondon. O h u o w h dbuon m o, vo o An nm ypnoom. I h bn hown h moy nd om uo nb u o dmn wh hh v o uy bwn o pn o bn o (Ro. 1996{ TA \ "Ro, D.J., Hy, S.I. & Pk M.J. (1996) Pdn h dbuon o n W A un mpo, Fou pod mooo d. Ann o Top Mdn nd Pooy, 9, " \ "Ro. 1996" \ 1 }, Robnon. 1997{ TA \ "Robnon, T., Ro, D.J. & Wm, B. (1997) Mppn hb uby n h ommon y b o Souhn A un muv ny o m nd moy nd von d. Md nd Vny Enomooy, 11, " \ "Robnon. 1997" \ 1 }, Hndkx. ). H m hnqu ud o mp whh ub o zbu pn (Box 2) No D Zbu + No nn d Zbu No D No D Zbu + No nn d Zbu Zbu + No nn d Zbu A B

28 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 23 Fu 9: Zbu Dbuon Mp Co bdn n h un A hown n h don (Fu 8) h mjo o bdn no hv bn dnd n h poj. In h mxd mn bnd ( Fu 7) o bdn xpd n bu zon h n o h zbu / un dbuon m nd whn h oon. In h om o bdn mny u om on bwn boh bd nd ydd n mny bd o bd popuon. In h oon o bdn bm n opon wh h dvn o modn vny p nd h vby o h nd by op uu nd mny oud on h poduon o d oxn. In h op uu bnd ( Fu 7) o bdn mny md mpovn h bnkn vu o (n n z) nd o on mnmum o vny vn h nvy o zbu nd h o bd o h humd m ondon nd d uh ypnoom. In h poj h mk ond o bdn mny ondud n mo dny popud pubn wh h onn om ubn v (,d, ) nvd n. In Fu 1 h vou p d y d o o bdn hv bn nudd n h GIS mod (Box 3) o podu bd mp o W A. Th h dd bd mp o h knd podud. A xpd, how don o ypnon, om zbu popuon n h noh, houh bnd o obd n hh oxn ym, o ypnoon ok n h hnd o Too, Bnn nd Ghn. N h o wh popuon dn ow, dp h ubquou pn o ypnoon ok, h pdomnn bd h zbu x un o, nd n om, uh p o ouhwn Ghn, zbu vn pdomn. Box 3: GIS Mod o W A C Bd Mp Th bu zon o zbuun dbuon m h bn o 5 km nd un oy. Th m o h mn oon own hv bn dpd om y u ou. In Cô divo h m hv bn od o mxd mn oun. Humn popuon dn hh hn 5 pop/km² hv bn xd om h UNEP popuon d b 4. Th m bwn h dbuon n o NDm nd W An Shohon n Souhn M nd Nohn Cô divo h bn xd om FAO mp (R.). Fu 1: C Bd/ym opondn o h hd mod 4 hp://d2..u.ov/d/d.php3

29 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 24 CROSSES 2 : ZT obd / hh oxn: oon pn MBFRCI; od o ow dny op mn; 5 km bu Souh o Zbu m. CROSSES 1 :TZ obd / ow oxn: bnkn hd n o hh humn popuon dny Pob mpovmn Th GIS mod dbd h povd o mwok o onu bd dbuon mp o W A. Th u obnd ny do ou knowd o un bd dbuon. Thouh h oupu undoubdy nd d vdon nd ubqun n unn, h don u ud ondd obu nouh o h wd onom modn x dbd n h udy. Impovd d d w hp y h u o om : Co bdn xpd o b mpon n NDm hn n Shohon ouny bu NDm nd mo ub o nm on. L known bou h mp o h Souhn movmn o Zbu byond h 5 km bu nd oon own zon. Th m o h oon own nd mp on o bdn n Ghn nd N nd o b ddd n mo d. 5. Mppn h hn n Lvok Dbuon 5.1. Ovvw Th vou mn o popuon owh hv bn mppd py nd hv hn bn ombnd n v qun. Fy, h bd p wh ypnoom owh p n nm uppd by h hd mod hv bn ppd o un dny mp o v m o vok owh n h bn o T&T nvnon. Whn ddd o h xn popuon dny, h povd n m o h popuon wny y, n h pn o h d. Evn h oupu podu vok popuon dn n om o h nny xd ky yn p, nd mu ho b djud h by dun ud dn (quvn o nn ok), o by xpon nm om h hh onnon o uoundn hvy okd on. Th ond o h pob h bn dopd h. To h dbud popuon ddd h ddon n n numb du o T & T nvnon ud by h hd mod o h bd.

30 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 25 Fny, h x nm dbud on n o uoundn h nomn yn py xdd du o hd owh nd d mov. Th xpod nm o pn do bn o ho no whh hy mpod, houh h hn h od wh h n bn un om d mov. Th bu hy woud ony b mpod owd h nd o h wny y pod bn ondd, h hn un u wny y o bn. Th p qu h yn p dnd nd h hnqu dvopd o n xpod nm o nhboun, h o whh ound n h oown on. Mxmum TLU/q. km Mppn Cyn Cpy Fu 11: Cyn Cpy nd Annu Rn y=.191x R 2 = Annu Rn (CRU 1mnu) Cyn py (CC) nooouy du ubj, nd h o dby mon mny oo. Nvh, nno b umd h vok popuon n whou, nd om o mu b md o dny m byond whh nm xod o uhd. Mny mp hv bn md o h hhod, mon whh ho d n Jhnk (1982){ TA \ "Jhnk H.E (1982) Lvok Poduon Sym nd Lvok Dvopmn n Top A\" K Wnhv Vuk, K, Gmny, 253 pp." \ "Jhnk (1982)" \ 1 }, ovn n o n bnd, wdy ud, nd whn h udy n b ummd hown n Fu 11. Fu 12: Cyn Cpy nd Humn Popuon 14 Th onhp do no, howv nopo ny nun o ompn nd u by oppn 12 nd/o humn mn o h u o op 1 du odd. Inomon on h y 8 ound yn py n on o humn 6 popuon dny h bn ompd by Shw 4 (1986){ TA \ "Shw 1986" } bd on wok nd ud ony pod on n Pu. 198{ 2 TA \ "Pu 198" }. Fu 12 xp h vu popoon o h yn Pop p q. km. py zo popuon, whh h bn umd h o b quvn o h dnd by Jhnk. Fo un pupo, h m, xpd n Top Lvok Un (TLU, quvn o 25k) hd o b onvd o popuon dn (Fu 13), o o mh h un o vb vok dny mp. To do h, p wh w nd o h bd/poduon ym oup, o.75 TLU o zbu,.55 TLU o ypnoon un nd.75 TLU o ow oxn Co 1 nd.74 o hh oxn Co 2. I houd o b nod h h yn py ud um h h nd uny whou w b d o mnd o mk h hb ub o kpn. Fu 13: Cud Cyn Cpy

31 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 26 Pobby 5.3. Spd mod Fu 14: Dp kn o pd mod Mhnm o n mn popuon o 1 nhboun om dnd o n h nny. Som y on mp duon, uuy dny ndpndn, nd u om unon o dn om h pon o xpo o dn o pd. Oh mp o nopo n mn o d dp whh mu h bhmn o nw o pd om h o. A n o mod ({ TA \ " Gb, M. (23) Envonmn hh mnmn: Tnn modu on p pdmooy. Conuny po ppd o h Anm Hh Sv, FAO, Rom." \ "Gb 23" \ 1 }Gb 23, { TA \ " Gb, M., Go, J,C, F, J.F., & Hnd, W, Dn (23) Londn dp nd humn popuon dny ow pdn h nvon o h hohnu mn Cm ohd." \ "Gb 23" \ 1 }Gb, 23) ombn boh ppoh o dn qun o pd (mp), nd povd h oppouny o dn h o pd by duon p mp w h numb nd mxmum dn o nw o bhd by d dp. Th hvd by un h dp kn hown n Fu 14, whh ombn h onvnon ho dn uvn d wh n unon o dmn h pobby o on dn movmn, hby nn h numb o on dn movmn whou nunn h ho dn duon pn. Th modu o nopo h poby o pvnn pd no mkd by pu o (.. w o d), w modyn h o pd odn o mup vb (.. uby o moun o zn). Th modu hu ow h dnon o qun bnd o xpnon om known o (Fu 15) n h un, o ovokn. Eh bnd o mp py odd nd n ho b nd xd popoon o h popuon o b xpod. Th pn ny dnd ou mp nd nd 4% o h popuon o b xpod om dnd ovokd o h mp, 3% o h ond, 2% o h hd nd 1% o h ouh nd n bnd. Th mn h 4% o h ok mn n h ovokd, whh um h om mpovd poduon dopd whn 2 y. In h, pd w

32 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 27 pvnd no dnd unub o vok by FAO ({ TA \ "Wn 23" }Wn., 23), nd w d odn o poxmy o od { TA \ " Lndn (22) Th LANDSCAN d podud nd dbud by Coumb Unvy Ok Rd Non Lboo. hp://d.n.oumb.du/pu/pw/ndn/" \ "Lndn 22" \ 1 } (Lndn, 22) o h pd w no mo. Fu 15: A dnd o qun pd o, n pn o ypnoom Two pd mod hv bn dnd nd mpmnd: h o vok n h pn o h d (Fu 15), h ond o nm n pon o h mov o h d (Fu 16). In h ond mod, h ddon ok un om d mov hv bn ddd o h un om owh n h pn o h d, nd xpo om h un ovokd h bn d o wh un y popuon, h h ony on om whh ypnom n b movd. Th pd mod o h ond xpo w o modd o ow o movmn o 6km ov wny y, h hn 15km, on h umpon h mjo onn on vok xpnon w h pn o ypnoom, whh hd bn movd, nd h h pon dn o pd w hu nd. Fu 16: A dnd o qun pd o, du o mov o ypnoom

33 Mppn h Bn Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P Lvok Popuon Gowh Th ud vok dny 2 y, ypnoom pn, hown n Fu 17. Th nopo wo mn: hd owh (op n) h ou n h hd mod dbd n Son 3 nd h pd o nm xpod om ho wh h dn woud ohw xd h ud yn py (boom n). Th om h b dbuon o whh h owh du o h mov o h d n b ddd. Fu 17: C dny 2 y, n pn o d In: op= ud owh bo xpo, boom=xpod nm A ond oon o nm om ovokd o o nhboun on h ud n du o h bn o ypnoom hv bn ddd nopod. Th o nmn n popuon du o h bn o h d hown n Fu 18 Fu 18: Chn n dny 2 y, om mov o d In: op= ud owh bo xpo, boom=xpod nm 6. Mppn h Bn

34 Mpp n hb n Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 29 Th bd p do vu o h bn om h mov o h d p hd o h hd pn h o h 2 y pod nyd (Tb 5, Row A) w ppd o h dny mp hown n Fu 2, odn o h bd dbuon (Fu 1), nd mkd by h y pn y (Fu 1) o h bn hown ony wh uny pn. Th u m o bn p qu kom h d w o b movd, nd um no xpo o pd o h vok popuon. Th mp podud (Fu 19) ny mnn o h dbuon, wh bn un o o hh nm dny. Howv, h whn by bd/poduon ym dd o h by hhhn h wh upb zbu nd hh oxn u ym od. Fu 19: Bn 2 y, om mov o d, no xpo A dud bov, howv, h podu um h om n bn mn n h om whh x nm w xpod (nd o h no movmn o on own), bu h ond nmn on u houhou h o pd.. nw own d nd om onom bn w u o h h mpo nm, hown n Fu 2. Fu 2: Bn 2 y om mov o d o mpo om ovokd

35 Mpp n hb n Shw, Hndkx, Mo nd Wn P 3 Th n bn u ho ombn h wo y hown bov, nd pnd n Fu 21. Th bn ( dbd, n h om o pn vu dound ov 2 y) nd om und $5 o w ov $5 p q km, vu whh whn h n ound n pubhd ud. Th u nud no ony h oupu o mk, m nd d, bu o vu o h x pn du o h bn o ypnoom n nwy xpod. Fu 21: To bn 2 y om mov o d Th bn hown o u on h bod o h Sh, n h d nd md ooo zon wh dny ubn, nd o o bhd n on. Compvy bn md o h mdd nd ouhn b, dp h pon o pd bn qu xnv (Fu 16). Th bu h numb o n h on uny h ow, nd vn wh h ubn owh nvd, do no n y n bou m ov h wny y pod nopod by h hd mod. Th no o y h h pon bn o mov muh ow n h ouh hn hn n h noh, bu my um h h n bn w k ubny on hn 2y o h ompb o p qu kom. 7. Conuon nd Rommndon Th o mp hu u how nodun h onom dmnon, by mppn do o bn p nm, nd un hd mod o poj popuon ov m n h bn nd pn o d mk pob o y n h dpon nd qunon o bn. No ony h oupu hh ouon hn h pvouy bn vb, bu ov h n udy, nd no d o p o on. I ho pob o m bn o ny dnd oph, whh onuou o no, nd nny hn h opon vb o h donmkn po. Ahouh h do mp o bn p hd o pn h o 2 y pod (Fu 2) o om xn do h dbuon, nvh k h onom ny v p uh. Fy, how how whn h bn by bd/poduon ym oup uh n h pu. Sondy, podu $ vu p q km o h bn. Thu, h p ooo on p o h m hodom pp nb n nd u d on ooh bn hvd. Howv, hvn dmond h wok, om nn nd dvopmn o h ppoh nd o b don. Th mo mpon podun mo dd mp o ddon bd/poduon ym ombnon. Th dnon o uh poduon ym o mh wh