MEMOIRE DE FIN D ETUDES

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1 ()*+,-.**/-0( Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey (UAM) Faculté d Agronomie (FA) Centre Régional d Enseignement Spécialisé en Agriculture (CRESA) Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Centre de Ouagadougou MEMOIRE DE FIN D ETUDES DIABAGATE Amadou 1(-//1,.*,-10(2/2-.*, 3**(2(0/-.**1-,-/,42/ 2*/256,-//' 4 )$ 7+83! "#$ %%&'$ ( (& )* %)"$! &)"+ &!"!# $%& ' + $$! ", )* %)"$ & - "$&'$ './ "01002 ' "%34"+ 02/ "!,5" : 3(!9;-19787,9;!0<=66>?7@@A98!!#

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43 .*2/",02/0$0,"",$02/M3"#$ 02$.($"0%0/ e 0 1 " 00.,$ 02/ 1 011$0'4$"1* 1 " #$J$, $ "1$0$J$($"1"01$ 02/",J$/ $ ;J 97 $ 0" 0 $, <& 9AA8? $ 0 "" 02D3'4 <)0 9AHF?*$,J6>.;7["11 0,0"( ("'<- 09AAH, $677;?.02""1$ < 9AHF? ' "<Q $6777?0/011" <- / 6777? 0$0, $ /'$D/ <, 3.'? 0"1 1 / ' 0"7J977a < $" 02$,,0' 1(#$" #$ 0 $ $0/ $" / $D<(4 100'?( M$D<1 ' "14,0 $"4? 00 /0 #$20 32 $ "1 " $ 0 "1'J0$ 0$ 0, $ 0$ #$$$ 0$ "1 " $0*,00"4 '#$$$ $"1' $ J 0 ' "1 0" ',0 $ " $D 10$ *,0 0"4 '#$ $ $ $ "1' 1 "0" 0 #$1(3D4 $D1 $$/0$ ' "#$ 0/*"$ 2$"110$ "4 '#$"1 1 "1'02]'$"1 + 0", '"1 <31 $" $/'$D $ " $D 1 "1'? 0$ #$ 03#$ 0$ #$0 ' "#$ /0$ $," 6H

44 )(1-'1*1(-//1,.*,-1 <2)21 )(1-'1*1(-//1,.*,-1<2)21 6A

45 <F---'1(-,1162 (1 1 0 #$S $ 0 1 #$ " #$0"1003 "595/.*1*(,)(1-.*32<2)21-( *#$S 0$D<6?1( 01 "4 1(0#$S"$1 42$(00A;13I' 1 "0#$0$D""2$(000 1 $ 02",013#$ 10(#$"14 *2(00$00"1 $D10<6>.>7?%$0$DD1010$F7*D10 1 9@("$D$/00'I'K$ <8?("$D<-0'-' -' P$0'$? J $D#$ >6@ a / $ 1 " -0'<6FAa?+$ ($("$DP,0$'$$0#$S <,0$6? *2#$S0$"S""1#$01 04/""4 '#$0 "14 / * #$S 1 $ 0 1 #$ "14 1$0" $D"1$#$2J021100("1"1,$* #$ D;1( 01 $#$1$0, 2'.10'<,0$6?*#$S $0JN +$ 0 1( $ 1.#$S 0 1$ 0#$ 1 " 0 "$0 +$ 1.#$S $ D10 ( $ ( 1 M'.0'#$0#$0 $/0#$ $0$ $ 97a011$01 $""(002#$S1(* DD10 $($ 00011$0."4 1 1DJ1 $ 1 " #$S<,0$6,?*#$S/1$,$211 0$ 10#$02 '0 $ "0 "10' #$2110"10("1*#$ D ;1("/0211$$ ' $0, #$0 2 14<,0$6,? * 0$ #$S 0 "0 02#$S 1$ / ("1 + 00$ 0 '' 1(#$ 0/ $ +% </ )?1 " ' 1( 0M2$ ;7

46 1',$( A;0("$D 6O 3 ) /Q? P -0' 6FHHa 9.;.>.@.A.99.9;.9>. 9@.9A.69."..6@. 6A.;>.;@."=.8@.8A. >9.>;.>>.>@.>A -' 99H; 6.8.F.H F. HH -' 8;7 F9.F6.F;.F> -' >;H ;.6F.6H.;7.;6 -'(. ;6; FH.@7.@H ) P,0 97H F7 P$0'$ F8> F8.F@.FA.@9.A7.A6 P$, )', 69> >H.FF 00 >;H H>.H@.HA.A9.A; %0' 8;7 ;9.;;.8;.8> %' F8> ;8.;F.;H NN'( $' 97H 89 Q 69> H8.HF ' F8> 8F.8H.>7.>6.>8.>F R.- $.&) ".IL & )-6>H;0D10(""10$F7 6;68;A0D10"""F7 6O 3 ) /Q? P -0' >9 -' 97 H9 -' 97 F9 $ A9 %0' 97 ;9 $' ("$D R.- -&* LR0.& - "$.P - ( $78!7>!7> $7F!7>!7> $78!7>!7> $7F!7>!7> ;9

47 "551<6/-.*/,7,.*,-1<2)21 *"( $1$ /0$ 0#$0$, '#$.0 "' $0" #$U.0 "$ "4 '#$1 01 $$U.003("#$$$0, &E U.02 12$10 " / 9E'(#$"102(001 0/0 $* 1 ( J 02 1* "1 02(00 ( $ "$00"1$ " 0$.' / $'$DU.,0U.' 1 4 0"1"JJ022$0"J"00 97""8""6""9"" #<>?,$`97""97.8"" 8.6""6.9""_9"" "555)? * "$ "4 '#$"11 01 $$ * 1 $ $ <+? D1 " 1$ ' $ ( J9777[ 11 $10<('J02? 0-M<6777?+$ $(3 $ <677;? P, <6778? 2$ "1 $ '0" "103 1 D"10 F>7[ 1$ 0( M(0 '#$ $ ( "4 '#$ 2 4 "1 $ #$$0 #$ <8?1 ;' ""(#$ "1 02(00 1 0/ 0 $ <;? 1 0$$ JF>7[1;($ *1 $$ "1 0 "$0 $/ + <a?b<+ G+F>7[?D977!+ + + $$<a? + +0$"1<'? +F>7[+$"11 40$$ JF>7[<'? ;6

48 *8 4" 1 1J02$/J97>[168($ 1$ " 0$ $ $($" $00<? *$ "4 '#$(#$"1 "1 0 "$0$/ "55"5&F 1 22/ 9E'(#$"102(001 0/0 $*1, 3J677f"$-$ $0'$-$ E <-&-? * 03 1 $ 0 ' 02M 0 $, 0 "1 02(00, 3$D " 0$ 11!)* $ )( "'0( 996 "55;51 $ *2 / 1$, "1 0 #$0 $, '#$ (00*#$0 /0$ J / 0 1 $," 0$ "" +$ 0$1 2/ 9E'(#$"102(001 0/0 $*1 $,01 "$//$001.0"1"J6""U.0 $$", 3$"$0D1>.F"$$$" U. 0 $D " ",0 "0' 1$ S $0 0 1 /' <a?b+ G $ "4 '#$<a? + + $$<a? $" $00<a? * 002 #$02$00"$/J/.D1 "0022$ 02&.6H61" #$W%+ X"97FD98D97@" ;? $D$0$.$11 $0$ 0$,01 0/$ 010$"9>J9F<+ 9AHA,? *,0 0J02$0/W &*%X $,0 0$$,0 0/ 1 9>a$"0' ;;

49 ." 0/'0/ P",D 1 L$2<PL?"^"$11 02&) *((#$/ D8.+" 00, D8 "55;595)O 5?O *2 0,0 "10 / " 0 (#$ $ $ 1 2 $ $ $ $ "1JA;/$D$$ W"X$,0J$/$*"1$0 0"0"$0$ "0$A8 " *200$1"" $"1$ 0,001 E',0"(#$11$9>7'"11$J0$ $,0 1J00 ""$D131 0 ( (0 $ M^J/ $D1'"$01 $ 1 4/ "10$0102",01""" J 96> "02$!1J0$98!97!677> *" 000" 'J 8' 1 1U$01 "0"S"$ '"""1 40"<>7"01 1?"J0200$1 0$010 $,/#$2$ $ J0 1 $ ("1 $,0 $0 <677"0? 1 $ ("1 "$ $ $ (009E',0<79;a2($"? 1 *'$ F00$ $/$' 0$1$"1 4"10 3#'C$' 0$1<;"1 40"? ;8

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

51 "5"5/,72// *203 #$ 02$0 0'0 D0 B*% </ F7. 13 '(9AA>.6776? *,0$ D0$01$ 01$00"#$S0$ /,0#$0/ 0 $ 2$, 1$ 0 1 /'0, 0 $' 1(00$01 "4 #$0#$0"3 ("#$ *" B*% $01$ 0 00 (#$<? 02 03C < )C? * $01$,0 $310'1 #$"14 */,0 " $1$ 0, 0.0$ "1'<C9?U.031$" $0]<C6?,/<C;?1 <C8?/<C>?1 <CF?U.031 $/'$D '(<C@?"0<CH?"^<CA?,<C97? (<C99? 1000'$D<C96?100(,<C9;?U.02$02 $ "'4 <C98? <C9>?2' " $D<C9F?U.0 "10'<",?<C9@?U.0 $ "< #$?<C9H?U.0O '<#$2$?<C9A?U.02(3 #$$"1<C67?U.02100$D$"1<C69? *$ /,0 "#$S$", $<A?1 "1 1$ 0' $1("'41 #$"14 "1 0 0/,0 0/ <? $D $0 /#$ $ "1'$02 '<C66? $ "<C6;?0'#$<C68?"2Y$/ <C6>? 4 <C6F? "4 1 "4 <C6@?U <? $" 211 "1 $D ("1 $M^!'<C6H?0' <C6A?1'<C;7?U<?$D$0$ $" '(<C;9?"^<C;6?"0<C;;?,<C;8? '(."0<C;>?"^."0<C;F? +$ #$$0""$ "0 02 /00G9J900"3"" 4 2' ' * #$02 )C /0 '/$D,0 $D"1 "3$0.0$1$ 01 "3," "1$ "U.0$E31$ 01 "3,"' $11 #$ "14 ;F

52 <F-A'(*,111-<*-2/ ( #$"14 0#$0"11 0/0 $' 0 $002$ ;595)(1-.*32<2)21-( ;59595?? F *(#$"14 /$0' 0H70 I' *2]' ""$$ 0$(#$&0 1 6"J;6+0$0"<>A9a? "100@ 4 $0"8$"67&0 11 #$0$(#$"14 0 $ 02D10$67#$#$2$1 #$#$D0 I' Fréquence des fosses (%) < Classes d'âge (ans) 3T'1 1 ]' ;5955 F ; M'01310"1',#$0$ $1 0 ( (J / 02%02&) 0& *#$S6>JFA "4 0'$$ 7;J>9"4 0 '$ 7;J;"4 1 $ $/0$" 7>J869" ; #$"387"D;7"D7H"$/0$"A" ; "10$1#$00 ""1 0 ( (<8.F"D6>"D9" 97.9>" ; /0$"/97" ; ""1"$"? ;@

53 *$ $"1'/96$ "0 / 6J>"<98a?$ $ J6"<98a? 0$ 0" (00 ""<F.H"? ;59555<F? *13( '03"$($/04,$0 $" #$/ / ", * $" 11 00" $ "0' $" 14 "0 "#$ $ 0 I'<@>;a? 678aV 2 0 $" 2$ $0 14 $" 1 / 0/' $ $ 1 <@9a?,/<F8>a?$/00/'2/ <;>>a?]<;96a?*2$041 10$ <F>a?$02$0(/000'0 *04 $ $$0$ 00"$ '(<>H9a? 100 (, <@H> a? 0'$D <69> a?*(, $0 0 ) * 04 "/$,0 *D103$1$ 010$1 $1(1($ 0<HH6a? <HH66a?,01 1 #$S<;6a?$0 $ "'4 * "10'1 ' /"001,0"4 0/ 6 J;7*"$ 1 #$S<HA6a?( '0$ "97 66a$.0J '$ 0$ "10' ;5955"5 *2 ' 1 10" 4(*2$ $0 1 / $ $ 1$ <A8Fa?%$0" 66a #$S $0 $D "' 10$$D $00"001$ W X0"1<;6a? *", 2 '1 30"1'1$ 96*#$02$ 11 / 9777JH7770 2$1 30"1$/0$",9;J;HAF90 2$!" ; "4 "1%4 0/0$""1,$011 $ 0 '$ H#$0211 2$/ 00"977J97770!" ; "1 ;H

54 Fréquence (%) 80,0 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0, L/m L/m3 <=100 L/m3 Sans réponse 3S'K$2$2 '"1 ;5955;5( +$ $ 0D10/0 4 $$ $$ $N0' 00130(#$#$2011 $ $/00 $( 0 #$ $ " 1$ > 1 30 "1'%$0"0 #$S $ 0$ "16J>889a 0231 $ " 004($,$10$01 $00/0$"/ ;J8>( D/0 1 0("11$ $" 0$0$ ;59555??& $$ $"1'013#$S J$00J02 ' <F;8a?$" 0<>>Aa?$ $ "<>8Ha?J0"2Y$/ <HFa?$D"4 1 "4 <>8a?"<66a? ;595"5* *"1' 0"$10'4 "100$D<87a?100$D<9Ha? 4100$D<87a?+0$0""1$11$ <>Fa?9Fa 0 ($" * "1 110#$ $D ("1 00" 0 $ M <AHAa?%0 #$0"$0211 "1<#$032?$/$1 401 "4 10$'$#1 #$M^ ;A

55 .<M^="="1?4(<>6Aa?U.<M^="="1? $<9@Fa?U.<M^="1?4("1 401 "4 10$<9@Fa?.<M^="?4(<>Aa?U.<M^="? $<>Aa? 10$0211 $"10 $M^0"1110#$0' $ 1$<99a? *"1$D1 00"$0$ *1 10$0$ #$,$ "10 '(E2 <A>@a?0"^E"2<H6Ha?0"0 EM$32 <@@8a?* 13 0 $ $0$ 0"^."0 <>8a? '(."0<8;a? ;595;51&? ;595;5950FK? "1 $D J $D /$ <A; 1 #$? $ 0, /' $ <69? /,0 "0 ' ""<$, 0?00$ 0 '$ A&0 ' $10/$1$0$.' $1$#$2J, ' $1 0 0O0' (" 1 ' /" ' $1 $ 0, / * $ <0' 100?$/$A1$ "001 "'$ 8' $1*", 1 #$ 1 "0 0' $11 ' $18`' $16' $1;`' $19 1 /$( (J'' 0, 3 ' $1&0 11 $#$0/$ $D' $1.' $191 #$08U.' $161 #$0F@U.' $1;1 #$0;6U.' $181 #$08; * 0 #$ 1 / #$ ' $1 1 DF@ M/ 87

56 09 0 0" 0; 3=' ' ""1 #$"1' 89

57 ;595;55<?? *,0$;00$ 01 #$(#$' $1*/0$ $1 $ J88Ha<'? ""$1$ $' 1#$ 010 J(#$' $10$/ 509'.$ "1'"1 <`>"?1$ 0" U. $0 $" ( M <1 $" /000? $" 1$/ <,/]?U.$0100(,U. "10'0 U. $ " 50'.$ "1'$ <_>"?1$ 0" U.0$" (M<1 $"?$" 1$/ <,/?U.$0 $ 0 (M<,?100(,U. "10'"3U. '"3<9777JH7770!30?U. $ ""3 50"'.$ "1'"1 <`>"?1$ 0" U.$0$" (M<1?$" 1$/ <,/?U.$0 $$0$ 1$/ M< '(?U.12 $ "'4 U. "10'"3<`97?1$ 02",0D10$' $1U. '"3<9777JH7770!30? 50;'.$ "1'"1 <`>"?1$ 1 #$$0U.$" (M<1?$" 1$/ <,/?U. $$0$ 1$/ M< '(?100(,U. "10'"3U 86

58 . '"3<9777JH7770!30?U. $ ""3 *" 0(#$"1'1 "0 0' $10$ ' $16`' $1;`' $18`' $19( #$"02030#$0 "1/ 0 0' $1 8;

59 1"'310'1 #$"14 Thèmes Variables Effectif total Répartition des fréquences dans les groupes (%) Codes Noms Modalités Le tout Groupe 1 Groupe 2 Groupe 3 Groupe 4 Durée (mois) v1 Durée (mois) >5 mois 67 72,0 75,0 27,6 88,9 95,7 2-5 mois 13 14,0 12,5 34,5 0,0 4,3 <=2 mois 13 14,0 12,5 37,9 11,1 0,0 Fumiers V2 Anes oui 29 31,2 50,0 24,1 22,2 34,0 V3 Bœuf oui 60 64,5 75,0 62,1 66,7 63,8 V4 Chèvre oui 66 71,0 87,5 75,9 33,3 72,3 V5 Moutons oui 33 35,5 75,0 79,3 0,0 8,5 V6 Porcs oui 6 6,5 0,0 0,0 66,7 0,0 Résidus Végétaux V7 Sorgho oui 54 58,1 25,0 31,0 66,7 78,7 V8 Mil oui 1 1,1 12,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 V9 Maïs oui 12 12,9 12,5 37,9 0,0 0,0 V10 Niébé oui 16 17,2 25,0 44,8 0,0 2,1 V11 Arachide oui 1 1,1 0,0 3,4 0,0 0,0 V12 Ligneux oui 20 21,5 37,5 31,0 11,1 14,9 V13 Herbacées oui 73 78,5 87,5 62,1 33,3 95,7 Autres ingrédients V14 Déchets ménagers oui 3 3,2 0,0 10,3 0,0 0,0 V15 Engrais minéraux oui 82 88,2 87,5 89,7 77,8 89,4 V16 Cendres oui 82 88,2 87,5 89,7 77,8 89,4 Opérations V17 Remplissage fois 2 2,2 0,0 0,0 11,1 2,1 <=10 fois 83 89,2 12,5 100,0 77,8 97,9 Sans réponse 8 8,6 87,5 0,0 11,1 0,0 V18 Retournement 2-5 fois 31 33,3 12,5 34,5 22,2 38,3 1 fois 20 21,5 12,5 17,2 33,3 23,4 0 fois 41 44,1 62,5 48,3 44,4 38,3 inconnu 1 1,1 12,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 V19 Arrosage L 4 4,3 12,5 3,4 11,1 2, L 67 72,0 37,5 65,5 66,7 83,0 <=1000 L 11 11,8 12,5 13,8 22,2 8,5 Sans réponse 11 11,8 37,5 17,2 0,0 6,4 88

60 1"$? Thèmes Variables Effectif total Répartition des fréquences dans les groupes (%) Codes Noms Modalités Le tout Groupe 1 Groupe 2 Groupe 3 Groupe 4 Observations V20 Etat hydrique très/bien humide 9 9,7 0,0 3,4 0,0 17,0 humide/peu humide 17 18,3 12,5 10,3 22,2 23,4 frais/peu frais 52 55,9 37,5 65,5 55,6 53,2 sec 15 16,1 50,0 20,7 22,2 6,4 V21 Etat pailleux non/très peu pailleux 2 2,2 0,0 3,4 0,0 2,1 peu pailleux 37 39,8 37,5 48,3 55,6 31,9 pailleux 17 18,3 50,0 27,6 0,0 10,6 très/assez pailleux 37 39,8 12,5 20,7 44,4 55,3 Difficultés V22 Arrosage oui 59 63,4 50,0 37,9 33,3 87,2 V23 Retournement oui 51 54,8 37,5 17,2 44,4 83,0 V24 Logistique oui 52 55,9 25,0 17,2 55,6 85,1 V25 Main d'œuvre oui 8 8,6 25,0 3,4 22,2 6,4 V26 Fonds oui 2 2,2 12,5 0,0 0,0 2,1 V27 Mat prémières oui 5 5,4 0,0 3,4 11,1 6,4 Mode apport V28 Poquet de Zaï oui 92 98,9 100,0 96,6 100,0 100,0 V29 En ligne droite oui 10 10,8 12,5 20,7 11,1 4,3 V30 Epandage oui 4 4,3 0,0 3,4 0,0 6,4 Destination V31 sorgho(kenda) oui 89 95,7 100,0 96,6 88,9 95,7 V32 maïs(kamaana) oui 77 82,8 87,5 75,9 100,0 83,0 V33 mil(kazuiya) oui 72 77,4 87,5 69,0 55,6 85,1 V34 Niébé (Behnga) oui 2 2,2 0,0 3,4 0,0 2,1 V35 Sorgho-mil oui 4 4,3 0,0 13,8 0,0 0,0 V36 Maïs-mil oui 5 5,4 0,0 13,8 11,1 0,0 8>

61 ;595;5"5< FO *,0$800$ 0 1 ("$D0' $1&0 #$ 0("$D#$"(#$' $1-' 1$ 0' $19%' '1$ 0' $16-0'NN'(1$ 0' $1;-0'1$ 0' $18 1 $0"1 "",0 0' $11$0 0("$D$1 /$0" 0(#$"1'& $/ %'. '`NN'(`-0'`-' $0' $1$00' $19 0#$11 J("$ #$ 8F

62 1;',$1 #$("$D0' $1 Groupes Nombre fosses N fosses (pratiques) hameaux (%) entre groupes dans les groupes ,00 12, Bangrin 5 45,45 62, ,00 12,50 48 Yargo 1 16,67 12, ,00 6, ,36 13, ,29 3, ,00 6, !#1 2 66,67 6, ,00 10, ,00 6, ,33 17,24 76 $33! 1 33,33 3, ,00 6, , 5 83,33 17, ,00 22, ,09 11, ,29 11, ,00 11, ,00 11, ,00 11, ,67 22, Nombre hameaux par groupe Nom hameaux Effectif hameaux Distribution des 20 80,00 42, ,09 2, ,43 10, ,00 6, ,00 4, !#1 1 33,33 2,13 60 Kibla 1 100,00 2, ,00 6, ,00 2, ,00 10, ,00 6, ,67 2,13 41 $ 1 100,00 2,13 8@

63 < *"1',JI' $"J$$"$0 ( 0 0#$ $ ' " "$D,$0 0 *2$0 $ "'4 * -$ E +(1( 0 / ( 02",0 "4 '#$ 0"" $D1,0*1 $ "2 '$ 1010$0"10$11 "1$, 0 "1,$ ' 0" 100$D "0' $ $ "1' 0/""1 2$13J$$ 01 #$4 0310'1 "'$ #$ <8?' $11 #$"14 ("$D (#$' $1$ 1/$0" 0(#$"1'0' $10$ ("$D #$1$S 00$.' $16`' $1;`' $18`' $19.%'. '`NN'(`-0'`-' 8H

64 ;55.*,-1<2)212+1/* 1 $00203' $0" #$01 $$003 ("#$021/'0$ $ ;55953 * $01 "101 "4 #$0$00D@ H * "$0$$ 0"1/0$ "'1 " #$$D. "3976a' / $'$D7Aa2,076a ' 0'$D 2/ $0" 99; a 0" "1* "11$2"1$ *' $0" 1 "2, #<>? J/ 0 `97""0 97.8""0 8.6""0 6.9""0 _9"" * '$ A 00$ 0 $D"3 02(00 0 ' $1 >,: 39!$D"3 02(00' $1 &011 #$0 J$D",0,01$ (#$' $1$ 0 0 _9"""#$0#$0' $1 * ` 6"" $ $ $ $/'$D <100 $ 0,? "11 0$"101,$0 1 $" 0",0 $#$ 4 $D " $D /( 0 _6"" $ J 0 "4 '#$ $ " 4 $/'$D <,$$1 /0$ $ 02 $?,0 "/ $ (#$ J0"S"$ (#$' $1#$1 "1 ' ' 0' $1$1/$' $0" 8A

65 ;5551K *1 $$<+?1 "" 0$ "4 '#$(#$"1 * $01 "101 "4 #$0$00DA 97 *A;"102(00$$ "4 '#$#$/ 9>8J888a * '$ $ "3 "4 '#$ 02(00 ' $1&011 #$0$ "302(00;7Aa$1/$0 ("4 '#$0' $11$/S 00$ ' $1;`' $16`' $18`' $19 * "1 (00 ",0," $D '#$#$/ "1 00 Teneur (%) 35,0 34,0 33,0 32,0 31,0 30,0 29,0 28,0 27,0 Le Tout Goupe 1 Goupe 2 Goupe 3 Goupe 4 399'$ "3"4 '#$"102(00' $1 ;55"51U< / *'$,0<?02M0<)?1$ (#$"102(00 1 "" 0 11!)<'$ 96?* $01 "101 "4 #$0$00D9996 *'$ $ "3,M0 11!) 02(00' $1&011 #$0$ "302(009;9"''.9 <=!.88"''.9?1$ 0,7HF"''.9 <=!.76H"''.9?1$ 02M* 11!) "39>> *' $11$/S 00$ $ 11!)' $1;_' $16_ ' $18_' $19 >7

66 * 11!) 0/",0 <9;F.9F9? #$ ",0 #$ $ "1 / "1 $ 0 ( '" 0 $ 00",002M$0$ 1 $"1$/' $ 11 0 "$ >9

67 C (%) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0,000 Le Tout Groupe1 Groupe2 Groupe3 Groupe4., 1,000 0,950 N (%) 0,900 0,850 0,800 0,750 Le Tout Groupe1 Groupe2 Groupe3 Groupe4. M C/N 16,500 16,000 15,500 15,000 14,500 14,000 13,500 13,000 12,500 12,000 Le Tout Groupe1 Groupe2 Groupe3 Groupe4.11!) 39$ "3,M 11!) "102(00' $1 >6

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